# Perche

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Former province of France

[Bellême](/source/Bell%C3%AAme), one of Perche's capitals[1]

Location of Perche in France

17th-century map of Grand Perche and Perche Gouet

**Perche** (French pronunciation: [\[pɛʁʃ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Beno%C3%AEt_Prieur-Perche.wav)) (French: *le Perche*) is a former [province](/source/Provinces_of_France) of France, known historically for its forests and, for the past two centuries, for the [Percheron](/source/Percheron) [draft horse breed](/source/Draft_horse). Until the [French Revolution](/source/French_Revolution), Perche was bounded by four ancient territories of northwestern France: the provinces of [Maine](/source/Maine_(province)), [Normandy](/source/History_of_Normandy), and [Orléanais](/source/Orl%C3%A9anais), and the region of [Beauce](/source/Beauce%2C_France).[a] Afterwards it was absorbed into the present-day [departments](/source/Departments_of_France) of [Orne](/source/Orne) and [Eure-et-Loir](/source/Eure-et-Loir), with small parts in the neighboring departments of [Eure](/source/Eure), [Loir-et-Cher](/source/Loir-et-Cher), and [Sarthe](/source/Sarthe).[2]

## Toponymy

*Perche* is known by the following ancient Latin and French toponymic designations: *saltus Particus*, *silva Perticus* before the 6th century, *pagus quem Pert[ic]ensem vocant* and *pagus pertensis* in the 6th century, *pagus Perticus* no date and c. 815, *Particus saltus* in the 11th century, *silva Perticus* in 1045, *[le] Perche* in 1160–1174 and in 1308, *Perche* in 1238, *foresta de Pertico* in 1246,[3][4] where the names starting by *Pert* or *Part* denote *Perche*,[b] the terms *silva* and *foresta* mean forest,[c] *[Saltus](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saltus#Noun_3)* designates a wooded mountainous region, frontier, wildlife refuge,[d][e] *[pagus](/source/Pagus)* means country, and *silva pertica* refers to a tall-treed forest.[f]

A hypothesis put forth by the linguist Guy Villette based on the name *Perche* having initially designated the forest region, and not the province, would have *Perche* represent the pre-Celtic name of Indo-European origin **perkʷ-ik-ā* (forest) with long trees », dissimilated into *pertika, and transmitted as such in the Gallic language, even though the initial *p-* was foreign to this language.[5] The indo-european radical **perkʷu-*, "large tree: oak, pine, fir, beech . . ." is also the origin of the Latin word *quercus* "oak" and the common Germanic word **furhu-*, source of the English and German words *fir* and *Föhre* (pine family), respectively.[5]

Until about the 11th or 12th century, such terms as *pagus Perticus* or *pagus Pertecensis* used in connection with Perche's ancient forest are accordingly understood to refer to a frontier region without precise geographical limits and thus not to a clearly defined political or administrative territory.[6]

## Geography

Limits of pre-Revolutionary Perche province with overlay of current arrondissements and departments

Before the [French Revolution](/source/French_Revolution), Perche was bounded by the following ancient provinces: [Normandy](/source/Normandy) to the north and west, Maine to the west, [Beauce](/source/Beauce%2C_France) to the east and [Orléanais](/source/Orl%C3%A9anais) to the south.

Perche is dominated by four topographical-featured arcs:[7]

- An outer arc marked by the high edge of a flat high plateau to the west and south of the Perche's eastern and northern limits

- An inner arc, concentric to the high plateau edge arc, defined by the [Huisne River](/source/Huisne), a tributary of the [Sarthe River](/source/Sarthe_River), situated in Perche's irregular lowlands.

- Forest arcs in *les collines du Perche* (the Perche hills) on either side of the Huisne, consisting of a main forest arc off the Huisne's left bank stretching from [Moulins-la-Marche](/source/Moulins-la-Marche) to [Montmirail](/source/Montmirail%2C_Sarthe) and a secondary forest arc off the Huisne's right bank from [Pervenchères](/source/Pervench%C3%A8res) to [Le Thiel](/source/Le_Theil%2C_Orne).

