# Phaeographis

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Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Phaeographis Phaeographis dendritica in Portugal Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Lecanoromycetes Order: Graphidales Family: Graphidaceae Genus: Phaeographis Müll.Arg. (1882) Type species Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll.Arg. (1882) Synonyms[1] List Lecanactis Eschw. (1824) Pyrochroa Eschw. (1824) Platygramma G.Mey. (1825) Ustalia Fr. (1825) Leiogramma Eschw. (1833) Ectographis Trevis. (1853) Chiographa Leight. (1854) Hymenodecton Leight. (1854) Pyrographa Fée ex A.Massal. (1860) Theloschisma Trevis. (1860) Gymnographa Müll.Arg. (1887) Gymnographomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953) Phaeographidomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953)

***Phaeographis*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [crustose lichen](/source/Crustose_lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/Fungi) in the family [Graphidaceae](/source/Graphidaceae). It has an estimated 180 species.[2]

## Taxonomy

The genus *Phaeographis* was [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) by the Swiss lichenologist [Johannes Müller Argoviensis](/source/Johannes_M%C3%BCller_Argoviensis) in 1882.[3] However, its taxonomic status was uncertain for many years due to the existence of several earlier generic names that potentially had [priority](/source/Priority_(biology)).

In 2007, [Robert Lücking](/source/Robert_L%C3%BCcking) and colleagues proposed to [conserve](/source/Conserved_name) the name *Phaeographis* against six earlier names: *Creographa*, *Ectographis*, *Flegographa*, *Hymenodecton*, *Platygramma*, and *Pyrographa*.[3] They also proposed to conserve *Phaeographis dendritica* as the [type species](/source/Type_species). This proposal was made to maintain nomenclatural stability, as *Phaeographis* had become a widely used name representing about 150 species.[3]

The proposal was based on a revised generic concept of [Graphidaceae](/source/Graphidaceae) presented by the German lichenologist [Bettina Staiger](/source/Bettina_Staiger), which for the first time provided a detailed analysis of the taxonomic relationships between genera in the family, using both [morphological](/source/Morphology_(biology)) and [molecular data](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics).[3]

In 2010, the [Nomenclature Committee for Fungi](/source/Nomenclature_Committee_for_Fungi) reviewed the proposal and recommended its acceptance with a strong majority (85.7% in favour).[4] This recommendation effectively conserved the name *Phaeographis* with *P. dendritica* as its type species, securing its taxonomic status and preventing the need to transfer numerous species to other genera.[4] This conservation was particularly important because *Phaeographis* represents the second largest genus in the family Graphidaceae, containing approximately 150 species. The conservation of the name is expected to maintain stability in the taxonomy of this significant group of lichens.[3][4]

## Description

The genus *Phaeographis* consists of crustose lichens, characterised by their thin, often inconspicuous [thallus](/source/Thallus), which adheres closely to the [substrate](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#substrate). In European species, the [hyphae](/source/Hypha) within the thallus react to iodine [staining](/source/Staining) (I+) by turning blue, indicating the presence of specific starch-like compounds. The [photobiont](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#photobiont), or [photosynthetic](/source/Photosynthetic) partner, is a [green alga](/source/Green_alga) of the genus *[Trentepohlia](/source/Trentepohlia_(alga))*, which is common in many lichens.[5]

The reproductive structures of *Phaeographis* are [apothecia](/source/Apothecia), which are fruiting bodies that vary in form from unbranched to branched or star-like ([stellate](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#stellate)). These structures are [lirellate](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#lirellate), meaning they are elongated and slit-like in appearance. They are typically [immersed](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#immersed) within the thallus but may protrude slightly. The margin of the thallus surrounding the apothecia is generally inconspicuous, blending into the rest of the lichen surface. The [true exciple](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#true_exciple), a layer of tissue surrounding the [hymenium](/source/Hymenium) (the spore-producing region), is thin and black, and may or may not extend beneath the hymenium. The [disc](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#disc) of the apothecia is expanded and ranges in colour from brown to black. It is often [matt](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#matt) in texture and may be coated with a white powdery substance ([pruina](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#pruina)).[5]

The internal structure of the apothecia includes a colourless hymenium that does not react with iodine (I–) and contains crystalline inclusions. The [hamathecium](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#hamathecium), the network of sterile filaments between the spore-producing [asci](/source/Ascus), is composed of unbranched [paraphyses](/source/Paraphyses). These filaments have [clavate](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#clavate) (club-shaped) apical cells that are brownish in colour. The asci are of the *[Graphis](/source/Graphis_(lichen))*-type, containing eight [spores](/source/Spore) each, and do not [stain](/source/Staining) with iodine (K/I–).[5]

[Ascospores](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#ascospores) are initially colourless but soon develop a pale to reddish-brown colouration within the ascus. They are I+ (purple) and are transversely divided into many segments, forming lens-shaped cells. *Aphaeographis* also reproduces asexually through structures called [pycnidia](/source/Pycnidia), which produce [ellipsoidal](/source/Ellipsoid) conidia. These [conidia](/source/Conidia) are typically straight or slightly curved.[5]

