# Peristedion

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{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox 
| image = Slender searobin ( Peristedion gracile ).jpg
| image_caption = ''Peristedion gracile''
| image2 = Armored searobin ( Peristedion miniatum ).jpg
| image2_caption = ''Peristedion miniatum''
| taxon = Peristedion
| authority = [Lacépède](/source/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de), 1801
| type_species = ''[Peristedion malarmat](/source/Peristedion_cataphractum)'' 
| type_species_authority = Lacépède, 1801<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Peristediinae|access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref>
| synonyms = * ''Octonus'' <small>[Rafinesque](/source/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque), 1810</small>
* ''Panichthys'' <small>[Whitley](/source/Gilbert_Percy_Whitley), 1933</small>
* ''Peristedium'' <small>[Jordan](/source/David_Starr_Jordan) & [Gilbert](/source/Charles_Henry_Gilbert), 1883</small>
* ''Peristethidium'' <small>[Agassiz](/source/Louis_Agassiz), 1846</small>
* ''Peristethus'' <small>[Kaup](/source/Johann_Jakob_Kaup), 1858</small>
* ''Polyacantichthys'' <small>Kaup, 1873</small>
* ''Vulsiculus'' <small>Jordan & [Evermann](/source/Barton_Warren_Evermann), 1896</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = CofF/>
}}

'''''Peristedion''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of marine [ray-finned fish](/source/ray-finned_fish) belonging to the [subfamily](/source/subfamily) [Peristediinae](/source/Peristediinae), the armoured gurnards or armored sea robins. These fishes are found in [Atlantic](/source/Atlantic_Ocean) and [Indo-West Pacific](/source/Indo-West_Pacific) ocean waters.

==Taxonomy==
Peristedion was first described as a genus in 1801 by the French [naturalist](/source/naturalist) [Bernard Germain de Lacépède](/source/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de) when he [described](/source/species_description) ''Peristedion marmalat'' from the Mediterranean Sea and the [Moluccas](/source/Moluccas). In 1826 [Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent](/source/Jean_Baptiste_Bory_de_Saint-Vincent) designated ''P. marmalat'' as the [type species](/source/type_species) of the genus.<ref name = CofF/><ref name = CofF2>{{Cof genus|genus=Peristedion|access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> ''P. marmalat'' is now treated as a [junior synonym](/source/junior_synonym) of [Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus)'s ''Trigla cataphracta'', which he described from the Mediterranean Sea off southern France.<ref name = CofF2/> Within the family Peristediidae there are 2 clades. One, which contains Peristedion, is a [monotypic](/source/Monotypic_taxon) [clade](/source/clade), while the other clade is made up of the remaining 5 genera of the Peristediidae.<ref name = Kawai>{{cite journal | author = Toshio Kawai | title = Phylogenetic Systematics of the Family Peristediidae (Teleostei: Actinopterygii) | journal = Species Diversity | year = 2008 | volume= 13 | issue =1 | pages = 1–34 | doi = 10.12782/specdiv.13.1| doi-access = free }}</ref> The name of the genus ''Peristedion'' is a combination of ''peri'', meaning "around", and ''stedion'', which is a diminutive of ''stethos'', which is Greek for "breast" or "chest", an allusion to the bony plates lining the underside of the body, similar to a [plastron](/source/plastron), the feature Lacépède use to distinguish ''Peristidion'' from ''[Trigla](/source/Trigla)''.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/perciformes12/ | title = Order Perciformes (Part 12): Suborder Triglioidei: Families Triglidae and Peristediidae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1= Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp |date = 26 June 2021 | access-date = 17 June 2022 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref>

