# Pausha

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Tenth month of the Hindu lunar calendar

Pausha Pongal is a major Tamil festival celebrated in the month of Thai Native name पौष (Sanskrit) Calendar Hindu calendar Month number 10 Number of days 29 or 30 Season Hemanta (Pre-winter) Gregorian equivalent December–January Significant days Lohri Pongal Thaipusam Shakambhari Purnima Vaikuntha Ekadashi[a] ← Agrahayana Magha →

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**Pausha** (*Pauṣa*), or **Pushya** is the tenth month of the [Hindu](/source/Hindu_calendar) [lunar calendar](/source/Lunar_calendar) and the [Indian national calendar](/source/Indian_national_calendar).[4] The name of the month is derived from the position of the [Moon](/source/Moon) near the [Pushya](/source/Pushya) [nakshatra](/source/Nakshatra) (star) on the [full moon](/source/Full_moon) day.[5] The month corresponds to the pre-winter ([Hemanta](/source/Hemanta_(season))) season and falls in December–January of the [Gregorian calendar](/source/Gregorian_calendar).[6][7][8]

In the Hindu [solar calendar](/source/Solar_calendar), it corresponds to the month of [Dhanu](/source/Dhanu_(month)) and begins with the [Sun](/source/Sun)'s entry into [Sagittarius](/source/Sagittarius_(constellation)).[9][10][11] It corresponds to Poush, the ninth month in the [Bengali calendar](/source/Bengali_calendar).[11] In the [Tamil calendar](/source/Tamil_calendar), it corresponds to the tenth month of [Thai](/source/Thai_(month)), falling in the Gregorian months of January–February.[11][12] In the [Vaishnav](/source/Vaishnav) calendar, it corresponds to the tenth month of [Narayana](/source/Narayana).[13][14]

In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after [Amavasya](/source/Amavasya) ([new moon](/source/New_moon)) or [Purnima](/source/Purnima) ([full moon](/source/Full_moon)) as per the [amanta](/source/Hindu_calendar#Amānta_and_Purnimānta_systems) and [purnimanta](/source/Hindu_calendar#Amānta_and_Purnimānta_systems) systems respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, [Shukla Paksha](/source/Shukla_Paksha) ([waning moon](/source/Waning_moon)) and [Krishna Paksha](/source/Krishna_Paksha) ([waxing moon](/source/Waxing_moon)). Days in each cycle is labeled as a [thithi](/source/Thithi), with each thithi repeating twice in a month.[15][16]

## Festivals

### Lohri

[Lohri](/source/Lohri) is a [harvest festival](/source/Harvest_festival) that marks the end of the pre-winter season. It is observed on the night before the next month, and marks the end of the [winter crop](/source/Winter_crop) season.[17] During the festivities, people perform various folk rituals around a [bonfire](/source/Bonfire).[18]

### Pongal

[Pongal](/source/Pongal_(festival)) is a multi-day harvest festival celebrated by [Tamils](/source/Tamils). The festival is celebrated over three or four consecutive days, which are named [Bhogi](/source/Bhogi), Thai Pongal, [Mattu Pongal](/source/Mattu_Pongal) and [Kaanum Pongal](/source/Kaanum_Pongal). Thai Pongal is celebrated on the first day of the [Tamil calendar](/source/Tamil_calendar) month of [Thai](/source/Thai_(month)).[19][20] It is dedicated to the [solar deity](/source/Solar_deity) [Surya](/source/Surya) and the festival is traditionally an occasion for decorating with [kolam](/source/Kolam) artworks, preparing the [pongal](/source/Pongal_(dish)) dish, celebrating cattle, offering prayers, and getting together with family and friends.[21][22][23]

### Thaipusam

[Thaipusam](/source/Thaipusam) is a Tamil festival celebrated on the [purnima](/source/Purnima) ([full moon day](/source/Full_moon_day)) in the Tamil month of Thai on the confluence of [star](/source/Nakshatra) [Pusam](/source/Pushya).[24] The festival is celebrated to commemorate the victory of god [Murugan](/source/Murugan) over the [asuras](/source/Asura), and includes ritualistic practices of [fasting](/source/Fasting) and [Kavadi Aattam](/source/Kavadi_Aattam).[25]

### Shakambhari Purnima

[Shakambhari Purnima](/source/Shakambhari_Purnima) is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Pausha, and marks the culmination of the nine-day Shakambhari Navaratri.[26] The festival marks the descent of the goddess [Shakambhari](/source/Shakambhari), a form of goddess [Durga](/source/Durga).[27]