## Species

*Phaeographis inusta*

*Phaeographis lyellii*

*Phaeographis multicolor*

- *[Phaeographis amazonica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_amazonica&action=edit&redlink=1)* Staiger (2002)

- *[Phaeographis asteroides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_asteroides&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fink) Lendemer (2008)

- *[Phaeographis atromaculata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_atromaculata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2005)

- *[Phaeographis australiensis](/source/Phaeographis_australiensis)* Müll.Arg. (1882)

- *[Phaeographis boquetensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_boquetensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* van den Boom (2013)

- *[Phaeographis caesiodisca](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_caesiodisca&action=edit&redlink=1)* Staiger (2002)

- *[Phaeographis caesiodiscoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_caesiodiscoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* Mongk. & Kalb (2014)

- *[Phaeographis caesiohians](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_caesiohians&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Luch & Lücking (2018)

- *[Phaeographis caesioradians](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_caesioradians&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Leight.) A.W.Archer (2005)

- *[Phaeographis ceratoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_ceratoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Vain.) Zahlbr. (1923)

- *[Phaeographis ceylonensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_ceylonensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Kr.P. Singh & D.D.Awasthi) Kr.P.Singh & Swarnal. (2008)

- *[Phaeographis colligata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_colligata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1923)

- *[Phaeographis decolorascens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_decolorascens&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Lücking (2021)

- *[Phaeographis delicatula](/source/Phaeographis_delicatula)* Common & Lücking (2011)

- *[Phaeographis dendritica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_dendritica&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ach.) Müll.Arg. (1882)

- *[Phaeographis dividens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_dividens&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Kr.P.Singh & Swarnal. (2008)

- *[Phaeographis elaeina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_elaeina&action=edit&redlink=1)* (C.Knight) Müll.Arg. (1895)

- *[Phaeographis epruinosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_epruinosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Redinger) Staiger (2002)

- *[Phaeographis faurieana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_faurieana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Zahlbr.) Luch & Lücking (2018)

- *[Phaeographis firmula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_firmula&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stirt.) Pushpi Singh & Kr.P.Singh (2017)

- *[Phaeographis flavescens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_flavescens&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dal-Forno & Eliasaro (2010)

- *[Phaeographis fragilissima](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_fragilissima&action=edit&redlink=1)* M.Nakan., Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2015)

- *[Phaeographis fujianensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_fujianensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Xiao H.Wang, G.B.Shi & Z.F.Jia (2013)

- *[Phaeographis fulgurata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_fulgurata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fée) Luch & Lücking (2018)

- *[Phaeographis fumarprotocetrarica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_fumarprotocetrarica&action=edit&redlink=1)* M.Nakan., Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2008)

- *[Phaeographis fusca](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_fusca&action=edit&redlink=1)* Staiger (2002)

- *[Phaeographis girringunensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_girringunensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* A.W.Archer & Elix (2008)

- *[Phaeographis glaucoleucoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_glaucoleucoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1923)

- *[Phaeographis haloniata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_haloniata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Zahlbr.) Z.F.Jia & Lücking (2017)

- *[Phaeographis inusta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_inusta&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ach.) Müll.Arg. (1882)

- *[Phaeographis kalbii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_kalbii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Staiger (2002)

- *[Phaeographis laevigata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_laevigata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (M.Nakan.) M.Nakan. & Kashiw. (2003)

- *[Phaeographis lecanographa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_lecanographa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Staiger (2002)

- *[Phaeographis leiogrammodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_leiogrammodes&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Kremp.) Müll.Arg. (1891)

- *[Phaeographis lindigiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_lindigiana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Müll.Arg. (1882)

- *[Phaeographis litoralis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_litoralis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2005)

- *[Phaeographis lobata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_lobata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Eschw.) Müll.Arg. (1882)

- *[Phaeographis loeiensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_loeiensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Boonpr., Manoch & Poengs. (2014)

- *[Phaeographis lyellii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_lyellii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Sm.) Zahlbr. (1903)

- *[Phaeographis major](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_major&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Kremp.) Lücking (2010)

- *[Phaeographis multicolor](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_multicolor&action=edit&redlink=1)* R.C.Harris (1990)

- *[Phaeographis nardiensis](/source/Phaeographis_nardiensis)* A.W.Archer (2001)

- *[Phaeographis necopinata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_necopinata&action=edit&redlink=1)* A.W.Archer & Elix (1999)

- *[Phaeographis neotriconica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_neotriconica&action=edit&redlink=1)* A.W.Archer & Elix (2009)

- *[Phaeographis neotricosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_neotricosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Redinger (1935)

- *[Phaeographis neotricosoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_neotricosoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* Poengs. & Kalb (2014)

- *[Phaeographis oricola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_oricola&action=edit&redlink=1)* Lendemer & R.C.Harris (2014)

- *[Phaeographis oscitans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_oscitans&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Tuck.) Luch & Lücking (2018)

- *[Phaeographis phurueaensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_phurueaensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Poengs. & Kalb (2014)

- *[Phaeographis platycarpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_platycarpa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Müll.Arg. (1894)