==Species==
''Peristedion'' currently contains 24 recognized species:<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase genus|genus=Peristedion|month=February|year=2022}}</ref>
* ''[Peristedion altipinne](/source/Peristedion_altipinne)'' <small>[Regan](/source/Charles_Tate_Regan), 1903</small>
* ''[Peristedion amblygenys](/source/Peristedion_amblygenys)'' <small>[Fowler](/source/Henry_Weed_Fowler), 1938</small> <ref name=Ono2014>Ono, M. & Kawai, T. (2014): [http://jssz.sakura.ne.jp/spdiv/v19/abs/19_117.pdf Review of Armored Searobins of the Genus ''Peristedion''(Teleostei: Peristediidae) in Japanese Waters.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106220035/https://jssz.sakura.ne.jp/spdiv/v19/abs/19_117.pdf |date=6 January 2022 }} ''Species Diversity, 19 (2): 117–131.''</ref>
* ''[Peristedion antillarum](/source/Peristedion_antillarum)'' <small>[Teague](/source/Gerard_Warden_Teague), 1961</small> (Long-nose armoured searobin)
* ''[Peristedion barbiger](/source/Peristedion_barbiger)'' <small>[Garman](/source/Samuel_Walton_Garman), 1899</small>
* ''[Peristedion brevirostre](/source/Peristedion_brevirostre)'' <small>([Günther](/source/Albert_G%C3%BCnther), 1860)</small> (Flat-head searobin)
* ''[Peristedion cataphractum](/source/Peristedion_cataphractum)'' <small>([Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), 1758)</small> (African armoured searobin)
* ''[Peristedion crustosum](/source/Peristedion_crustosum)'' <small>Garman, 1899</small>
* ''[Peristedion ecuadorense](/source/Peristedion_ecuadorense)'' <small>Teague, 1961</small>
* ''[Peristedion gracile](/source/Peristedion_gracile)'' <small>[Goode](/source/George_Brown_Goode) & [T. H. Bean](/source/Tarleton_Hoffman_Bean), 1896</small> (Slender searobin)
* ''[Peristedion greyae](/source/Peristedion_greyae)'' <small>[G. C. Miller](/source/George_C._Miller), 1967</small>
* ''[Peristedion imberbe](/source/Peristedion_imberbe)'' <small>[Poey](/source/Felipe_Poey_y_Aloy), 1861</small>
* ''[Peristedion liorhynchus](/source/Peristedion_liorhynchus)'' <small>(Günther, 1872)</small> <ref name=Ono2014/>
* ''[Peristedion longicornutum](/source/Peristedion_longicornutum)'' <small>[Fricke](/source/Ronald_Fricke), Kawai, [Yato](/source/Takuji_Yato) & [Motomura](/source/Hiroyuki_Motomura), 2017</small> (Longhorn armored gurnard)
* ''[Peristedion longispatha](/source/Peristedion_longispatha)'' <small>Goode & T. H. Bean] 1886</small>
* ''[Peristedion miniatum](/source/Peristedion_miniatum)'' <small>Goode, 1880</small> (Armoured searobin)
* ''[Peristedion nesium](/source/Peristedion_nesium)'' <small>[W. A. Bussing](/source/William_Albert_Bussing), 2010</small>
* ''[Peristedion orientale](/source/Peristedion_orientale)'' <small>[Temminck](/source/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminck) & [Schlegel](/source/Hermann_Schlegel), 1843</small> <ref name=Ono2014/>
* ''[Peristedion paucibarbiger](/source/Peristedion_paucibarbiger)'' <small>[Castro-Aguirre](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Castro-Aguirre) & [García-Domínguez](/source/Federico_Andr%C3%A9s_Garc%C3%ADa-Dom%C3%ADnguez), 1984</small>
* ''[Peristedion richardsi](/source/Peristedion_richardsi)'' <small>[Kawai](/source/Toshio_Kawai), 2016</small> <ref name=Kawai2016>Kawai, T. (2016): ''Peristedion richardsi'' sp. nov. (Actinopterygii: Teleostei: Peristediidae) from Indonesian waters, with synonymy between ''Peristedion riversandersoni'' Alcock, 1894 and ''Peristedion nierstraszi'' Weber, 1913. ''Zootaxa, 4171 (2): 335–346.''</ref>
* ''[Peristedion riversandersoni](/source/Peristedion_riversandersoni)'' <small>[Alcock](/source/Alfred_William_Alcock), 1894</small>
* ''[Peristedion thompsoni](/source/Peristedion_thompsoni)'' <small>Fowler, 1952</small> (Rim-spine searobin)
* ''[Peristedion truncatum](/source/Peristedion_truncatum)'' <small>(Günther, 1880)</small> (Black armoured searobin)
* ''[Peristedion unicuspis](/source/Peristedion_unicuspis)'' <small>G. C. Miller, 1967</small>
* ''[Peristedion weberi](/source/Peristedion_weberi)'' <small>[J. L. B. Smith](/source/James_Leonard_Brierley_Smith), 1934</small>

==Characteristics==
''Peristedion'' armoured gurnards have a ventrally flattened head and body which is protected by a bony armour of plates and spines. There is a two-pointed rostral projection on the snout and there are barbels under the lower jaw. They do not have robust spines on the [preoperculum](/source/preoperculum). The first [dorsal fin](/source/dorsal_fin) has 7 or 8 spines and the second dorsal fin has between 18 and 20 soft rays while the [anal fin](/source/anal_fin) has between 20 and 23 soft rays. There are between 11 and 13 fin rays enclosed within the membrane of the [pectoral fin](/source/pectoral_fin) plus the two lowermost rays being separate. The [pelvic fin](/source/pelvic_fin)s are widely spaced, located under the base of the pectoral fins, and have 1 spine and 5 soft rays.<ref name = STRI>{{cite web| url = https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/sftep/en/thefishes/taxon/2634 | title = Genus: Peristedion, Amoured Sea-Robins, Armoured-Gurnards | access-date = 27 June 2022 | work = Shorefishes of the Eastern Pacific online information system | publisher = Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute}}</ref> The smallest species in the genus is ''[P. paucibarbiger](/source/Peristedion_paucibarbiger)'', which has a maximum published [standard length](/source/standard_length) of {{cvt|7|cm}}. The largest are the African armoured sea robin (''[P. cataphractum](/source/Peristedion_cataphractum)'') and the armoured gurnard (''[P. liorhynchus](/source/Peristedion_liorhynchus)'') both of which have maximum published standard lengths of {{cvt|540|cm}}.<ref name = Fishbase/>

==Distribution==
''Peristedion'' armoured gurnards occur on either sides of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Mediterranean Sea, in the [Indo-West-Pacific](/source/Indo-West-Pacific) and eastern Pacific Ocean.<ref name = STRI/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1951787}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Category:Peristedion
Category:Peristediidae
Category:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Peristedion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristedion) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristedion?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.