# Pharyngeal arch

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Embryonic precursor structures in vertebrates

Pharyngeal arch Schematic of developing pharyngeal arches and pouches in the human embryo at seried Carnegie stages (CS) Details Carnegie stage 11–14 Identifiers Latin arcus pharyngei MeSH D001934 TE arch_by_E5.4.2.0.0.0.2 E5.4.2.0.0.0.2 Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

Floor of the pharynx of human embryo at about 26 days old

Scheme of the pharyngeal arches

Scheme of the pharyngeal arches

- I–IV: pharyngeal arches
- 1–4: [pharyngeal pouches](/source/Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)) (inside) and/or [pharyngeal grooves](/source/Pharyngeal_grooves) (outside)
- a: [Tuberculum laterale](/source/Tuberculum_laterale)
- b: [Tuberculum impar](/source/Tuberculum_impar)
- c: [Foramen cecum](/source/Foramen_cecum_(tongue))
- d: [Ductus thyreoglossus](/source/Ductus_thyreoglossus)
- e: [Sinus cervicalis](/source/Sinus_cervicalis)

The **pharyngeal arches**, also known as **visceral arches***,* are transient structures seen in the [embryonic development](/source/Animal_embryonic_development) of [humans](/source/Human) and other [vertebrates](/source/Vertebrate), that are recognisable precursors for many structures.[1] In [fish](/source/Fish), the arches support the [gills](/source/Fish_gill) and are known as the [branchial arches](/source/Branchial_arch), or gill arches.

In the [human embryo](/source/Human_embryo), the arches are first seen during the fourth week of [development](/source/Human_embryonic_development). They appear as a series of outpouchings of [mesoderm](/source/Mesoderm) on both sides of the developing [pharynx](/source/Pharynx). The [vasculature](/source/Vasculature) of the pharyngeal arches are the [aortic arches](/source/Aortic_arches) that arise from the [aortic sac](/source/Aortic_sac).

## Structure

In [humans](/source/Human) and other [vertebrates](/source/Vertebrates), the pharyngeal arches are derived from all three [germ layers](/source/Germ_layers), (the primary layers of cells that form during [embryonic development](/source/Embryonic_development)).[2] [Neural crest cells](/source/Neural_crest_cells) enter these arches where they contribute to features of the [skull](/source/Skull) and [facial skeleton](/source/Facial_skeleton) such as bone and cartilage.[2] The existence of pharyngeal structures before neural crest cells evolved is indicated by the existence of neural crest-independent mechanisms of pharyngeal arch development.[3]

The first, most anterior [pharyngeal arch](/source/First_pharyngeal_arch) (in mammals) gives rise to the [mandible](/source/Mandible). The second arch becomes the [hyoid](/source/Hyoid) and jaw support.[2]

In fish, the other posterior arches contribute to the branchial skeleton, which support the gills; in tetrapods the anterior arches develop into components of the ear, tonsils, and thymus.[4]

The genetic and developmental basis of pharyngeal arch development is well characterized. It has been shown that [Hox genes](/source/Hox_gene) and other developmental genes such as *[DLX](/source/DLX_gene_family)* are important for patterning the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes of the [branchial arches](/source/Branchial_arch).[5] Some fish species have a second set of jaws in their throat, known as [pharyngeal jaws](/source/Pharyngeal_jaw), which develop using the same genetic pathways involved in oral jaw formation.[6]

During [embryonic development](/source/Embryonic_development), a series of pharyngeal arch pairs form. These project forward from the back of the embryo toward the front of the face and neck. Each arch develops its own artery, nerve that controls a distinct muscle group, and skeletal tissue. The arches are numbered from 1 to 6, with 1 being the arch closest to the head of the embryo, and arch 5 existing only transiently.[7]

These grow and join in the ventral midline. The first arch, as the first to form, separates the mouth pit or [stomodeum](/source/Stomodeum) from the [pericardium](/source/Pericardium). By differential growth the neck elongates and new arches form, so the pharynx has six arches ultimately.

