# Perciformes > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Perciformes > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Perciformes.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perciformes > Source revision: 1352766854 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Order of ray-finned fishes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Perciformes | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|63|0|earliest=Maastrichtian|[Early Paleocene](/source/Early_Paleocene) to present}} | image = Kirnja.jpg | image_caption = | image2 = Gnathanacanthus goetzeei 3.jpg | image2_caption = Top: [Dusky grouper](/source/Dusky_grouper) (''Epinephelus marginatus'')
Bottom: [Red velvetfish](/source/Red_velvetfish) (''Gnathanacanthus goetzeei'') | taxon = Perciformes | authority = [Bleeker](/source/Pieter_Bleeker), 1863 | subdivision_ranks = Suborders | subdivision = * [Percoidei](/source/Percoidei) * [Notothenioidei](/source/Notothenioidei) * [Scorpaenoidei](/source/Scorpaenoidei) * [Cottoidei](/source/Cottoidei) * [Gasterosteoidei](/source/Gasterosteoidei) * [Zoarcoidei](/source/Zoarcoidei) | type_species = ''[Perca fluviatilis](/source/European_perch)'' | type_species_authority = [Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), 1758 }} '''Perciformes''' ({{IPAc-en|'|p|ɜːr|s|ᵻ|ˌ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}}), is an [order](/source/order_(biology)) of [ray-finned fish](/source/Actinopterygii) in the clade [Percomorpha](/source/Percomorpha). ''Perciformes'' means "[perch](/source/perch)-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters ([Percidae](/source/Percidae)), and also sea basses ([Serranidae](/source/Serranidae)).{{Cite web |title=Perciform - Form and function |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/perciform |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}} This order contains many familiar freshwater temperate and tropical marine fish groups, but also [extremophiles](/source/Extremophile) that have successfully colonized both the North and South Poles, as well as the deepest depths of the ocean.{{Cite journal |last1=Thacker |first1=Christine E. |last2=Near |first2=Thomas J. |date=2025-03-13 |title=Phylogeny, biology, and evolution of acanthopterygian fish clades |journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=805–845 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s11160-025-09935-w |bibcode=2025RFBF...35..805T |issn=1573-5184|doi-access=free }} == Taxonomy == Formerly, this group was thought to be even more diverse than it is thought to be now, containing about 41% of all [bony fish](/source/bony_fish) (about 10,000 species) and about 160 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates.{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=J. S. |title=[Fishes of the World](/source/Fishes_of_the_World) |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-25031-9 |edition=4 |location=Hoboken, NJ}} However, many of these other families have since been reclassified within their own orders within the clade Percomorpha, significantly reducing the size of the group. In contrast to this splitting, other groups formerly considered distinct, such as the [Scorpaeniformes](/source/Scorpaeniformes), are now classified in the Perciformes.