# Perianth > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Perianth > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Perianth.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianth > Source revision: 1342173957 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Non-reproductive part of a flower}} thumb|upright=1.4|A mature flower. In this example, the perianth is separated into a calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals) The '''perianth''' ('''perigonium''', '''perigon''' or '''perigone''' in [monocots](/source/monocots)){{Citation needed|date=March 2026|reason=A quick search suggests the two terms are used interchangeably}} is the non-reproductive part of a [flower](/source/flower). It is a structure consisting of the [calyx](/source/Sepal) (sepals) and the [corolla](/source/Petal) (petals); in perigones it consists of the [tepal](/source/tepal)s. It forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs,. The term ''perianth'' is derived from [Greek](/source/Greek_language) περί ({{Transliteration|el|peri}}, "around") and άνθος ({{Transliteration|el|anthos}}, "flower"), while ''perigonium'' is derived from περί ({{Transliteration|el|peri}}) and γόνος ({{Transliteration|el|gonos}}, "seed, sex organs"). In the [moss](/source/moss)es and liverworts ([Marchantiophyta](/source/Marchantiophyta)), the perianth is the sterile (neither male nor female) tube-like tissue that surrounds the female reproductive structure or developing [sporophyte](/source/sporophyte). == Flowering plants == {{main|Sepal|Petal|l1=Calyx|l2=Corolla}} In [flowering plant](/source/flowering_plant)s, the perianth may be described as being either '''dichlamydeous'''/'''heterochlamydeous''' in which the calyx and corolla are clearly separate, or '''homochlamydeous''', in which they are indistinguishable (and the sepals and petals are collectively referred to as '''tepals'''). When the perianth is in two whorls, it is described as '''biseriate'''. While the calyx may be green, known as '''sepaloid''', it may also be brightly coloured, and is then described as '''petaloid'''. When the undifferentiated tepals resemble petals, they are also referred to as "petaloid", as in [petaloid monocots](/source/petaloid_monocots) or liliod monocots, orders of monocots with brightly coloured tepals. The corolla and petals have a role in attracting [pollinator](/source/pollinator)s, but this may be augmented by more specialised structures like the '''corona''' (see below). When the perianth consists of separate tepals the term '''apotepalous''' is used, or '''syntepalous''' if the tepals are fused to one another. The petals may be united to form a tubular corolla ('''gamopetalous''' or '''sympetalous'''). If either the petals or sepals are entirely absent, the perianth can be described as being '''monochlamydeous'''. {{gallery |title=Types of perianth |align=center |mode=packed |Image:Achlamyde.svg|Achlamydeous [floral meristem](/source/Meristem) without a corolla or calyx |Image:Haplochlamyde.svg|Monochlamydeous perianth with non-petaloid calyx only |Image:Homochlamyde.svg|Monochlamydeous perianth with corolla only or homochlamydeous perigonium with tepals |Image:Heterochlamyde.svg|Dichlamydeous/heterochlamydeous perianth with separate whorls }} Both sepals and petals may have stomata and veins, even if vestigial. In some taxa, for instance some [magnolia](/source/magnolia)s and [water lilies](/source/Nymphaeaceae), the perianth is arranged in a spiral on nodes, rather than whorls. Flowers with spiral perianths tend to also be those with undifferentiated perianths. === Corona === [[File:Ray-floret.svg|thumb|Ligulate floret, typical for some members of the family [Asteraceae](/source/Asteraceae):
'''A.''' [inferior ovary](/source/inferior_ovary)
'''B.''' The [calyx](/source/sepal) is a crown-shaped [pappus](/source/Pappus_(flower_structure)), called a '''corona'''.
'''C.''' Anthers are united in a tube around the style, though the filaments are separate.
'''D.''' A ligulate petal extends from the tubular corolla.
'''E.''' style and stigmas]] An additional structure in some plants (e.g. ''[Narcissus](/source/Narcissus_(plant))'', [''Passiflora'' (passion flower)](/source/Passiflora), some ''[Hippeastrum](/source/Hippeastrum)'', [Liliaceae](/source/Liliaceae)) is the '''corona''' (paraperigonium, paraperigon, or paracorolla), a ring or set of appendages of adaxial tissue arising from the corolla or the outer edge of the stamens. It is often positioned where the corolla lobes arise from the corolla tube.{{cite book |author1=Beentje, H. |author2=Williamson, J. |year=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms |publisher=Kew Publishing |location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}} There can be more than one corona in a flower. The milkweeds (''[Asclepias](/source/Asclepias)'' spp.) have three very different coronas, which collectively form a flytrap pollination scheme. Some passionflowers (''[Passiflora](/source/Passiflora)'' spp.) have as many as eight coronas arranged in concentric whorls.{{ cite book | last= Lawrence | first= George H.M. | date= 1951 | title= Taxonomy of Vascular Plants | location= New York | publisher= The MacMillan Company | page= 616 }}Engler and Prantl Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilian Band 21 page 503 (figure 232b) The [pappus](/source/Pappus_(botany)) of [Asteraceae](/source/Asteraceae), considered to be a modified calyx, is also called a corona if it is shaped like a crown. {{gallery|align=center|mode=packed |File:A Perfect Pair Daffodills (Narcissus) - 8.jpg|Flower of ''Narcissus'' showing an outer white corolla with a central yellow corona (paraperigonium) |File:Passiflora incarnata flower and bud.jpg|Flower of ''[Passiflora incarnata](/source/Passiflora_incarnata)'' showing corona of fine appendages between petals and stamens }} == References == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Michael G.|title=Plant Systematics|year=2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-051404-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC|access-date=12 February 2014}} {{refend}} == External links == {{commons category|Petals}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|perianth}} {{botany}} Category:Plant anatomy --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Perianth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianth) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianth?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.