# Pascal Cygan

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Pascal_Cygan
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Pascal_Cygan.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Cygan
> Source revision: 1344403838
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{short description|French footballer (born 1974)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Pascal Cygan
| image = 
| caption = 
| full_name = Pascal Édouard Cygan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quesomecanico.com/web/component/albastats/matchdetails/14160|title=F.C. Cartagena 1–1 Albacete Balompié|publisher=Queso Mecánico|language=es|access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|4|29|df=y}}<ref name=Bio>{{cite news|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur3244.html|title=Pascal Cygan|newspaper=[L'Équipe](/source/L'%C3%89quipe)|language=fr|access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place = [Lens](/source/Lens%2C_Pas-de-Calais), France
| height = 1.92 m<ref name=Bio/>
| position = [Defender](/source/Defender_(association_football))
| currentclub = 
| youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = [Wasquehal](/source/ES_Wasquehal)
| years1 = 1994–1995 | clubs1 = [Wasquehal](/source/ES_Wasquehal) | caps1 = | goals1 =
| years2 = 1995–2002 | clubs2 = [Lille](/source/Lille_OSC) | caps2 = 179 | goals2 = 10
| years3 = 2002–2006 | clubs3 = [Arsenal](/source/Arsenal_F.C.) | caps3 = 63 | goals3 = 3
| years4 = 2006–2009 | clubs4 = [Villarreal](/source/Villarreal_CF) | caps4 = 46 | goals4 = 2
| years5 = 2009–2011 | clubs5 = [Cartagena](/source/FC_Cartagena) | caps5 = 57 | goals5 = 0
| totalcaps = 345 | totalgoals = 15
}}
'''Pascal Édouard Cygan''' (born 29 April 1974) is a French former professional [footballer](/source/Association_football). His favoured position was [central defender](/source/Defender_(association_football)), but he could also play as a [left-back](/source/Defender_(association_football)).

After starting out at [Lille](/source/Lille_OSC), he played four years in England with [Arsenal](/source/Arsenal_F.C.) and three in Spain's [La Liga](/source/La_Liga) with [Villarreal](/source/Villarreal_CF), in a 17-year career. He won the [2003–04 FA Premier League](/source/2003%E2%80%9304_FA_Premier_League) and two [Community Shields](/source/FA_Community_Shield) with Arsenal.

==Early life==
Cygan was born in [Lens, Pas-de-Calais](/source/Lens%2C_Pas-de-Calais).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/670718/article/2019-11-25/quand-cygan-glisse-ecker-johnny-tu-ne-vas-quand-meme-pas-la-tenter|title=Quand Cygan glisse à Ecker: "Johnny, tu ne vas quand même pas la tenter?"|trans-title=When Cygan whispers to Ecker: "Johnny, you're not going to even try?"|newspaper=[La Voix du Nord](/source/La_Voix_du_Nord_(daily))|first=Olivier|last=Fosseux|language=fr|date=25 November 2019|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> His grandparents were of [Polish ancestry](/source/Polish_people) and his father worked for the [Mobile Gendarmerie](/source/Mobile_Gendarmerie), with the family living in the corporation's headquarters in [Villeneuve-d'Ascq](/source/Villeneuve-d'Ascq).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.losc.fr/actualites/2023-03-03/pascal-cygan-ne-lens-mais-legende-du-losc|title=Pascal Cygan, né à Lens, mais légende du LOSC|trans-title=Pascal Cygan, born in Lens, but a LOSC legend|publisher=Lille OSC|first=Maxime|last=Pousset|language=fr|date=3 March 2023|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
===Lille===
Cygan started his senior career at lowly [ES Wasquehal](/source/ES_Wasquehal) before going professional with [Lille OSC](/source/Lille_OSC) in 1995, making his [Division 1](/source/Ligue_1) debut that year but also going on to spend three seasons in [Division 2](/source/Ligue_2). In [1999–2000](/source/1999%E2%80%932000_French_Division_2) he was an instrumental defensive element for the champions and, in the [subsequent top-flight campaign](/source/2000%E2%80%9301_French_Division_1), helped them achieve a third-place finish, with [qualification](/source/2001%E2%80%9302_UEFA_Champions_League) for the [UEFA Champions League](/source/UEFA_Champions_League).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sofoot.com/articles/quand-lille-se-payait-parme-ligue-des-champions-barrage-aller-porto|title=Quand Lille se payait Parme|trans-title=When Lille mocked Parma|publisher=So Foot|first1=Morgane|last1=Carlier|first2=Antoine|last2=Beneytou|first3=Boris|last3=Teillet|language=fr|date=20 August 2014|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