{{cite book |author1=J. S. Nelson |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |title=Fishes of the World |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |publisher=Wiley |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |edition=5th |pages=497–502 |access-date=2020-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |archive-date=2019-04-08 }} === Evolution === The earliest fossil perciform is the extinct [stem group](/source/stem_group)-perciform{{Cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E. |date=2024-04-18 |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-65/issue-1/014.065.0101/Phylogenetic-Classification-of-Living-and-Fossil-Ray-Finned-Fishes-Actinopterygii/10.3374/014.065.0101.full |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |issue=1 |page=101 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |bibcode=2024BPMNH..65..101N |issn=0079-032X|url-access=subscription }} ''[Paleoserranus](/source/Paleoserranus)'' (originally considered an early [serranid](/source/Serranidae)) from the [Early Paleocene](/source/Danian) of [Mexico](/source/Mexico), but potential records of "percoids" are known from the [Maastrichtian](/source/Maastrichtian), including ''[Eoserranus](/source/Eoserranus)'' and ''[Prolates](/source/Prolates)'', although their exact taxonomic identity remains uncertain.{{Cite journal |last1=Cantalice |first1=Kleyton M. |last2=Alvarado-Ortega |first2=Jesús |last3=Alaniz-Galvan |first3=Abril |date=2018-04-01 |title=Paleoserranus lakamhae gen. et sp. nov., a Paleocene seabass (Perciformes: Serranidae) from Palenque, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598111730487X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=83 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2018.01.010 |bibcode=2018JSAES..83..137C |issn=0895-9811|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Kriwet |first1=Jürgen |last2=Arratia |first2=Gloria |last3=López-Arbarello |first3=Adriana |last4=Parmar |first4=Varun |last5=Prasad |first5=Guntupalli |date=2004-01-01 |title=Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - early radiation of perciformes |url=https://www.academia.edu/978479 |journal=Recent Advances in …}} The earliest crown-group perciform fossils are known from the [Early Eocene](/source/Ypresian), including the [scorpaenoid](/source/Scorpaenoidei) ''[Eosynanceja](/source/Eosynanceja)'' and [platycephalid](/source/Platycephalidae) [otoliths](/source/Otolith) from New Zealand. === Classification === Classification of this group has long been controversial, with various families being placed in and out of Perciformes depending on the study. Only in recent decades, with the advent of [molecular phylogenetics](/source/molecular_phylogenetics), has the classification of the family been largely resolved. Based on these studies, many suborders formerly placed within the Perciformes are better placed elsewhere in the Percomorpha, but former members of the [Scorpaeniformes](/source/Scorpaeniformes), [Gasterosteiformes](/source/Gasterosteoidei), and some members of the [Trachiniformes](/source/Trachiniformes) (including the type genus) are now considered true perciforms.{{Cite web |last1=Fricke |first1=R. |last2=Eschmeyer |first2=W. N. |last3=Van der Laan |first3=R. |date=2025 |title=ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION |url=https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=[California Academy of Sciences](/source/California_Academy_of_Sciences) |language=en}} ==== Present classification ==== The following classification is based on ''[Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes](/source/Eschmeyer's_Catalog_of_Fishes)'': * Order '''Perciformes''' ** Genus †''[Paleoserranus](/source/Paleoserranus)'' Cantalice, Alvarado-Ortega & Alaniz-Galvan, 2018 ** Suborder [Percoidei](/source/Percoidei) *** Family [Serranidae](/source/Serranidae) [Swainson](/source/William_Swainson), 1839 (sea basses) *** Family [Anthiadidae](/source/Anthiadidae) [Poey](/source/Felipe_Poey_y_Aloy), 1861 (fairy basslets or streamer basses) *** Family [Epinephelidae](/source/Epinephelidae) [Bleeker](/source/Pieter_Bleeker), 1874 (groupers) *** Family [Liopropomatidae](/source/Liopropomatidae) Poey, 1867 (painted basslets) *** Family [Grammistidae](/source/Grammistidae) Bleeker, 1857 (soapfishes) *** Family [Percidae](/source/Percidae) [Rafinesque](/source/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque), 1815 ([perches](/source/Perch) and [darters](/source/Etheostomatinae)) *** Family [Niphonidae](/source/Niphonidae) [Jordan](/source/David_Starr_Jordan), 1923 (Ara groupers) *** Family [Trachinidae](/source/Trachinidae) Rafinesque, 1815 (weeverfishes) *** Family [Bembropidae](/source/Bembropidae) [Regan](/source/Charles_Tate_Regan), 1913 (flatheads or duckbill flatheads) ** Suborder [Notothenioidei](/source/Notothenioidei) *** Family [Percophidae](/source/Percophidae) Swainson, 1839 (Brazilian flatheads) *** Family [Bovichtidae](/source/Bovichtidae) [Gill](/source/Theodore_Gill), 1862 (thornfishes) *** Family [Pseudaphritidae](/source/Congoli) [McCulloch](/source/Allan_Riverstone_McCulloch), 1929 (congollis) *** Family [Eleginopidae](/source/Patagonian_blennie) Gill, 1893 (Patagonian blennies) *** Family [Nototheniidae](/source/Nototheniidae) [Günther](/source/Albert_G%C3%BCnther), 1861 (cod icefishes) *** Family [Harpagiferidae](/source/Harpagiferidae) Gill, 1861 (plunderfishes) *** Family [Bathydraconidae](/source/Bathydraconidae) Regan, 1913 (Antarctic dragonfishes) *** Family [Channichthyidae](/source/Channichthyidae) Gill, 1861 (crocodile icefishes) ** Suborder [Scorpaenoidei](/source/Scorpaenoidei) *** Family [Platycephalidae](/source/Platycephalidae) Swainson, 1839 (flatheads) *** Family [Hoplichthyidae](/source/Hoplichthys) [Kaup](/source/Johann_Jakob_Kaup), 1873 (spiny flatheads) *** Family [Triglidae](/source/Triglidae) Rafinesque, 1815 (searobins) *** Family [Bembridae](/source/Bembridae) Kaup, 1873 (deepwater flatheads) *** Family [Synanceiidae](/source/Synanceiidae) Swainson, 1839 (stonefishes) *** Family [Neosebastidae](/source/Neosebastidae) [Matsubara](/source/Kiyomatsu_Matsubara), 1943 (gurnard scorpionfishes) *** Family [Plectrogeniidae](/source/Plectrogeniidae) Fowler, 1938 (stinger flatheads) *** Family [Scorpaenidae](/source/Scorpaenidae) [Risso](/source/Antoine_Risso), 1827 (scorpionfishes) *** Family [Congiopodidae](/source/Congiopodidae) Gill, 1889 (racehorses or pigfishes) *** Family [Zanclorhynchidae](/source/Zanclorhynchidae) Andriashev, 1993 (horsefishes) *** Family [Normanichthyidae](/source/Normanichthyidae) Clark, 1937 (barehead scorpionfishes ) ** Suborder [Cottoidei](/source/Cottoidei) *** Family [Anoplopomatidae](/source/Anoplopomatidae) Jordan & [Gilbert](/source/Charles_Henry_Gilbert) ,1883 (sablefishes) *** Family [Zaniolepididae](/source/Zaniolepididae) Jordan & Gilbert, 1883 (combfishes) *** Family [Hexagrammidae](/source/Hexagrammidae) Jordan, 1888 (greenlings) *** Family [Rhamphocottidae](/source/Rhamphocottidae) Jordan & Gilbert, 1883 (horsehead sculpins) *** Family [Jordaniidae](/source/Jordaniidae) Jordan & Evermann, 1898 (longfin sculpins) *** Family [Cottidae](/source/Cottidae) [Bonaparte](/source/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte), 1831 (sculpins) *** Family [Psychrolutidae](/source/Psychrolutidae) Günther, 1861 (marine sculpins) *** Family [Nautichthyidae](/source/Nautichthyidae) Taranetz, 1941 (sailfin sculpins){{Cite journal |last=Vandenberg|first=Megan L.