Each pharyngeal arch has a [cartilaginous](/source/Cartilage) stick, a [muscle](/source/Muscle) component that differentiates from the cartilaginous tissue, an artery, and a [cranial nerve](/source/Cranial_nerve). Each of these is surrounded by [mesenchyme](/source/Mesenchyme). Arches do not develop simultaneously but instead possess a "staggered" development.

[Pharyngeal pouches](/source/Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)) form on the [endodermal](/source/Germ_layer#Endoderm) side between the arches, and [pharyngeal grooves](/source/Pharyngeal_groove) (or clefts) form from the lateral [ectodermal](/source/Germ_layer#Ectoderm) surface of the [neck](/source/Neck) region to separate the arches.[8] In fish, the pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become [gills](/source/Gill). In mammals the [endoderm](/source/Endoderm) and [ectoderm](/source/Ectoderm) not only remain intact but also continue to be separated by a [mesoderm](/source/Mesoderm) layer.

The development of the pharyngeal arches provides a useful landmark with which to establish the precise stage of embryonic development. Their formation and development corresponds to [Carnegie stages](/source/Carnegie_stages) 10 to 16 in [mammals](/source/Mammals), and [Hamburger–Hamilton stages](/source/Hamburger%E2%80%93Hamilton_stages) 14 to 28 in the [chicken](/source/Model_organism#Vertebrates). Although there are six pharyngeal arches, in humans the fifth arch exists only transiently during [embryogenesis](/source/Human_embryogenesis).[9]

## First arch

The **first pharyngeal arch**, also **mandibular arch** (corresponding to the first branchial arch of fish), is the first of six pharyngeal arches that develops during the fourth week of [development](/source/Human_embryogenesis).[10] It is located between the [stomodeum](/source/Stomodeum) and the [first pharyngeal groove](/source/First_pharyngeal_groove).

### Processes

This arch divides into a [maxillary process](/source/Maxillary_prominence) and a [mandibular process](/source/Mandibular_process), giving rise to structures including the [bones](/source/Bone) of the lower two-thirds of the face and the jaw. The maxillary process becomes the [maxilla](/source/Maxilla) (or **upper jaw**, although there are large differences among animals[11]), and [palate](/source/Palate) while the mandibular process becomes the [mandible](/source/Human_mandible) or **lower jaw**. This arch also gives rise to the [muscles of mastication](/source/Mastication#Muscles_of_mastication).

### Meckel's cartilage

[Meckel's cartilage](/source/Meckel's_cartilage) forms in the [mesoderm](/source/Germ_layer#Mesoderm) of the mandibular process and eventually regresses to form the [incus](/source/Incus) and [malleus](/source/Malleus) of the [middle ear](/source/Middle_ear), the anterior ligament of the malleus and the [sphenomandibular ligament](/source/Sphenomandibular_ligament). The [mandible](/source/Human_mandible) or lower jaw forms by perichondral [ossification](/source/Ossification) using Meckel's cartilage as a 'template', but the mandible does *not* arise from direct ossification of Meckel's cartilage.

### Derivatives

The skeletal elements and muscles are derived from mesoderm of the pharyngeal arches.

**Skeletal**

- [malleus](/source/Malleus) and [incus](/source/Incus) of the [middle ear](/source/Middle_ear)

- [maxilla](/source/Maxilla) and [mandible](/source/Human_mandible)

- [spine of sphenoid bone](/source/Spine_of_sphenoid_bone)

- [sphenomandibular ligament](/source/Sphenomandibular_ligament)

- [palatine bone](/source/Palatine_bone)

- [squamous part of temporal bone](/source/Squamous_part_of_temporal_bone)

- [anterior ligament of malleus](/source/Anterior_ligament_of_malleus)

**Muscles**

- [muscles of mastication](/source/Muscles_of_mastication) (chewing) - [masseter](/source/Masseter) - [medial](/source/Medial_pterygoid_muscle) and [lateral pterygoid muscles](/source/Lateral_pterygoid_muscle) - [temporalis](/source/Temporalis)

- [mylohyoid muscle](/source/Mylohyoid_muscle)

- [digastric muscle](/source/Digastric_muscle), anterior belly

- [tensor veli palatini muscle](/source/Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle)

- [tensor tympani muscle](/source/Tensor_tympani_muscle)

**Other**

[Mucous membrane](/source/Mucous_membrane) and glands of the [anterior two thirds of the tongue](/source/Anterior_two_thirds_of_the_tongue) are derived from [ectoderm](/source/Ectoderm) and [endoderm](/source/Endoderm) of the arch.