Within the Huisne watershed lie the three unofficial Perche capitals: [Nogent-le-Rotrou](/source/Nogent-le-Rotrou) (economic capital), [Mortagne-au-Perche](/source/Mortagne-au-Perche)[8] (administrative capital) and [Bellême](/source/Bell%C3%AAme)[9] (historical capital).[10]

The Perche hills[g] are the source of numerous small tributaries of the [Seine River](/source/Seine) watershed via the [Eure](/source/Eure_(river)), [Avre](/source/Avre_(Eure)), Iton and [Risle](/source/Risle) rivers and the [Loire River](/source/Loire) watershed via the [Huisne](/source/Huisne), [Loir](/source/Loir) and [Sarthe](/source/Sarthe_(river)) rivers.

### Perche's principal towns

Town hall in [Mortagne-au-Perche](/source/Mortagne-au-Perche) (2016)

The following table lists the principal towns in Perche province along with the distance of any given town to Condé-sur-Huisne, situated near Perche's geographic center:

km km km km km Arrou 48 Ceton 23 La Ferté-Vidame 29 Luigny 31 Senonches 29 Authon-du-Perche 29 Chateauneuf-en-Thymerais 40 La Loupe 18 Montmirail 41 Thiron-Gardais 15 Bellême 27 Condé-sur-Huisne ~0 Le Gault-du-Perche 43 Mortagne-au-Perche 31 Tourouvre 44 Brezolles 45 Digny 32 Longny-au-Perche 22 Nogent-le-Rotrou 8 Verneuil-sur-Avre

### Peripheral towns

Church of Notre-Dame des Marais in [La Ferté-Bernard](/source/La_Fert%C3%A9-Bernard)

Nearby towns in the four ancient provinces along the periphery of Perche province include (starting from the north, clockwise): [L'Aigle](/source/L'Aigle), [Dreux](/source/Dreux), [Chartres](/source/Chartres), [Châteaudun](/source/Ch%C3%A2teaudun), [Le Mans](/source/Le_Mans), [Mamers](/source/Mamers), [Alençon](/source/Alen%C3%A7on) and [Sées](/source/S%C3%A9es).

## Economy

Four-in-hand team of [Percheron](/source/Percheron) (2007)

Agriculture and tourism constitute the economic focus of Perche's natural region, the largest parts of which are located within the departments of [Orne](/source/Orne#Economy) and [Eure-et-Loir](/source/Eure-et-Loir#Economy), in the regions of Normandy and [Centre-Val de Loire](/source/Centre-Val_de_Loire), respectively.

The [Percheron](/source/Percheron) breed of [draft horses](/source/Draft_horse) originated in Perche's [Huisne](/source/Huisne) river valley and is identified throughout the world as the Perche's most well known symbol. Apples (for [hard cider](/source/Cider)) and pears are grown throughout the Perche territory.

[Calvados](/source/Calvados) apples

## History

Château Saint-Jean, [Nogent-le-Rotrou](/source/Nogent-le-Rotrou)

### Prehistory

Perche's prehistory is manifested by [megaliths](/source/Megalith) ([dolmens](/source/Dolmen), [menhirs](/source/Menhir)) and prehistoric tools of flint, bronze, and iron.[11]

### Middle Ages

See also: [Lords, counts and dukes of Perche](/source/Lords%2C_counts_and_dukes_of_Perche)

Perche was essentially a region between other regions:

"*. . . the Perche was not based on an existing administratative unit, such as its neighbors, the counties of Maine and [Chartres](/source/Chartres), nor was it coterminous with an ecclesiastical jurisdiction. It grew up at the margins of several larger units, and there was no major population focus nor great religious centre such as a cathedral or ancient abbey within it. It owed its existence to the ambition and energy of successive members of a lineage of warrior elite."*[2]

The Romans found possession of the Perche forests was necessary for the conquest of the vast [Armorique](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorique) and Normandy territories extending from the [Loire](/source/Loire) estuary off the Atlantic coast to [Dieppe](/source/Dieppe) off the [English Channel](/source/English_Channel).[12]

