# Patrick Hsu

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American bioengineer and molecular biologist

Patrick D. Hsu Born Patrick David Hsu 1993 (age 32–33) Taipei, Taiwan Citizenship United States Education University of California, Berkeley (BS) Harvard University (MA, PhD) Known for CRISPR, machine learning, synthetic biology, gene therapy Awards Rainwater Prize MIT Technology Review Innovators Under 35 Amgen Young Investigator Award NIH Early Independence Award Scientific career Fields Bioengineering, Gene editing, Synthetic biology, Machine learning Institutions Stanford University, Arc Institute Thesis Genome engineering and RNA-guided systems (2014) Doctoral advisor Feng Zhang Website Hsu Lab

**Patrick D. Hsu** (born 1993) is an American bioengineer, entrepreneur, and investor specializing in [CRISPR](/source/CRISPR), [machine learning](/source/Machine_learning), [synthetic biology](/source/Synthetic_biology), and [gene therapy](/source/Gene_therapy). He is an assistant professor of [pathology](/source/Pathology) at [Stanford University](/source/Stanford_University) and a co-founder of [Arc Institute](/source/Arc_Institute), a research organization focused on accelerating biomedical discovery.[1]

## Biography

Hsu earned his bachelor's degree in bioengineering from the [University of California, Berkeley](/source/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley). He then completed his PhD at [Harvard University](/source/Harvard_University) under the mentorship of [Feng Zhang](/source/Feng_Zhang) at the [Broad Institute](/source/Broad_Institute) of MIT and Harvard, where he worked on early CRISPR-based gene-editing technologies, including one of the first demonstrations of Cas9 human genome engineering.[2][3][4][5]

After completing his doctorate at age 21,[6] Hsu led early stage discovery projects at [Editas Medicine](/source/Editas_Medicine).[5][7] At 23, he established his independent research group as a Salk Fellow at the [Salk Institute for Biological Studies](/source/Salk_Institute_for_Biological_Studies), where he developed [CRISPR-Cas13](/source/Cas13) systems for transcriptome engineering.[8] In 2020, he joined the bioengineering faculty at the [University of California, Berkeley](/source/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley). In 2026, he left UC Berkeley and joined the pathology department faculty at [Stanford University](/source/Stanford_University). His lab, located at Arc Institute, focuses on AI foundation models for biology and developing gene editing technologies.[1] His research has over 65,000 citations, according to [Google Scholar](/source/Google_Scholar).[9]

In 2020, he helped start [Fast Grants](/source/Fast_Grants) to provide funding to scientists working on research projects that could help with the [COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19_pandemic). Along with [Stanford University](/source/Stanford_University) professor [Silvana Konermann](/source/Silvana_Konermann) and [Stripe](/source/Stripe%2C_Inc.) CEO [Patrick Collison](/source/Patrick_Collison), Hsu is a co-founder of [Arc Institute](/source/Arc_Institute), a nonprofit research organization focused on accelerating discoveries in biology and medicine.[10]

## Achievements and recognition

Hsu was named to the [MIT Technology Review](/source/MIT_Technology_Review) [Innovators Under 35](/source/Innovators_Under_35) list in 2017.[11] He was included in [Forbes 30 Under 30](/source/Forbes_30_Under_30) in Science in 2015 for his contributions to CRISPR technology.[12] His lab's discovery of programmable recombinases was named among the 5 Important Medical Breakthroughs of 2024 by [Forbes](/source/Forbes),[13] and genomic language models developed by Arc scientists were named one of The Most Important Breakthroughs of 2024 by [The Atlantic](/source/The_Atlantic).[14]

## Research

Hsu's research focuses on using [artificial intelligence](/source/Artificial_intelligence) (AI) to advance biology[15] as well as the development of genome editing technologies such as [recombinases](/source/Recombinase) and [CRISPR](/source/CRISPR_gene_editing). This includes using AI to advance [cell-based models](/source/Cell-based_models).[16] His work has contributed to:

- DNA foundation models that enable biological sequence modeling and design across molecular contexts and modalities, published on the cover of [Science](/source/Science_(journal)) in November 2024.[17]

- AI-driven gene editing, where computational models are used to design new gene editors that surpass naturally occurring enzymes.[18]

- Bridge RNAs for programmable recombination, which allow for precise DNA modifications without traditional genome-editing tools.[19] In 2025, his research group reported in [Science](/source/Science_(journal)) the ability to manipulate up to 1 million bases of the human genome.[20]

- "[Jumping gene](/source/Jumping_gene)" enzymes, which enable DNA insertion and deletion without using CRISPR, a novel approach published in [Nature](/source/Nature_(journal)) in 2024.[21]

- CRISPR-based DNA and RNA-targeting technologies, establishing widely used tools for genome editing.[22][23]

## Commercial interests

Hsu is a co-founder of Stylus Medicine, a biotechnology company that raised $85 million in 2025 to commercialize gene insertion technology developed in his lab,[24] and of Terrain Biosciences, a startup leveraging AI models and technologies for designing and manufacturing RNA.[25]