### Vaikunta Ekadashi

[Vaikunta Ekadashi](/source/Vaikunta_Ekadashi) is observed on the [Ekadashi](/source/Ekadashi) (eleventh lunar day) [thithi](/source/Thithi) of the [Krishna Paksha](/source/Krishna_Paksha) ([waxing moon](/source/Waxing_moon)) of the month as per [amanta](/source/Hindu_calendar#amanta) tradition.[a][28] Vaikuntha Dvaram (gate to Vishnu's abode [Vaikuntha](/source/Vaikuntha)[29]) is opened in Vishnu temples on the only this day of the year. Special prayers, and chanting of mantras are accompanies with [pujas](/source/Puja_(Hinduism)), and [yagnas](/source/Yagna).[30] According to the *[Vishnu Purana](/source/Vishnu_Purana)*, fasting on Vaikuntha Ekadashi is equivalent to fasting on the remaining 23 ekadashis of the year, and is said to give people passage to Vaikuntha after the earthly life.[31]

### Others

The [Amavasya](/source/Amavasya) day of the month is celebrated in various temples in [Southern India](/source/Southern_India). During the day, the idols of gods are taken for a procession for [Theppotsavam](/source/Theppotsavam) (float festival) at temple tanks ([pushkarni](/source/Pushkarni)).[32]

## See also

- [Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar](/source/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar)

- [Hindu astrology](/source/Hindu_astrology)

- [Hindu calendar](/source/Hindu_calendar)

- [Indian astronomy](/source/Indian_astronomy)

- [Indian units of measurement](/source/Indian_units_of_measurement)

## Notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-amanta_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-amanta_4-1) As per amanta tradition. The Hindu calendar follows two various systems:Amanta and Purnimanta. As per the amanta tradition, the lunar month ends on the [new moon](/source/New_moon) day and as per the purnimanta tradition, it ends on the [full moon day](/source/Full_moon_day). As a consequence, in the amanta tradition, [Shukla paksha](/source/Shukla_paksha) ([waning moon](/source/Waning_moon)) precedes [Krishna paksha](/source/Krishna_paksha) ([waxing moon](/source/Waxing_moon)) in every lunar month, whereas the reverse happens in purnimānta tradition. Hence, Shukla paksha will always belong to the same month in both traditions, whereas Krishna paksha will always be associated with different but succeeding months in each tradition. The Amanta tradition is officially followed by the [Indian national calendar](/source/Indian_national_calendar).[1][2][3]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (1993). *The Gupta Polity*. [Motilal Banarsidass](/source/Motilal_Banarsidass). pp. 24–35. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-208-1024-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1024-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Amānta and Pūrṇimānta – Decoding Hindu Lunar Months"](https://divinehindu.com/hinduism/amanta-and-purnimanta-decoding-hindu-lunar-months/). *Divine Hindu*. Retrieved 29 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Lunar months – Pūrṇimānta and Amānta system"](https://www.ekohumm.com/article/lunar-months-purnimanta-and-amanta-system). *Ekohumm*. Retrieved 29 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Kenneth W. Morgan, ed. (1987). *The Religion Of The Hindus*. [Motilal Banarsidass](/source/Motilal_Banarsidass). p. 96. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8-120-80387-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-120-80387-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ety_6-0)** Garima Garg (2022). *Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures*. [Penguin Random House](/source/Penguin_Random_House). p. 75. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-9-354-92705-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-354-92705-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Helene Henderson, ed. (2005). *Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary* (Third ed.). Detroit: Omnigraphics. p. xxix. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-780-80982-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-780-80982-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** James G. Lochtefeld (2002). [*The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, N-Z (Vol 1 & 2)*](https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/508). The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. [508](https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/508). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8239-3179-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-sewell5_9-0)** Robert Sewell; Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita (1896). [*The Indian Calendar*](https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich). S. Sonnenschein & Company. pp. [5](https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/5)–11, 23–29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Christopher John Fuller (2004). [*The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India*](https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC). [Princeton University Press](/source/Princeton_University_Press). pp. 291–293. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-69112-04-85](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69112-04-85).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Robert Sewell; Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita (1896). [*The Indian Calendar*](https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich). S. Sonnenschein & Company. pp. [10](https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/10)–11.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Siddhantha_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Siddhantha_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Siddhantha_12-2) Robert Sewell; John Faithful Fleet (1989). *The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar*. [Asian Educational Services](/source/Asian_Educational_Services). p. 334.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Tamil Calendar – Months"](https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html). *Time and Date*. Retrieved 1 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Vaisnava Calendar Reminder Services – About Calendar"](https://www.vaisnavacalendar.info/aboutcalendar.htm). *Vaisnava Calendar*. Retrieved 1 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Something about the Vaisnava Calendar"](https://www.isvara.org/archive/on-the-calendar-by-srila-prabhupada/). *ISVARA*. Retrieved 1 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Hindu calendar"](https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/practice/festivals/the-hindu-calendar/). *[ISKCON](/source/ISKCON)*. Retrieved 1 June 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Hindu calendar"](https://aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=125). *[Arya Samaj](/source/Arya_Samaj)*. Retrieved 1 June 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** S. Warrier; John G. Walshe (2001). [*Dates and Meanings of Religious and Other Multi-Ethnic Festivals, 2002–2005*](https://books.google.com/books?id=R6VQ_YRIPl0C). Foulsham. p. 112. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-572-02659-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-572-02659-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["What is the significance of Lohri and why we burn fire on Lohri?"](https://www.businessinsider.in/india/faqs/what-is-the-significance-of-lohri-and-why-we-burn-fire-on-lohri/articleshow/73189207.cms). *Business Insider*. Retrieved 16 December 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Robinson_20-0)** Denise Cush; Catherine A. Robinson; Michael York (2008). [*Encyclopedia of Hinduism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC). Psychology Press. pp. 610–611. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-70071-267-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-70071-267-0). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC) from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Mani, A; Prakash, Pravin; Selvarajan, Shanthini (2017). Mathew Mathews (ed.). [*Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ). World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore. pp. 207–211. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-9-81323-475-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-81323-475-8). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115401/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ) from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Vijaya Ramaswamy (2017). [*Historical Dictionary of the Tamils*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 274–275. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-53810-686-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-53810-686-0). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115406/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274) from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** J. Gordon Melton (2011). [*Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC). ABC-CLIO. pp. 547–548. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-59884-206-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Roy W. Hamilton; Aurora Ammayao (2003). [*The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ). University of California Press. pp. 156–157. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-930741-98-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930741-98-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ) from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Roy, Christian (2005). [*Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-ETPEAAAQBAJ). [Bloomsbury Publishing](/source/Bloomsbury_Publishing). p. 462. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-851-09689-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09689-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240821044113/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ETPEAAAQBAJ) from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Javier, A.G. (2014). [*They Do What: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from Around the World*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NebIEAAAQBAJ). [Bloomsbury Publishing](/source/Bloomsbury_Publishing). p. 387. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [979-8-216-15549-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-15549-2). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240821043557/https://books.google.com/books?id=NebIEAAAQBAJ) from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Shakambhari Navratri 2025: Begins on Banada Ashtami – Check Date, Time, Puja Vidhi and Significance"](https://www.moneycontrol.com/religion/shakambhari-navratri-2025-begins-on-banada-ashtami-check-date-time-puja-vidhi-and-significance-article-12902856.html). *Money control*. Retrieved 1 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Shakambhari Purnima: Divine Incarnation of Goddess Durga"](https://www.srichants.in/shakambhari-purnima-incarnation-of-goddess-durga/). *Sri Chants*. Retrieved 1 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Vaikuntha Ekadasi"](https://web.archive.org/web/20040225085107/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122901450100.htm). *[The Hindu](/source/The_Hindu)*. 29 December 2003. Archived from the original on 25 February 2004. Retrieved 19 April 2007.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Verma, Manish (2013). [*Fasts and Festivals of India*](https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gzFFLdBoYC&dq=mura+vishnu&pg=PA65). Diamond Pocket Books. p. 65. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-7182-076-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7182-076-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Vaikuntha Ekadashi"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070305200110/http://www.ssvt.org/Festivals/VaikundaEkadasi.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.ssvt.org/Festivals/VaikundaEkadasi.pdf) (PDF) on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Teppotsavam. ["Festivals"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221030073328/http://simhachalamdevasthanam.net/home.html). *Simhachalam Devasthanam*. Archived from [the original](http://simhachalamdevasthanam.net/home.html) on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2016.

## External links

- [Hinduism portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hinduism)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pausha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausha) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausha?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.