|last2=Heiple|first2=Zach|last3=Kolmann|first3=Matthew A.|last4=Buser|first4=Thaddaeus|last5=Summers|first5=Adam P.|last6=Meléndez-Vazquez|first6=Fernando|last7=Arcila|first7=Dahiana|last8=Maslenikov|first8=Katherine P.|last9=Tornabene|first9=Luke|date=2026-04-01|title=Phylogenomics of poachers (Agonidae) and the evolution of armor in cottoid fishes (Perciformes: Cottoidei)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790326000229|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=217|article-number=108552|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108552|issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription}} *** Family [Hemilepidotidae](/source/Hemilepidotidae) Jordan & Evermann, 1898 (Irish lords) *** Family [Hemitripteridae](/source/Hemitripteridae) Gill, 1865 (sea ravens) *** Family [Agonidae](/source/Agonidae) Swainson, 1839 (poachers) *** Family [Trichodontidae](/source/Trichodontidae) Bleeker, 1859 (sandfishes) *** Family [Cyclopteridae](/source/Cyclopteridae) Bonaparte, 1831 (lumpfishes) *** Family [Liparidae](/source/Liparidae) Gill, 1861 (snailfishes) ** Suborder [Gasterosteoidei](/source/Gasterosteoidei) *** Family [Hypoptychidae](/source/Korean_sandlance) [Steindachner](/source/Franz_Steindachner), 1880 (sand-eels) *** Family [Gasterosteidae](/source/Gasterosteidae) Bonaparte, 1831 (sticklebacks) *** Family [Aulorhynchidae](/source/Aulorhynchidae) Gill, 1861 (tubesnouts) ** Suborder [Zoarcoidei](/source/Zoarcoidei) *** Family [Bathymasteridae](/source/Ronquil) Jordan & Gilbert, 1883 (ronquils) *** Family [Cebidichthyidae](/source/Cebidichthyidae) Gill, 1862 (monkeyface pricklebacks) *** Family [Stichaeidae](/source/Stichaeidae) Gill, 1864 (pricklebacks) *** Family [Scytalinidae](/source/Scytalinidae) Jordan & Starks, 1895 (graveldivers) *** Family [Opisthocentridae](/source/Opisthocentridae) Jordan & Evermann, 1898 (rearspined fin pricklebacks) *** Family [Ptilichthyidae](/source/Ptilichthyidae) Jordan & Gilbert, 1883 (quillfishes) *** Family [Pholidae](/source/Pholidae) Gill, 1893 (gunnels) *** Family [Zaproridae](/source/Zaproridae) Jordan, 1896 (prowfishes) *** Family [Cryptacanthodidae](/source/Cryptacanthodidae) Gill, 1861 (wrymouths) *** Family [Lumpenidae](/source/Lumpenidae) Jordan & Evermann, 1898 (eel pricklebacks) *** Family [Eulophiidae](/source/Eulophiidae) Smith, 1902 (spinous eelpouts) *** Family [Neozoarcidae](/source/Neozoarcidae) Jordan & Snyder, 1902 (largemouth kissing eelpouts) *** Family [Anarhichadidae](/source/Anarhichadidae) Bonaparte, 1835 (wolffishes) *** Family [Zoarcidae](/source/Zoarcidae) Swainson, 1839 (eelpouts) The following fossil families may also belong to Perciformes ''sensu stricto'', although this is uncertain:{{Cite journal |last=Laan |first=Richard van der |date=2018-10-11 |title=Family-group names of fossil fishes |url=https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/597 |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |language=en |issue=466 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2018.466 |issn=2118-9773|doi-access=free }} * ?Family †[Callipterygidae](/source/Callipterygidae) [Jordan](/source/David_Starr_Jordan), 1905 * ?Family †[Eocottidae](/source/Eocottidae) Bannikov, 2004 * ?Family †[Robertanniidae](/source/Robertanniidae) Bannikov, 2011 * Family †[Trispinachidae](/source/Trispinachidae) Nazarkin, 2002 ==== Past classifications ==== As traditionally defined before the introduction of [cladistics](/source/cladistics), the Perciformes are almost certainly [paraphyletic](/source/paraphyletic). These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text ''[Fishes of the World](/source/Fishes_of_the_World)''.