Until the Viking or Norman invasions in the 9th century, Perche was a relatively remote area bounded on all sides by the following [Gaul-Roman](/source/Gaul) territories and [Celtic](/source/Celts) peoples: to the east and south the [Carnutes](/source/Carnutes) people in Chartrain territory based in [Chartres](/source/Chartres); to the northeast the [Aulerques Eburoviques](/source/Eburovices) people in Évreux territory based in [Évreux](/source/%C3%89vreux); to the southwest the [Aulerques Cénomans](/source/Aulerci_Cenomani) people in Maine territory based in [Le Mans](/source/Le_Mans); and to the northwest the Hyesmois (Essuins) people in Exmes territory based in [Séez](/source/S%C3%A9es).[13] These territories eventually became first Roman [civitates](/source/Civitates), to then become the dioceses of [Chartres](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioc%C3%A8se_de_Chartres), [Evreux](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C3%89vreux), [Le Mans](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Mans) and [Séez](/source/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_S%C3%A9es). that did not change significantly in terms of geographical limits until the Revolution.[14][15][16] Thus Perche has traditionally been shared between three of these four dioceses as follows:[17]

- Parishes in northwest Perche such as in the town of Mortagne have been part of Séez diocese;

- Parishes in eastern Perche such as in the towns of Tourouvre and Nogent-le-Rotrou have been part of Chartres diocese;

- Parishes in southwest Perche such as in the town of Bellême have been part of Le Mans diocese.

- The Commune of Thiron-Gardais was occupied by the mother abbey of the [Tironensian Order](/source/Tironensian_Order) of monks who founded the order in 1106.

In the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages), the County of Perche was controlled by an independent line of counts. By the 12th century, two large families contended for control of the Perche region: the Talvas of [Bellême family](/source/House_of_Bell%C3%AAme) and the [Rotrou family](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_de_Rotrou) of Nogent-le-Rotrou. In 1114, Rotrou III annexed Bellême. In 1226, [Count Geoffroy V](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffroy_V_d%27Anjou&action=edit&redlink=1) would have been a leader of the [Fourth Crusade](/source/Fourth_Crusade) had he not died before its departure to the Near East. This end of the Rotrou dynasty led to the region's annexation to the [Crown of France](/source/List_of_French_monarchs) (by inheritance). At this time, the crown divided part of the region to create the county of [Alençon](/source/Alen%C3%A7on). After 1325, both counties were generally held by a member or members of a [cadet branch](/source/Cadet_branch) of the [House of Valois](/source/House_of_Valois). During the [Hundred Years War](/source/Hundred_Years_War), partisans of England plundered Perche, destroyed its nobility, and burned many castles and abbeys. In 1449, free from English domination, Perche began reconstruction. Upon the death of Alençon's last duke (1525), rule returned to and remained under the French crown, and was granted only sporadically thereafter.[2][11][12]

### Modern times

[New France](/source/New_France) (blue) circa 1750

In the three decades starting in 1632, a large proportion of immigrants to [New France](/source/New_France) came from Perche, in what has been called the Percheron immigration movement.[18] Many Percherons were thus recruited to work in [seigneuries](/source/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France) being establishing along the [Saint Lawrence](/source/Saint_Lawrence_River) valley. The [Beauport](/source/Beauport%2C_Quebec_City) seigneurie, New France's first agricultural-oriented seigneurie, was granted in 1634 to [Robert Giffard de Moncel](/source/Robert_Giffard_de_Moncel) by the [Company of Hundred Associates](/source/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates). While the total number of emigrants was small, Perche had a much higher rate of emigration to New France than most other regions of France. Nearly all [French Canadians](/source/French_Canadians) have some ancestors from the villages of Perche.[11] Prominent last names from Perche who came to Canada starting just before the end of [Samuel de Champlain](/source/Samuel_de_Champlain)'s tenure include: Côté, Boucher, [Cloutier](/source/Zacharie_Cloutier), [Guyon (Dion)](/source/Jean_Guyon), Tremblay and [Paradis](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tremblay_(pionnier)).[19]

After the French Revolution, Perche was divided into four departments: Orne, Eure-et-Loir, Sarthe, and Loir-et-Cher. At this time, national law replaced *[FR:coûtume du Perche](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/co%C3%BBtume_du_Perche)* or local, customary law.[11]

In 1998, the government of France created the Perche Regional Nature Park (*Parc naturel régional du Perche* – see [FR:Perche (région naturelle)](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perche_(r%C3%A9gion_naturelle))).[20] The park is forested mostly by beech, birch, chestnut, oak (especially sessile and pedunculate species), as well as conifers (especially Douglas fir and pine species)[21] populated by wildlife including boar, buzzard, deer, squirrel, woodcock and woodpecker species.[22][23]