- *[Phaeographis pleiospora](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_pleiospora&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Zahlbr.) Z.F.Jia & Lücking (2017)

- *[Phaeographis pseudomelana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_pseudomelana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Müll.Arg. (1895)

- *[Phaeographis pseudostromatica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_pseudostromatica&action=edit&redlink=1)* Seavey & J.Seavey (2017)

- *[Phaeographis quadrifera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_quadrifera&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Staiger (2002)

- *[Phaeographis radiata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_radiata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Seavey & J.Seavey (2017)

- *[Phaeographis rhodoplaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_rhodoplaca&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Müll.Arg.) Luch & Lücking (2018)

- *[Phaeographis rubrostroma](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_rubrostroma&action=edit&redlink=1)* M.Cáceres & Lücking (2007)

- *[Phaeographis salazinica](/source/Phaeographis_salazinica)* (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer (2007)

- *[Phaeographis sarcographoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_sarcographoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* Herrera-Camp., N.Sánchez & Lücking (2019)

- *[Phaeographis scalpturata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_scalpturata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ach.) Staiger (2002)

- *[Phaeographis schizolomoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_schizolomoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* Poengs. & Kalb (2014)

- *[Phaeographis siamensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_siamensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Poengs. & Kalb (2014)

- *[Phaeographis smithii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_smithii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Leight.) B.de Lesd. (1910)

- *[Phaeographis spondaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_spondaica&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Lücking (2015)

- *[Phaeographis striata](/source/Phaeographis_striata)* Bungartz (2010)

- *[Phaeographis subdividens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_subdividens&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Leight.) Müll.Arg. (1882)

- *[Phaeographis subintricata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_subintricata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Müll. Arg. (1895)

- *[Phaeographis subinusta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_subinusta&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Leight.) Müll.Arg. (1882)

- *[Phaeographis subtigrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_subtigrina&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Vain.) Zahlbr. (1923)

- *[Phaeographis tuberculifera](/source/Phaeographis_tuberculifera)* A.W.Archer (2001)

- *[Phaeographis xantholirellinata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeographis_xantholirellinata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot (2023)[6] – Brazil

- *[Phaeographis xanthonica](/source/Phaeographis_xanthonica)* Kalb & Matthes-Leicht (2009)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Species_Fungorum_synonymy_1-0)** ["Synonymy. Current Name: *Phaeographis* Müll. Arg., Flora, Regensburg 65(21): 336 (1882)"](https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=3921). [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum). Retrieved 8 September 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Wijayawardene_et_al._2020_2-0)** Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; S, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). ["Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa"](https://doi.org/10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F11%2F1%2F8). *Mycosphere*. **11**: 1060–1456. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8](https://doi.org/10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F11%2F1%2F8). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10481/61998](https://hdl.handle.net/10481%2F61998).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lücking_et_al._2007_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lücking_et_al._2007_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Lücking_et_al._2007_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Lücking_et_al._2007_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Lücking_et_al._2007_3-4) Lücking, Robert; Kalb, Klaus; Staiger, Bettina; McNeill, John (2007). "(1792) Proposal to conserve the name *Phaeographis*, with a conserved type, against *Creographa*, *Ectographis*, *Flegographa*, *Hymenodecton*, *Platygramma*, and *Pyrographa* (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae), along with notes on the names *Graphina* and *Phaeographina*". *Taxon*. **56** (4): 1296–1299. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/25065924](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25065924). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [25065924](https://www.jstor.org/stable/25065924).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Norvell_2010_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Norvell_2010_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Norvell_2010_4-2) Norvell, Lorelei L. (2010). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 15". *Taxon*. **59** (1): 291–293. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/tax.591029](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftax.591029).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2023_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2023_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2023_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2023_5-3) Aptroot, A.; Weerakoon, G.; Cannon, P.; Coppins, B.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2023). [*Ostropales: Graphidaceae, including the genera*Allographa*,*Clandestinotrema*,*Crutarndina*,*Diploschistes*,*Fissurina*,*Graphis*,*Leucodecton*,*Phaeographis*,*Schizotrema*,*Thelotrema*and*Topeliopsis](https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Graphidaceae.pdf) (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 36. p. 14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Aptroot_2023_6-0)** Aptroot, André (2023). ["Lichens from the Roosevelt River area in the Brazilian Amazon"](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmicrobiolres14020054). *Microbiology Research*. **14** (2): 755–786. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/microbiolres14020054](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmicrobiolres14020054).

Taxon identifiers Phaeographis Wikidata: Q7180069 Wikispecies: Phaeographis AusLichen: 30019089 CoL: 6MGT EoL: 22494 GBIF: 2601634 iNaturalist: 175452 IndexFungorum: 3921 IRMNG: 1053112 MycoBank: 3921 NBN: NHMSYS0001492986 NCBI: 297881 NZOR: c6e20545-17b8-4989-9bd5-089ea80bc2fa Open Tree of Life: 713075 PLANTS: PHAEO5 SpeciesFungorum: 3921

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Phaeographis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeographis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeographis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.