# Penamun

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{{Short description|Possible pharaoh}}
{{Infobox pharaoh
| name = Penamun
| alt_name = Merytawy Penamun; Merytawyre Penamun
| image = Block Penamun Naville.jpg 
| caption = Drawing of the block of Penamun, from Kom Abu Billo<ref name=naville>[Naville, Édouard](/source/%C3%89douard_Naville) (1890). "Mound of the Jew and the city of Onias", ''Seventh memoir of the [Egyptian Exploration Fund](/source/Egyptian_Exploration_Fund)'', London, pl. 20, n. 13</ref>
| dynasty = ?
| nomen = ''Merytawy[re?] Penamun<br>Mrj-tȝwj[Rˁ?] P(ȝ)-n-Jmn''<ref name=beck/><br>Beloved of the [Two Lands](/source/Two_Lands) [...is Ra?], Penamun
| nomen_hiero = <hiero>HASH-N36-N17:N16-p:n-N38</hiero>
}}
'''Merytawy Penamun''' was an [ancient Egypt](/source/ancient_Egypt)ian [pharaoh](/source/pharaoh) whose datation is extremely uncertain.

==Identification==
Penamun does not appear on any [king list](/source/List_of_pharaohs) and his damaged [cartouche](/source/cartouche) was only found on a stone block from Kom Abu Billo (ancient [Terenuthis](/source/Terenuthis)) in the western [Nile Delta](/source/Nile_Delta).<ref name=naville/><ref name=KK>{{cite book |last=Kitchen |first=Kenneth A. |authorlink=|date=1996 |title=The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650&nbsp;BC) |url= |location= Warminster |publisher= Aris & Phillips Limited |page=608 |isbn= 0-85668-298-5 }}, § 79</ref>

According to [Jürgen von Beckerath](/source/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath), Penamun should have been a local Delta ruler during the [25th Dynasty](/source/25th_Dynasty) (744–656 BC) who adopted the [royal titulary](/source/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary); von Beckerath argues that he put his ''[praenomen](/source/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt))'' and ''[nomen](/source/Nomen_(Ancient_Egypt))'' within the same cartouche, and that the lost portion on it could have contained the hieroglyph for "[Re](/source/Ra)" (N5 in [Gardiner's sign list](/source/Gardiner's_sign_list)) i.e. the standard suffix for pharaonic ''praenomina'', thus becoming a ''Merytawyre''.<ref name=beck>{{cite book |last=von Beckerath|first=Jürgen |authorlink=|date=1999 |title= Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (Münchner ägyptologische Studien, 49) |url= |location= Mainz|publisher= Philip von Zabern |page= |isbn= 3-8053-2591-6 }}, pp. 212-13</ref><ref name=lexi>{{cite book |last=Schneider |first=Thomas |authorlink=|date=1994 |title=Lexikon der Pharaonen |url= |location= Zürich |publisher= Artemis & Winkler |page=328 |isbn= 3-7608-1102-7 }}, p. 190</ref>

Based on orthographic grounds, [Kenneth Kitchen](/source/Kenneth_Kitchen) conversely opts for a later dating for Penamun, arguing that he ruled during the [Persian](/source/Achaemenid_Empire) period (starting with the [27th Dynasty](/source/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt), 525–404 BC) or perhaps even later.<ref name=KK/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pharaohs}}
{{authority control}}

Category:8th-century BC pharaohs
Category:7th-century BC pharaohs
Category:Non-dynastic pharaohs
Category:People of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Category:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
Category:Late Period of ancient Egypt

{{AncientEgypt-bio-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Penamun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penamun) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penamun?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.