# Pathogenesis

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{{Short description|Process by which a disease or disorder develops}}
{{Distinguish|Parthenogenesis|Palingenesis}}

In [pathology](/source/pathology), '''pathogenesis''' is the process by which a [disease](/source/disease) or [disorder](/source/Disease) develops. It can include factors which contribute not only to the onset of the disease or disorder, but also to its progression and maintenance.<ref name="Gellman2013">{{cite book |editor1-last=Gellman |editor1-first=Marc D. |editor2-last=Turner |editor2-first=J. Rick |title=Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4419-1380-7 |page=716}}</ref> The word comes {{ety|grc|''πάθος'' (pathos)|suffering, disease||''γένεσις'' (genesis)|creation}}.

== Description ==
Examples of pathogenesis include [microbial](/source/microbe) [infection](/source/infection), [inflammation](/source/inflammation), [malignancy](/source/malignancy) and [tissue breakdown](/source/Necrosis). For example, bacterial pathogenesis is the process by which bacteria cause infectious illness.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

Most diseases are caused by multiple processes.  For example, certain [cancer](/source/cancer)s arise from dysfunction of the [immune system](/source/immune_system) ([skin](/source/skin) [tumor](/source/tumor)s and [lymphoma](/source/lymphoma) after a [renal transplant](/source/renal_transplant), which requires [immunosuppression](/source/immunosuppression)), ''[Streptococcus pneumoniae](/source/Streptococcus_pneumoniae)'' is spread through contact with respiratory [secretion](/source/secretion)s, such as [saliva](/source/saliva), [mucus](/source/mucus), or [cough](/source/cough) droplets from an infected person and colonizes the upper respiratory tract and begins to multiply.<ref>{{cite book |author=Fox A |url=http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/bact-path.htm |title=General aspects of bacterial pathogenesis |publisher=Microbiology and Immunology On-line Textbook |year=2010 |location=University of South Carolina School of Medicine}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-dictionary-of-epidemiology-9780199976737?cc=us&lang=en |title=A dictionary of epidemiology. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199976737 |editor-link=Miquel Porta |veditors=Porta M, Greenland S, Hernán M, dos Santos Silva I, Last JM |edition=6th |location=Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-21 |title=Meningitis Caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment: A Review - PEXACY |url=https://pexacy.com/meningitis-caused-by-streptococcus/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The pathogenic mechanisms of a disease (or condition) are set in motion by the underlying causes, which if controlled would allow the disease to be [prevented](/source/Prevention_(medical)).<ref name=Last-2000>{{cite book|editor-last=Last|editor-first=JM|title=A Dictionary of Epidemiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPaQY8cG4N4C&pg=PA132|edition=4th|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-977434-0|page=132}}</ref> Often, a potential cause is identified by [epidemiological](/source/epidemiology) observations before a [pathological](/source/pathology) link can be drawn between the cause and the disease. The pathological perspective can be directly integrated into an epidemiological approach in the [interdisciplinary](/source/interdisciplinary) field of [molecular pathological epidemiology](/source/molecular_pathological_epidemiology).<ref name="pmid20208016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ogino S, Stampfer M | title = Lifestyle factors and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: the evolving field of molecular pathological epidemiology | journal = J. Natl. Cancer Inst. | volume = 102 | issue = 6 | pages = 365–7 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20208016 | pmc = 2841039 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/djq031 }}</ref> Molecular pathological epidemiology can help to assess pathogenesis and causality by means of linking a potential risk factor to molecular pathologic signatures of a disease.<ref name="pmid21036793">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ogino S, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E | title = Molecular pathological epidemiology of colorectal neoplasia: an emerging transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary field | journal = Gut | volume = 60 | issue = 3 | pages = 397–411 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21036793 | pmc = 3040598 | doi = 10.1136/gut.2010.217182 }}</ref> Thus, the [molecular pathological epidemiology](/source/molecular_pathological_epidemiology) [paradigm](/source/paradigm) can advance the area of [causal inference](/source/causal_inference).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dr Anubhav |date=2022-10-03 |title=What is Pathogenesis? The Development of a Disease? |url=https://thewitfire.in/2022/10/03/what-is-pathogenesis-the-development-of-a-disease/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Witfire |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003082024/https://thewitfire.in/2022/10/03/what-is-pathogenesis-the-development-of-a-disease/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

If the pathogenesis of a condition is not known, it is considered to be an [idiopathic disease](/source/idiopathic_disease).

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [Causal inference](/source/Causal_inference)
* [Epidemiology](/source/Epidemiology)
* [Molecular pathological epidemiology](/source/Molecular_pathological_epidemiology)
* [Molecular pathology](/source/Molecular_pathology)
* [Pathology](/source/Pathology)
* [Pathophysiology](/source/Pathophysiology)
* [Salutogenesis](/source/Salutogenesis)
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|vauthors=Haugan S, Bjornson W | title = Avian influenza: etiology, pathogenesis, and interventions | date = 2009 | publisher = Nova Science Publishers | location = Hauppauge, NY | isbn = 978-1-60741-846-7 }}
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Category:Pathology

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pathogenesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenesis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenesis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.