{{FishBase order |order=Perciformes|month=August |year=2015}}{{cite web|title=ADW: Perciformes|url=https://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Perciformes/classification/|work=animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu|publisher=Animal Diversity Web}} [[File:Perciformes 01.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Perciformes display at the [National Museum of Natural History](/source/National_Museum_of_Natural_History).]] [[File:Pomacanthus semicirculatus 1.jpg|thumb|right|''[Pomacanthus semicirculatus](/source/Pomacanthus_semicirculatus)'']] {| |- | {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="1" |Nelson 2016{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=430–467 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }} ! colspan="1" |Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2017{{cite journal |last1=Betancur-R |first1=Ricardo |last2=Wiley |first2=Edward O. |last3=Arratia |first3=Gloria |last4=Acero |first4=Arturo |last5=Bailly |first5=Nicolas |last6=Miya |first6=Masaki |last7=Lecointre |first7=Guillaume |last8=Ortí |first8=Guillermo |title=Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=6 July 2017 |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=162 |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 |pmid=28683774 |issn=1471-2148|doi-access=free |pmc=5501477 |bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..162B }} |- style="vertical-align:top;" | style="width:50%;" | * Suborder [Percoidei](/source/Percoidei) ** Superfamily [Percoidea](/source/Percoidea) *** [Centropomidae](/source/Centropomidae) (Snooks) *** [Latidae](/source/Latidae) (Lates) *** [Gerreidae](/source/Gerreidae) (Mojarras) *** [Centrogenyidae](/source/Centrogenyidae) (False scorpionfishes) *** [Perciliidae](/source/Perciliidae) (Southern basses) *** [Howellidae](/source/Howellidae) (Oceanic basslets) *** [Acropomatidae](/source/Acropomatidae) (Lanternbellies) *** [Epigonidae](/source/Epigonidae) (Deepwater cardinalfishes) *** [Polyprionidae](/source/Polyprionidae) (Wreckfishes) *** [Lateolabracidae](/source/Lateolabracidae) (Asian sea-basses) *** [Mullidae](/source/Mullidae) (Goatfishes) *** [Glaucosomatidae](/source/Glaucosomatidae) (Pearl perches) *** [Pempheridae](/source/Pempheridae) (Sweepers) *** [Oplegnathidae](/source/Oplegnathidae) (Knifejaws) *** [Kuhliidae](/source/Kuhliidae) (Flagtails) *** [Bathyclupeidae](/source/Bathyclupeidae) (Bathyclupeids) *** [Toxotidae](/source/Toxotidae) (Archerfishes) *** [Arripidae](/source/Arripidae) (Australasian salmon (kahawai)) *** [Dichistiidae](/source/Dichistiidae) (Galjoen fishes) *** [Kyphosidae](/source/Kyphosidae) (Sea chubs) *** [Terapontidae](/source/Terapontidae) (grunters or tigerperches) *** [Percichthyidae](/source/Percichthyidae) (temperate perches) *** [Sinipercidae](/source/Sinipercidae) (Chinese perches) *** [Enoplosidae](/source/Enoplosidae) (Oldwives) *** [Pentacerotidae](/source/Pentacerotidae) (Armourheads) *** [Dinopercidae](/source/Dinopercidae) (Cavebasses) *** [Banjosiidae](/source/Banjos_(fish)) (Banjofishes) *** [Centrarchidae](/source/Centrarchidae) (Sunfishes) *** [Serranidae](/source/Serranidae) (Sea basses and Groupers) *** [Percidae](/source/Percidae) (Perches) *** [Lactariidae](/source/Lactariidae) (False trevallies) *** [Dinolestidae](/source/Dinolestidae) (Long-finned