### Nerve supply

The mandibular and maxillary branches of the [trigeminal nerve](/source/Trigeminal_nerve) (**CN V**) innervate the structures derived from the corresponding processes of the first arch. In some lower animals, each arch is supplied by two cranial nerves. The nerve of the arch itself runs along the cranial side of the arch and is called post-trematic nerve of the arch. Each arch also receives a branch from the nerve of the succeeding arch called the pre-trematic nerve which runs along the caudal border of the arch. In human embryo, a double innervation is seen only in the first pharyngeal arch. The mandibular nerve is the post-trematic nerve of the first arch and [chorda tympani](/source/Chorda_tympani) (branch of facial nerve) is the pre-trematic nerve. This double innervation is reflected in the nerve supply of anterior two-thirds of [tongue](/source/Tongue#Innervation) which is derived from the first arch.[12]

### Blood supply

The artery of the first arch is the first [aortic arch](/source/Aortic_arches),[13] which partially persists as the [maxillary artery](/source/Maxillary_artery).

## Second arch

The **second pharyngeal arch** or **hyoid arch**, is the second of five pharyngeal arches that develops in [fetal life](/source/Prenatal_development#Week_4_.2822-28_days_from_fertilization.29) during the fourth week of development[10] and assists in forming the side and front of the [neck](/source/Neck).

### Reichert's cartilage

Cartilage in the second pharyngeal arch is referred to as Reichert's cartilage and contributes to many structures in the fully developed adult.[14] In contrast to the [Meckel's cartilage](/source/Meckel's_cartilage) of the [first pharyngeal arch](/source/First_pharyngeal_arch) it does not constitute a continuous element, and instead is composed of two distinct cartilaginous segments joined by a faint layer of [mesenchyme](/source/Mesenchyme).[15] Dorsal ends of Reichert's cartilage [ossify](/source/Ossification) during development to form the [stapes](/source/Stapes) of the [middle ear](/source/Middle_ear) before being incorporated into the middle ear cavity, while the ventral portion ossifies to form the lesser cornu and upper part of the body of the [hyoid bone](/source/Hyoid_bone). Caudal to what will eventually become the [stapes](/source/Stapes), Reichert's cartilage also forms the [styloid process](/source/Temporal_styloid_process) of the [temporal bone](/source/Temporal_bone). The cartilage between the [hyoid bone](/source/Hyoid_bone) and [styloid process](/source/Temporal_styloid_process) will not remain as development continues, but its [perichondrium](/source/Perichondrium) will eventually form the [stylohyoid ligament](/source/Stylohyoid_ligament).

### Derivatives

**Skeletal**

From the cartilage of the second arch arises

- [Stapes](/source/Stapes),

- [Temporal styloid process](/source/Temporal_styloid_process),

- [Stylohyoid ligament](/source/Stylohyoid_ligament), and

- [Lesser cornu](/source/Lesser_cornu) of the [hyoid bone](/source/Hyoid_bone).

**Muscles**

- [Facial muscles](/source/Facial_muscles)

- [Occipitofrontalis](/source/Occipitofrontalis) muscle

- [Platysma](/source/Platysma)

- [Stylohyoid](/source/Stylohyoid) muscle

- Posterior belly of [digastric muscle](/source/Digastric_muscle)

- [Stapedius](/source/Stapedius) muscle

- Auricular muscles

### Nerve supply

[Facial nerve](/source/Facial_nerve) (CN VII)

### Blood supply

The artery of the second arch is the second [aortic arch](/source/Aortic_arches),[13] which gives origin to the [stapedial artery](/source/Stapedial_artery) in some mammals but atrophies in most humans.

## Muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches

**Pharyngeal muscles or Branchial muscles** are [striated muscles](/source/Striated_muscle) of the head and neck. Unlike [skeletal muscles](/source/Skeletal_muscles) that developmentally come from [somites](/source/Somites), pharyngeal muscles are developmentally formed from the pharyngeal arches.

Most of the skeletal musculature supplied by the cranial nerves ([special visceral efferent](/source/Special_visceral_efferent)) is pharyngeal. Exceptions include, but are not limited to, the [extraocular muscles](/source/Extraocular_muscles) and some of the muscles of the tongue. These exceptions receive [general somatic efferent](/source/General_somatic_efferent) innervation.

### First arch

All of the [pharyngeal muscles](/source/Pharyngeal_muscles) that come from the first pharyngeal arch are innervated by the mandibular divisions of the [trigeminal nerve](/source/Trigeminal_nerve).[16] These muscles include all the [muscles of mastication](/source/Muscles_of_mastication), the anterior belly of the [digastric](/source/Digastric), the [mylohyoid](/source/Mylohyoid_muscle), [tensor tympani](/source/Tensor_tympani), and [tensor veli palatini](/source/Tensor_veli_palatini).

### Second arch

All of the pharyngeal muscles of the second pharyngeal arch are innervated by the [facial nerve](/source/Facial_nerve). These muscles include the [muscles of facial expression](/source/Facial_muscles), the posterior belly of the [digastric](/source/Digastric), the [stylohyoid](/source/Stylohyoid) muscle, the auricular muscle[16] and the [stapedius](/source/Stapedius) muscle of the middle ear.

### Third arch

There is only one muscle of the third pharyngeal arch, the [stylopharyngeus](/source/Stylopharyngeus). The stylopharyngeus and other structures from the third pharyngeal arch are all innervated by the [glossopharyngeal nerve](/source/Glossopharyngeal_nerve).

### Fourth and sixth arches

All the pharyngeal muscles of the fourth and sixth arches are innervated by the superior laryngeal and the recurrent laryngeal branches of the [vagus nerve](/source/Vagus_nerve).[16] These muscles include all the muscles of the palate (exception of the [tensor veli palatini](/source/Tensor_veli_palatini) which is innervated by the [trigeminal nerve](/source/Trigeminal_nerve)), all the muscles of the pharynx (except [stylopharyngeus](/source/Stylopharyngeus) which is innervated by the [glossopharyngeal nerve](/source/Glossopharyngeal_nerve)), and all the muscles of the larynx.

## In humans

It has been proposed that the five arches in amniotes numbered 1–4 and 6, be re-named as simply 1–5.[17] The fifth arch is seen to be a transient structure and becomes the sixth arch, (the fifth being absent). More is known about the fate of the first arch than the remaining four. The first three contribute to structures above the larynx, whereas the last two contribute to the [larynx](/source/Larynx) and [trachea](/source/Vertebrate_trachea).

The [recurrent laryngeal nerves](/source/Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve) are produced from the nerve of arch 5, and the laryngeal cartilages from arches 4 and 5. The superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve arises from arch 4. Its arteries, which project between the nerves of the fourth and fifth arches, become the left-side arch of the aorta and the right [subclavian artery](/source/Subclavian_artery). On the right side, the artery of arch 5 is obliterated while, on the left side, the artery persists as the [ductus arteriosus](/source/Ductus_arteriosus); circulatory changes immediately following birth cause the vessel to close down, leaving a remnant, the [ligamentum arteriosum](/source/Ligamentum_arteriosum). During growth, these arteries descend into their ultimate positions in the chest, creating the elongated recurrent paths.[7]

