# Peteneras

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{{Short description|Style of flamenco}}
The '''Petenera''' is a [flamenco](/source/flamenco) [palo](/source/Palo_(flamenco)) in a 12-beat [metre](/source/Metre_(music)), with strong [beats](/source/Beat_(music)) distributed as follows: '''[12]'''[1][2]'''[3]'''[4][5]'''[6]'''[7]'''[8]'''[9]'''[10]'''[11]. It is therefore identical with the 16th century [Spanish](/source/Spain) dances [zarabanda](/source/zarabanda) and the [jácara](/source/j%C3%A1cara).

The [lyrics](/source/lyrics) are in 4-line stanzas.

It is believed to be a very old style of song, as it was already mentioned by writer Serafín Estébanez Calderón in the mid 19th century, and the adherence to the rhythm of the old [zarabanda](/source/zarabanda) seems to confirm its age. Several theories have been suggested as to its origin, although there is not enough evidence to sustain any of them unerringly: 
* '''Theory of [Paterna](/source/Paterna_de_Rivera)'''. This popular theory sustains that this ''palo'' originated in the town of [Paterna de Rivera](/source/Paterna_de_Rivera) in the [Province of Cádiz](/source/Province_of_C%C3%A1diz). According to a legend, the name of the song refers to a ''cantaora'' (woman singer) called "La Petenera", who was born there. She was reported to be, owing to her seduction power, the "damnation of men". The name "Petenera" would be a phonetic corruption of "Paternera" (born in Paterna). This theory was sustained by folklorist [Demófilo](/source/Dem%C3%B3filo).
* '''Theory of the Jewish origin'''. According to this theory, suggested by flamencologist Hipólito Rossy, the petenera originated in the songs of [Sephardi Jews](/source/Sephardi_Jews). He even assured that Sephardi Jews in the Balkans still sang the lyrics that contain the verse of the Petenera as the "damnation of men"
* Some modern theories situate the origin of the Petenera in [Petén](/source/Pet%C3%A9n_(department)), a department (administrative region) of [Guatemala](/source/Guatemala).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tristeyazul.com/cronicas/jmc03.htm |title=Info (Spanish) |date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2013-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720150633/http://www.tristeyazul.com/cronicas/jmc03.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2011 }}</ref>

==Sources==
*ÁLVAREZ CABALLERO, Ángel: ''La discoteca ideal del flamenco'', Planeta, 1995
*CASTAÑO, José María: "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720150633/http://www.tristeyazul.com/cronicas/jmc03.htm Conferencia sobre la Serranía de Cádiz y sus cantes]", Circuito "Caminos del Flamenco" de la Diputación de Cádiz, Peña Flamenca de Grazalema, 26 de mayo de 2001.
*MARTÍN SALAZAR, Jorge: ''Los cantes flamencos'', Diputación Provincial de Granada
*ROSSY, Hipólito: ''Teoría del cante jondo'', CREDSA, second edition, 1998 (first edition 1966)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{palos}}
{{Music of Spain}}

Category:Flamenco styles

{{music-genre-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Peteneras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peteneras) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peteneras?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.