pikes) *** [Scombropidae](/source/Scombropidae) (Gnomefishes) *** [Pomatomidae](/source/Pomatomidae) (Bluefishes) *** [Bramidae](/source/Bramidae) (Pomfrets) *** [Caristiidae](/source/Caristiidae) (Manefishes) **Possibly related to [Acanthuriformes](/source/Acanthuriformes) *** [Monodactylidae](/source/Monodactylidae) (Moonfishes) *** [Priacanthidae](/source/Priacanthidae) (Bigeyes (catalufas)) **Families which may have a relationship to Acanthuroidei, Monodactylidae, and Priacanthidae *** [Leiognathidae](/source/Leiognathidae) (Ponyfishes, slimys, or slipmouths) *** [Chaetodontidae](/source/Chaetodontidae) (Butterflyfishes) *** [Pomacanthidae](/source/Pomacanthidae) (Angelfishes) *** [Malacanthidae](/source/Malacanthidae) (Tilefishes) *** [Haemulidae](/source/Haemulidae) (Grunts) *** [Hapalogenyidae](/source/Hapalogenyidae) (Barbeled grunters) *** [Lutjanidae](/source/Lutjanidae) (Snappers) *** [Caesionidae](/source/Caesionidae) (Fusiliers) ** Superfamily [Cirrhitoidea](/source/Cirrhitoidea) *** [Cirrhitidae](/source/Cirrhitidae) (Hawkfishes) *** [Chironemidae](/source/Chironemidae) (Kelpfishes) *** [Aplodactylidae](/source/Aplodactylidae) (Marblefishes) *** [Cheilodactylidae](/source/Cheilodactylidae) (Morwongs) *** [Latridae](/source/Latridae) (Trumpeters) **Superfamily [Cepoloidea](/source/Cepoloidea) *** [Cepolidae](/source/Cepolidae) (Bandfishes) **Superfamily [Siganoidea](/source/Siganoidea) *** [Scatophagidae](/source/Scatophagidae) (Scats) *** [Siganidae](/source/Siganidae) (Rabbitfishes) * Suborder [Notothenioidei](/source/Notothenioidei) ** [Bovichtidae](/source/Bovichtidae) (Temperate icefishes) ** [Pseudaphritidae](/source/Pseudaphritidae) (Catadromous icefishes) ** [Eleginopsidae](/source/Eleginopsidae) (Patagonian blennies) ** [Nototheniidae](/source/Nototheniidae) (Cod icefishes) ** [Harpagiferidae](/source/Harpagiferidae) (Spiny plunderfishes) ** [Artedidraconidae](/source/Artedidraconidae) (Barbeled plunderfishes) ** [Bathydraconidae](/source/Bathydraconidae) (Antarctic dragonfishes) ** [Channichthyidae](/source/Channichthyidae) (Crocodile icefishes) | style="width:50%;" | * Order '''Perciformes''' (incl. [Gasterosteiformes](/source/Gasterosteiformes); [Scorpaeniformes](/source/Scorpaeniformes)) ** Suborder Serranoidei *** [Serranidae](/source/Serranidae) ** Suborder Percoidei *** [Trachinidae](/source/Trachinidae) *** [Niphonidae](/source/Niphonidae) *** [Percidae](/source/Percidae) ** Suborder Normanichthyoidei *** [Normanichthyidae](/source/Normanichthyidae) ** Suborder Notothenioidei ***[Artedidraconidae](/source/Artedidraconidae) ***[Bathydraconidae](/source/Bathydraconidae) *** [Bovichtidae](/source/Bovichtidae) ***[Channichthyidae](/source/Channichthyidae) *** [Eleginopsidae](/source/Eleginopsidae) ***[Harpagiferidae](/source/Harpagiferidae) *** [Nototheniidae](/source/Nototheniidae) *** [Percophidae](/source/Percophidae) *** [Pseudaphritidae](/source/Pseudaphritidae) ** Suborder Platycephaloidei *** [Hoplichthyidae](/source/Hoplichthyidae) *** [Bembridae](/source/Bembridae) *** [Parabembridae](/source/Parabembridae) *** [Platycephalidae](/source/Platycephalidae) *** [Plectrogeniidae](/source/Plectrogenidae) ** Suborder Bembropoidei *** [Bembropidae](/source/Bembropidae) ** Suborder Triglioidei *** [Peristediidae](/source/Peristediidae) *** [Triglidae](/source/Triglidae) ** Suborder Scorpaenoidei *** [Apistidae](/source/Apistidae) *** [Aploactinidae](/source/Aploactinidae) *** [Congiopodidae](/source/Congiopodidae) *** [Eschmeyeridae](/source/Eschmeyeridae) *** [Gnathanacanthidae](/source/Gnathanacanthidae) *** [Neosebastidae](/source/Neosebastidae) *** [Pataecidae](/source/Pataecidae) *** [Perryenidae](/source/Perryenidae) *** [Synanceiidae](/source/Synanceiidae) *** [Tetrarogidae](/source/Tetrarogidae) *** [Scorpaenidae](/source/Scorpaenidae) (incl. [Caracanthidae](/source/Caracanthidae)) *** [Sebastidae](/source/Sebastidae) *** [Setarchidae](/source/Setarchidae) *** [Zanclorhynchidae](/source/Zanclorhynchidae) ** Suborder Cottoidei *** Infraorder Anoplopomatales **** [Anoplopomatidae](/source/Anoplopomatidae) *** Infraorder Zoarcales **** [Anarhichadidae](/source/Anarhichadidae) **** [Bathymasteridae](/source/Bathymasteridae) **** [Cryptacanthodidae](/source/Cryptacanthodidae) **** [Eulophiidae](/source/Eulophiidae) **** [Zoarcidae](/source/Zoarcidae) **** [Pholidae](/source/Pholidae) **** [Ptilichthyidae](/source/Ptilichthyidae) **** [Zaproridae](/source/Zaproridae) **** [Stichaeidae](/source/Stichaeidae) **** [Scytalinidae](/source/Scytalinidae) *** Infraorder Gasterosteales **** [Hypoptychidae](/source/Hypoptychidae) **** [Aulorhynchidae](/source/Aulorhynchidae) **** [Gasterosteidae](/source/Gasterosteidae) *** Infraorder Zaniolepidales **** [Zaniolepididae](/source/Zaniolepididae) *** Infraorder Hexagrammales **** [Hexagrammidae](/source/Hexagrammidae) *** Infraorder Cottales **** [Normanichthyidae](/source/Normanichthyidae) **** [Trichodontidae](/source/Trichodontidae) **** [Cyclopteridae](/source/Cyclopteridae) **** [Liparidae](/source/Liparidae) **** [Jordaniidae](/source/Jordaniidae) **** [Rhamphocottidae](/source/Rhamphocottidae) ([Ereuniidae](/source/Ereuniidae)) **** [Scorpaenichthyidae](/source/Scorpaenichthyidae) **** [Agonidae](/source/Agonidae) (incl. [Hemitripteridae](/source/Hemitripteridae)) **** [Cottidae](/source/Cottidae) (incl. [Abyssocottidae](/source/Abyssocottidae), [Comephoridae](/source/Comephoridae); [Cottocomephoridae](/source/Cottocomephoridae)) **** [Psychrolutidae](/source/Psychrolutidae) (incl. [Bathylutichthyidae](/source/Bathylutichthyidae)) |} |} === Phylogeny === Cladogram from Near & Thacker, 2024:{{cite journal |last1=Near |first1=T. J. |last2=Thacker |first2=C. E. |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |date=2024 |volume=65 |issue=1 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101}} {{Clade|style=font-size: 80%; line-height: 80% |label1=pan-perciforms |1={{Clade |1={{Extinct}}''[Paleoserranus](/source/Paleoserranus)'' |label2='''Perciformes''' |2={{Clade sequential |1={{Clade |1=[Anthiadidae](/source/Anthiadidae) |2=[Epinephelidae](/source/Epinephelidae) }} |2=''[Acanthistius](/source/Acanthistius)'' |3={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=[Bembropidae](/source/Bembropidae) |2=[Serranidae](/source/Serranidae) }} |label2=[Percoidei](/source/Percoidei) |2={{Clade sequential |1=[Trachinidae](/source/Trachinidae) |2=''[Niphon spinosus](/source/Niphon_spinosus)'' |3=[Percidae](/source/Percidae) }} }} |label4=[Notothenioidei](/source/Notothenioidei) |4={{Clade sequential |1=''[Percophis brasiliensis](/source/Percophis_brasiliensis)'' |2=[Bovichtidae](/source/Bovichtidae) |3=''[Pseudaphritis urvillii](/source/Pseudaphritis_urvillii)'' |4={{Clade |label1=pan-eleginopids |1={{Clade |1={{Extinct}}''[Proeleginops](/source/Proeleginops)'' |2=''[Eleginops maclovinus](/source/Eleginops_maclovinus)'' }} }} |5={{Clade |1=''[Pleuragramma antarcticum](/source/Pleuragramma_antarcticum)'' |2=[Trematominae](/source/Trematominae) |3={{Clade |1=''[Aethotaxis mitopteryx](/source/Aethotaxis_mitopteryx)'' |2=''[Dissostichus](/source/Dissostichus)'' |3=''[Gvozdarus](/source/Gvozdarus)'' }} |4={{Clade sequential |1=''[Gobionotothen](/source/Gobionotothen)'' |2=[Nototheniidae](/source/Nototheniidae) |3=[Harpagiferidae](/source/Harpagiferidae) |4=[Bathydraconidae](/source/Bathydraconidae) |5=[Channichthyidae](/source/Channichthyidae) }} }} }} |label5=[Scorpaenoidei](/source/Scorpaenoidei) |5={{Clade sequential |1=[Platycephalidae](/source/Platycephalidae) |2={{Clade |label1=[Scorpaenoidea](/source/Scorpaenoidea) |1={{Clade sequential |1={{Clade |1=''[Hoplichthys](/source/Hoplichthys)'' |2=''[Normanichthys crockeri](/source/Normanichthys_crockeri)'' }} |2={{Clade |1=[Neosebastidae](/source/Neosebastidae) |2=[Plectrogeniidae](/source/Plectrogeniidae) }} |3=[Congiopodidae](/source/Congiopodidae) |4=[Scorpaenidae](/source/Scorpaenidae) |5=[Synanceiidae](/source/Synanceiidae) }} }} |3=[Bembridae](/source/Bembridae) |4=[Triglidae](/source/Triglidae) |5=[Anoplopomatidae](/source/Anoplopomatidae) |6={{Clade |label1=[Cottoidea](/source/Cottoidea) |1={{Clade sequential |1={{Clade sequential |1={{Clade |1=[Jordaniidae](/source/Jordaniidae) |2=[Rhamphocottidae](/source/Rhamphocottidae) }} |2={{Clade |1=[Agonidae](/source/Agonidae) |2=''[Scorpaenichthys marmoratus](/source/Scorpaenichthys_marmoratus)'' }} |3=[Cottidae](/source/Cottidae) |4=[Psychrolutidae](/source/Psychrolutidae) }} |2=[Zaniolepididae](/source/Zaniolepididae) |3={{Clade |label1=pan-hexagrammids |1={{Clade sequential |1={{Extinct}}''[Sakhalinia](/source/Sakhalinia)'' |2={{Extinct}}''[Paraophiodon](/source/Paraophiodon)'' |3=[Hexagrammidae](/source/Hexagrammidae) }} }} |4=[Trichodontidae](/source/Trichodontidae) |5=[Cyclopteridae](/source/Cyclopteridae) |6=[Liparidae](/source/Liparidae) }} }} |7=[Gasterosteidae](/source/Gasterosteidae) |label8=[Zoarcoidea](/source/Zoarcoidea) |8={{Clade |1=[Bathymasteridae](/source/Bathymasteridae) |2=[Eulophiidae](/source/Eulophiidae) |3={{Clade sequential |1=[Cebidichthyidae](/source/Cebidichthyidae) |2=[Stichaeidae](/source/Stichaeidae) |3={{Clade |1=''[Cryptacanthodes](/source/Cryptacanthodes)'' |2=[Lumpenidae](/source/Lumpenidae) }} |4={{Clade sequential |1=[Neozoarcidae](/source/Neozoarcidae) |2=[Anarhichadidae](/source/Anarhichadidae) |3=[Zoarcidae](/source/Zoarcidae) }} |5=''[Zaprora silenus](/source/Zaprora_silenus)'' |6=[Opisthocentridae](/source/Opisthocentridae) |7=''[Ptilichthys goodei](/source/Ptilichthys_goodei)'' |8={{Extinct}}''[Agnevichthys](/source/Agnevichthys)'' |9={{Extinct}}''[Palaeopholis](/source/Palaeopholis)'' |10=[Pholidae](/source/Pholidae) }} }} }} }} }} }} ==Characteristics== The [dorsal](/source/Fish_anatomy) and [anal fins](/source/Fish_anatomy) are divided into [anterior](/source/anterior) [spiny](/source/Ichthyology_terms) and [posterior](/source/Posterior_(anatomy)) [soft-rayed](/source/Ichthyology_terms) portions, which may be partially or completely separated. The [pelvic fins](/source/Fish_anatomy) usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually [ctenoid](/source/Ctenoid_scale) (rough to the touch), although sometimes they are [cycloid](/source/Cycloid_scale) (smooth to the touch) or otherwise modified. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Actinopterygii}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q127595}} {{Authority control}} Category:Perciformes Category:Actinopterygii orders Category:Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker Category:Extant Danian first appearances --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Perciformes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perciformes) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perciformes?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.