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Orléanais and Beauce were collectively known as [Pays Chartrain](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_Chartrain)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** According [Auguste Longnon](/source/Auguste_Longnon) 1878 : Le nom latin du Perche est *Perticus*. Auguste Longnon (1878). *Géographie de la Gaule au VIe siècle*, Paris (corrected to Pert[ic]ensis). p. 155

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** According to René Musset : "Le Perche est mentionné pour la première fois au VIe siècle, par [Grégoise de Tours](/source/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Tours), sous le non de *pagus pertensis* (*pert[ic]ensis*); à partir de ce moment, il est souvent question dans les textes du Perche, appelé tantôt *pagus perticus*, tantôt *silva pertica*. Il semble bien, sans qu’on puisse l’affirmer avec une entière certitude, que le mot de Perche soit étymologiquement un vieux nom de forêt. Il est hors de tout doute que l’expression de *pagus perticus* désigne une région naturelle, non une circonscription administrative : le Perche ne deviendra tel que dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle. Le Perche est donc un pays, et ce pays est une *silva*, une forêt." René Musset (1919) ["Le Perche - Nom de pays"](https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1919_num_28_155_9257). *Annales de géographie*. p. 351

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** According to [Centre Généalogique de l'Orne et du Perche - De la préhistoire aux invasions Normandes](http://www.orne-perche.org/page/OP_Perche.aspx) citing Dict. latin-français de Riemann et Goelzer : « Le sens précis de saltus est "région montueuse et boisée... retraite de bêtes fauves" »

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** According to Sarah Fourcade citing [Pierre Toubert](/source/Pierre_Toubert) in *Frontière et frontières : un objet historique*, p. 14 : « . . . la frontière constitue une zone de développement. Certes, avant d’être mise en valeur et de devenir rentable, la frontière n’est qu’un ‘’saltus’’, une zone où peut s’observer « le phénomène inverse de désertification frontière », avec cette image tenace jusqu'au XIe siècle. . . », Sarah Fourcade (2018). ["Frontière et marche, société et noblesse de frontière en péninsule Ibérique"](https://journals.openedition.org/e-spania/28491)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** According to Ville de Québec, toponymie, Perche : "Au Moyen Âge, la forêt recouvre presque entièrement le territoire du Perche, comme le dénote son nom originel : Sylva pertica, du latin pertica, « perche » ou « grand arbre »."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Collines du Perche

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Hommey, L. (1899). *Histoire générale, ecclésiastique et civile, du diocèse de Séez ancien et ..*. p. 282.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Thompson_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Thompson_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Thompson_3-2) Thompson, Kathleen (2002). [*Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: The County of the Perche, 1000-1226*](https://books.google.com/books?id=SJJ6SKK2nZAC). Boydell & Brewer. pp. 5, 9 ("the Perche" and modern equivalent), 11 (margins, formation), 13. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780861932542](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861932542). Retrieved 21 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ernest_Nègre_4-0)** Nègre, Ernest (1990). *[Toponymie générale de la France](/source/Toponymie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_France)*, Volume I, Librairie Droz. p. 398

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Dominique_Fournier_5-0)** Dominique Fournier, "Notes de toponymie normande : Promenons-nous dans les bois… (au sujet de quelques noms de bois et de forêts en Normandie)" in *Histoire et Traditions Populaires* No. 136 (mars 2017), p. 17-32

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Villette_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Villette_11-1) Villette, abbé Guy (1988 / 1994). « Le nom du Perche » in *Noms de lieux — Noms de vie*, Actes du 2e colloque de la Lubinière, mai 1988, *Cahiers percherons*, 1994, n° 2-3, pp. 7-21 (see especially pp. 14-15)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Viscomte de Romanet (1903). [*Géographie du Perche et chronologie de ses comtés . . .*](https://archive.org/stream/gographieduperc00fragoog#page/n4/mode/2up/) p. 26

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** René Musset (1920). [*Le relief du Perche*](https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1920_num_29_158_9178), p. 99