Since September 2025, Hsu has been a Venture Partner with [Thrive Capital](/source/Thrive_Capital).[26][27][28] Hsu's investments as an [angel investor](/source/Angel_investor) include [Varda Space Industries](/source/Varda_Space_Industries) and [Cradle Bio](/source/Cradle_(company)).[29][30]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hsu_Lab_at_Arc_Institute_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hsu_Lab_at_Arc_Institute_1-1) ["Hsu Lab at Arc Institute"](https://arclabs.org/hsulab). Retrieved March 3, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Cong, Le; Ran, F. Ann; Cox, David; Lin, Shuailiang; Barretto, Robert; Habib, Naomi; Hsu, Patrick D.; Wu, Xuebing; Jiang, Wenyan; Marraffini, Luciano A.; Zhang, Feng (February 15, 2013). ["Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems"](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1231143). *Science*. **339** (6121): 819–823. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.1231143](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1231143). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3795411](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795411). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23287718](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23287718).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Hsu, Patrick D.; Scott, David A.; Weinstein, Joshua A.; Ran, F. Ann; Konermann, Silvana; Agarwala, Vineeta; Li, Yinqing; Fine, Eli J.; Wu, Xuebing; Shalem, Ophir; Cradick, Thomas J.; Marraffini, Luciano A.; Bao, Gang; Zhang, Feng (September 2013). ["DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases"](https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.2647). *Nature Biotechnology*. **31** (9): 827–832. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nbt.2647](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt.2647). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1546-1696](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1546-1696). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3969858](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969858).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Hsu, PD; Lander, ES; Zhang, F (2014). ["Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4343198). *Cell*. **157** (6): 1262–1278. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2014.05.010). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1721.1/111575](https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F111575). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4343198](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4343198). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24906146](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24906146).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-under_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-under_5-1) ["Patrick Hsu Named One of Forbes 30 Scientists Under 30"](https://www.mcb.harvard.edu/department/news/patrick-hsu-named-one-of-forbes-30-scientists-under-30/). *Harvard University - Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology*. January 12, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Patrick Hsu: Pioneering Digital Biology at the Arc Institute"](https://crazystupidtech.com/2025/04/07/a-biology-lab-without-test-tubes-sooner-than-you-think-says-arcs-patrick-hsu/). *Crazy Stupid Tech*. April 7, 2025. Retrieved June 17, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Boyle, Alan (January 5, 2016). ["Gates-backed Editas Medicine files for IPO, marking CRISPR gene-editing milestone"](https://www.geekwire.com/2016/gates-backed-editas-medicine-files-for-ipo-in-crispr-gene-editing-milestone/). *GeekWire*. Retrieved October 10, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Patrick Hsu - Salk Institute"](https://www.salk.edu/scientist/patrick-hsu/). Retrieved March 3, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Patrick D. Hsu"](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=LhnU_joAAAAJ&hl=en). *scholar.google.com*. Retrieved June 17, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Arc Institute - Patrick Hsu"](https://arclabs.org/hsulab). Retrieved March 3, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["MIT Technology Review - Innovators Under 35: Patrick Hsu"](https://www.technologyreview.com/innovator/patrick-hsu). Retrieved March 3, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Patrick Hsu, 22 - 2015-01-05 - 2015 30 Under 30: Science"](https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ggik45ekh/patrick-hsu-22/). *Forbes*. Retrieved June 17, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Eckhardt, Juergen. ["5 Important Medical Breakthroughs Of 2024"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/juergeneckhardt/2024/12/19/five-of-the-most-important-medical-breakthroughs-of-2024/). *Forbes*. Retrieved June 17, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Thompson, Derek (December 29, 2024). ["The Most Important Breakthroughs of 2024"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/12/2024-scientific-technological-advancements/681158/). *The Atlantic*. Retrieved June 17, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [*Arc Institute's Patrick Hsu on Building an App Store for Biology with AI*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-_58dabswU). YouTube. March 18, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [*No Priors Ep. 1-3 With Vevo Therapeutics and the Arc Institute*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ak_f1BoLP24). YouTube. February 25, 2025. Retrieved May 11, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Nguyen, Eric; Poli, Michael; Durrant, Matthew G.; Kang, Brian; Katrekar, Dhruva; Li, David B.; Bartie, Liam J.; Thomas, Armin W.; King, Samuel H.; Brixi, Garyk; Sullivan, Jeremy; Ng, Madelena Y.; Lewis, Ashley; Lou, Aaron; Ermon, Stefano; Baccus, Stephen A.; Hernandez-Boussard, Tina; Ré, Christopher; Hsu, Patrick D.; Hie, Brian L. (2024). ["Sequence modeling and design from molecular to genome scale with Evo"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12057570). *Science*. **386** (6723) eado9336. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2024Sci...386o9336N](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Sci...386o9336N). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.ado9336](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.ado9336). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [12057570](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12057570). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [39541441](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39541441).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Callaway, Ewen (May 10, 2024). ["'ChatGPT for CRISPR' Creates New Gene-Editing Tools"](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01243-w). *Nature*. **629** (8011): 272. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2024Natur.629..272C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Natur.629..272C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/d41586-024-01243-w](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-024-01243-w). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [38684833](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38684833).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Durrant, Matthew G.; Perry, Nicholas T.; Pai, James J.; Jangid, Aditya R.; Athukoralage, Januka S.; Hiraizumi, Masahiro; McSpedon, John P.; Pawluk, April; Nishimasu, Hiroshi; Konermann, Silvana; Hsu, Patrick D. (June 2024). ["Bridge RNAs direct programmable recombination of target and donor DNA"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11208160). *Nature*. **630** (8018): 984–993. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2024Natur.630..984D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Natur.630..984D). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41586-024-07552-4](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07552-4). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1476-4687](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [11208160](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11208160). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [38926615](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38926615).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Perry, Nicholas T.; Bartie, Liam J.; Katrekar, Dhruva; Gonzalez, Gabriel A.; Durrant, Matthew G.; Pai, James J.; Fanton, Alison; Martins, Juliana Q.; Hiraizumi, Masahiro; Ricci-Tam, Chiara; Nishimasu, Hiroshi; Konermann, Silvana; Hsu, Patrick D. (September 25, 2025). ["Megabase-scale human genome rearrangement with programmable bridge recombinases"](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz0276). *Science*. **0** (0) eadz0276. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.adz0276](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adz0276).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Ledford, Heidi (July 1, 2024). ["No CRISPR: Oddball 'Jumping Gene' Enzyme Edits Genomes"](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02141-x). *Nature*. **631** (8020): 470–471. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/d41586-024-02141-x](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-024-02141-x). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [38937599](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38937599).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Hsu, PD; Scott, DA; Weinstein, JA (2013). ["DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969858). *Nature Biotechnology*. **31** (9): 827–832. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nbt.2647](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt.2647). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3969858](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969858). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23873081](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23873081).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Konermann, Silvana; Lotfy, Peter; Brideau, Nicholas J.; Oki, Jennifer; Shokhirev, Maxim N.; Hsu, Patrick D. (April 2018). ["Transcriptome Engineering with RNA-Targeting Type VI-D CRISPR Effectors"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5910255). *Cell*. **173** (3): 665–676.e14. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.033](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2018.02.033). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5910255](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5910255). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29551272](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29551272).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Langreth, Robert (May 12, 2025). ["Exclusive: Patrick Hsu's startup Stylus Medicine launches, looks beyond CRISPR for gene insertion tech"](https://endpts.com/exclusive-patrick-hsus-startup-stylus-medicine-launches-looks-beyond-crispr-for-gene-insertion-tech/). *Endpoints News*. Retrieved May 12, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Terrain Biosciences. ["Terrain Biosciences emerges from stealth to enable faster therapeutics and vaccine development with better RNA"](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/terrain-biosciences-emerges-from-stealth-to-enable-faster-therapeutics-and-vaccine-development-with-better-rna-302373991.html). *www.prnewswire.com* (Press release). Retrieved June 17, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Patrick Hsu LinkedIn"](https://www.linkedin.com/posts/pdhsu_thrilled-to-share-that-ive-joined-thrive-activity-7371645036955922432-DMSW/). *LinkedIn*. Retrieved September 13, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_27-0)** ["Patrick Hsu joins Thrive Capital as venture partner, continues Arc Institute | Alex Konrad posted on the topic | LinkedIn"](https://www.linkedin.com/posts/alexrkonrad_news-prominent-bay-area-bio-and-ai-expert-activity-7371558090447532032-u_CB). *www.linkedin.com*. Retrieved October 10, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Time100 AI 2025: Joshua Kushner"](https://time.com/collections/time100-ai-2025/7305809/joshua-kushner/).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["The Endpoints Slack interview: Arc Institute's Patrick Hsu on investing, AI and new ways of research"](https://endpoints.news/endpoints-slack-interview-arc-institutes-patrick-hsu-on-ai-bio-investing/). *Endpoints News*. Retrieved December 25, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["Announcing our Seed and Series A from Sequoia and Kleiner Perkins to Launch the AI SRE for the Enterprise - Blog | Traversal"](https://traversal.com/blog/launch-announcement). *traversal.com*. Retrieved December 25, 2025.

## External links

- [Hsu Lab at Arc Institute](https://arcinstitute.org/labs/hsulab)

- [The Atlantic - The Most Important Breakthroughs of 2024](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/12/2024-scientific-technological-advancements/681158/)

- [MIT Technology Review - Innovators Under 35](https://www.technologyreview.com/innovator/patrick-hsu)

- [Forbes 30 Under 30 - Science](https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ggik45ekh/patrick-hsu-22/)

- [Salk Institute Research Fellows](https://www.salk.edu/scientist/patrick-hsu)

Authority control databases: Academics ORCID Scopus Google Scholar

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Patrick Hsu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Hsu) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Hsu?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.