Pharyngeal arch Muscular contributions[18] Skeletal contributions Nerve Artery 1st (also called "mandibular arch") Muscles of mastication, anterior belly of the digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini Premaxilla, maxilla, mandible (only as a model for mandible not actual formation of mandible), zygomatic bone, part of the temporal bone,[19] the incus, and the malleus of the middle ear, also Meckel's cartilage and the sphenomandibular ligament. Trigeminal nerve (part of V2[20] and V3) External carotid artery, Inferior alveolar artery (especially the mylohyoid branch), Maxillary artery, Vidian artery 2nd (also called the "hyoid arch") Muscles of facial expression, buccinator, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of the digastric, auricular[16] Stapes, temporal styloid process, hyoid bone (lesser horns and upper part of body), stylohyoid ligament,[16] Reichert's cartilage Facial nerve (VII) Superior thyroid artery, Ascending pharyngeal artery, Inferior tympanic artery, primitive hyoid artery, Stapedial artery 3rd Stylopharyngeus Hyoid bone (greater horns and lower part of body), thymus Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) common carotid, internal carotid 4th Cricothyroid muscle, all intrinsic muscles of soft palate (including levator veli palatini) except tensor veli palatini Thyroid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage[21] Vagus nerve (X), superior laryngeal nerve[22] Right 4th aortic arch: subclavian artery Left 4th aortic arch: aortic arch 6th (5th is obliterated) All intrinsic muscles of larynx except the cricothyroid muscle Cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilages[21] Accessory nerve (Cranial root) (XI), recurrent laryngeal nerve[22] Right 6th aortic arch: pulmonary artery Left 5th aortic arch: pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

## Terminology

It has been proposed that the arches be re-named simply as 1–5. The argument is the existence of the fifth arch (and pouch), held to be a transient structure in the embryo.[17][23]

## Additional images

		- Schematic of developing [human embryo](/source/Human_embryo) with first (mandibular), second (hyoid), pharyngeal arches and third arches labelled

## See also

This article uses [anatomical terminology](/source/Anatomical_terminology).

- [Branchial cleft cyst](/source/Branchial_cleft_cyst)

- [Congenital cartilaginous rest of the neck](/source/Congenital_cartilaginous_rest_of_the_neck)

- [First arch syndrome](/source/First_arch_syndrome)

- [Splanchnocranium](/source/Splanchnocranium)

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Graham_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Graham_17-1) Graham, Anthony; Poopalasundaram, Subathra (11 Aug 2019). ["A reappraisal and revision of the numbering of the pharyngeal arches"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6875933). *J. Anat*. **235** (6): 1019–1023. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/joa.13067](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoa.13067). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6875933](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6875933). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31402457](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31402457).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-:1_19-0)** Sadler, Thomas W. (February 2009). *Langman's Medical Embryology*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 366–372. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7817-9069-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-9069-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-V2_20-0)** Higashiyama H, Kuratani S (2014). "On the maxillary nerve". *Journal of Morphology*. **275** (1): 17–38. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/jmor.20193](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.20193). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24151219](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24151219). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [32707087](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32707087).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-isbn0-914168-99-1_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-isbn0-914168-99-1_21-1) Netter, Frank H.; Cochard, Larry R. (2002). *Netter's Atlas of human embryology*. Teterboro, N.J: Icon Learning Systems. p. 227. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-914168-99-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914168-99-1).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BRS_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BRS_22-1) Kyung Won Chung (2005). *Gross Anatomy (Board Review)*. Hagerstown, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7817-5309-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-5309-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Graham2023_23-0)** Graham, Anthony; Hikspoors, Jill P. J. M.; Anderson, Robert H.; Lamers, Wouter H.; Bamforth, Simon D. (October 2023). ["A revised terminology for the pharyngeal arches and the arch arteries"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10485586). *Journal of Anatomy*. **243** (4): 564–569. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/joa.13890](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoa.13890). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [10485586](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10485586). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [37248750](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37248750).

## External links

- Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R (2005). ["The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571564). *J. Anat*. **207** (5): 479–87. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2005.00472.x). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1571564](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571564). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16313389](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16313389).

v t e Development of the head and neck Face Nasal placode Nasal pit Nasal prominences Lateral Medial Intermaxillary segment Frontonasal prominence Maxillary prominence Mandibular prominence Meckel's cartilage Mouth Palate Primary palate Secondary palate Tongue Lateral lingual swelling Median tongue bud Copula linguae Hypopharyngeal eminence Gustatory placode General Pharyngeal apparatus Pharyngeal groove Cervical sinus Pharyngeal arch Pharyngeal pouch

Authority control databases GND

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pharyngeal arch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.