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["L'organisation hydrographique du Parc"](https://pnrp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/PublicInformation/index.html?appid=cc782e96cf4445ee9c0ad568fdb0746d). Parc naturel du Perche. Réseau hydrographique, Nom du cours d'eau - la Chippe [Mortagne-au-Perche is located at the source of this tributary of the Huisne River]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["L'organisation hydrographique du Parc"](https://pnrp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/PublicInformation/index.html?appid=cc782e96cf4445ee9c0ad568fdb0746d). Parc naturel du Perche. Réseau hydrographique, Nom du cours d'eau - la Même [Bellême is located at the source of this tributary of the Huisne River]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-orne-evasions_16-0)** [Orne évasions](https://orneevasions.wordpress.com/2011/07/20/les-percherons-canadiens/)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-fadp-Histoire_18-3) ["Un peu d'Histoire"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160119220109/http://www.amisduperche.fr/lhistoire-du-perche/). Fédération des Amis du Perche. Archived from [the original](http://www.amisduperche.fr/lhistoire-du-perche/) on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-trizay_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-trizay_19-1) ["Trizay - Le Perche : Ses origines et la formation du Comté du Perche"](http://www.trizay-perche.org/5000_histoire.html). Retrieved 13 April 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Fret, Joseph (1838). [*Antiquités et chroniques percheronnes ou recherches sur l'histoire civile ... v. 1*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5ZA2AAAAMAAJ), pp. 1-2

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Bourdin, Foubert & Foucher (2012), [‘'L'Orne, des térritoires, une histoire’'](http://www.orne.fr/sites/www.orne.fr/files/fichiers/parution/12/03/ouvrage-final-bd-weblink.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235847/http://www.orne.fr/sites/www.orne.fr/files/fichiers/parution/12/03/ouvrage-final-bd-weblink.pdf) 2016-03-03 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), pp. 34-35

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** [Wikipedia Map of Dioceses of metropolitan France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provinces_eccl%C3%A9siastiques_2002_(France).svg)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Vicomte de Romanet (1903). [*Géographie du Perche et chronologie de ses comtés . . .*](https://archive.org/stream/gographieduperc00fragoog#page/n4/mode/2up/) citing in pp. 15-16 M. L. Duval's *Essai sur la toponymie ancienne du département de l'Orne* (1882).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Viscomte de Romanet (1903). [*Géographie du Perche et chronologie de ses comtés . . .*](https://archive.org/stream/gographieduperc00fragoog#page/n4/mode/2up/) pp. 15-21 : Evreux diocese is associated with parishes to the northeast of Perche that are not however within limits of Perche proper.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** perche-canada.net. ["Association Perche-Canada History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180410071918/https://perche-canada.net/en/history). Archived from [the original](https://perche-canada.net/en/history) on 2018-04-10. Retrieved 2018-04-12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Larson, Denise R. (2008). [*Companions of Champlain: Founding Families of Quebec, 1608-1635*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q5w2x5r45wC). Genealogical Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780806353678](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806353678). Retrieved 21 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["A natural park for the Perche"](http://www.parc-naturel-perche.fr/en/un-parc-pour-le-perche-english-2). Parc naturel régional du Perche. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Inventaire Forestier National (2010). [*La forêt française - Les résultats pour la région Basse-Normandie*](https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/IMG/pdf/IFN_Publi_2010_Basse-Normandie.pdf) (PDF). p. 9. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-11-128059-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-11-128059-5). Retrieved March 9, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Profil environnemental de Basse-Normandie"](https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/IMG/pdf/IFN_Publi_2010_Basse-Normandie.pdf) (PDF). 2015. pp. 42, 86. Retrieved March 9, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Parc_30-0)** ["The true nature of Perche"](http://www.parc-naturel-perche.fr/en/discover/true-nature-perche). Parc naturel régional du Perche. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2018.

## See also

- [Communes of the Eure department](/source/Communes_of_the_Eure_department)

- [FR:Perche (région naturelle)](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perche_(r%C3%A9gion_naturelle))

- [Zacharie Cloutier](/source/Zacharie_Cloutier)

- [Tironensian Order](/source/Tironensian_Order)

## External links

- [Association Perche-Canada](http://www.perche-canada.net/)

- [Centre Généalogique de l'Orne et du Perche](http://www.orne-perche.org/)

- [Parc naturel régional du Perche](http://www.parc-naturel-perche.fr/en/)

- [perche-quebec.com](http://www.perche-quebec.com/files/perche/lieux/perche-en.htm)

- [Rossant, Colette](/source/Colette_Rossant) (25 March 2007). ["France's Le Perche Is the Last Terroir"](https://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/travel/tmagazine/03well.perche.t.html). *New York Times*. Retrieved 21 March 2018.

- [Vermont French-Canadian Genealogical Society](http://www.vt-fcgs.org/leperche.html): Le Perche

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