In this time, Cygan was also promoted to the [captaincy](/source/Captain_(association_football)), seen as a role model to help develop the younger players. He won of the ''Etoile d'Or'' in his last year in France,<ref name=LOLJ>{{cite news|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/357172/Etoiles_d%27or_%3A_Pascal_Cygan_meilleur_joueur_de_D1.html|title=Étoiles d'or: Pascal Cygan meilleur joueur de D1|trans-title=Étoiles d’or: Pascal Cygan best D1 player|newspaper=[L'Orient-Le Jour](/source/L'Orient-Le_Jour)|language=fr|date=10 November 2001|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> totalling 200 games for Lille in all competitions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/sports/football/lille-champion-de-france-tous-les-astres-etaient-alignes-les-5-matchs-cles-du-titre-24-05-2021-A6CMLRHSLNCMNHRYBWDPYXPOSQ.php|title=Lille champion de France: «Tous les astres étaient alignés»... les 5 matchs clés du titre|trans-title=Lille champions of France: "All the planets were on the same page"... the 5 key matches to the title|newspaper=[Le Parisien](/source/Le_Parisien)|first=Cyril|last=Simon|language=fr|date=24 May 2021|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

===Arsenal===
Cygan joined [Arsenal](/source/Arsenal_F.C.) in July 2002 for £2&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/2095996.stm|title=Cygan joins Arsenal|publisher=[BBC Sport](/source/BBC_Sport)|date=11 July 2002|access-date=19 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/2240700/cygan-will-make-french-national-team-wenger|title=Cygan will make French national team – Wenger|publisher=[Sky Sports](/source/Sky_Sports)|first=James|last=Pearson|date=11 July 2002|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> making his debut in a 1–1 draw with [Chelsea](/source/Chelsea_F.C.) on 1 September after coming on as a late [substitute](/source/Substitute_(association_football)) for [Nwankwo Kanu](/source/Nwankwo_Kanu).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/2224616.stm|title=Arsenal make their point|publisher=BBC Sport|date=1 September 2002|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref> While he featured notably in some of the team's more important fixtures, he was mostly considered only a fringe player; he missed the [2003 FA Cup final](/source/2003_FA_Cup_final) through injury,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/may/15/newsstory.sport11|title=Seaman to skipper Gunners in FA Cup final|newspaper=[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)|date=15 May 2003|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> but did pick up a [Premier League](/source/Premier_League) winners' medal in [2004](/source/2003%E2%80%9304_FA_Premier_League) after contributing 18 appearances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/premier-league/arsenals-invincibles-from-200304-where-are-they-now-30689480.html|title=Arsenal's Invincibles from 2003–04: where are they now?|newspaper=[Irish Independent](/source/Irish_Independent)|first=Rob|last=Biagchi|date=24 October 2014|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.90min.com/posts/2651150-10-of-the-worst-players-to-have-ever-won-the-premier-league-title|title=10 of the worst players to have ever won the Premier League title|publisher=90 Min|first=Sam|last=Sank|date=17 October 2015|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref>

Cygan scored three goals for Arsenal in league action, including an unlikely brace in his first game of [2005–06](/source/2005%E2%80%9306_FA_Premier_League) against [Fulham](/source/Fulham_F.C.) (4–1 home win).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/4171162.stm|title=Arsenal 4–1 Fulham|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 August 2005|access-date=2 September 2009}}</ref> Until then he had only netted once, against [Everton](/source/Everton_F.C.) on 23 March 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/2847645.stm|title=Arsenal back on top|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 March 2003|access-date=2 September 2009}}</ref>

Also that season, following injuries to both [Ashley Cole](/source/Ashley_Cole) and [Gaël Clichy](/source/Ga%C3%ABl_Clichy), Cygan was drafted in as an emergency [left-back](/source/Defender_(association_football)), and was even named in the ''Opta'' team of the week on 9 January 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arsenal-mania.com/news/1005812/Look-whos-made-it-into-Opta-Team-of-the-Week.html|title=Look who's made it into Opta Team of the Week!|publisher=Arsenal Mania|first=Jonathan|last=Chong|date=6 January 2006|access-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108031642/http://arsenal-mania.com/news/1005812/Look-whos-made-it-into-Opta-Team-of-the-Week.html|archive-date=8 January 2007}}</ref> Overall, his side won 12 of the 20 matches he played in and kept 11 [clean sheet](/source/clean_sheet)s in the process. He suffered a hamstring injury in January against [Middlesbrough](/source/Middlesbrough_F.C.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4590256.stm|title=Arsenal 7–0 Middlesbrough|publisher=BBC Sport|date=14 January 2006|access-date=12 July 2013}}</ref> and was unable to play again that season as he was fourth choice behind [Sol Campbell](/source/Sol_Campbell), [Philippe Senderos](/source/Philippe_Senderos) and [Kolo Touré](/source/Kolo_Tour%C3%A9), with young [Johan Djourou](/source/Johan_Djourou) also competing for a place.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/may/15/sport.comment8|title=Campbell waiting for the call|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Amy|last=Lawrence|date=15 May 2005|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jan/15/newsstory.sport10|title=Wenger hints at Walcott deal|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 January 2006|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> 

Cygan played 98 competitive games during his spell at [Highbury](/source/Arsenal_Stadium), including 20 in the Champions League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1194724-world-football-whatever-happened-to-arsenal-defender-pascal-cygan|title=World football: Whatever happened to Arsenal defender Pascal Cygan?|publisher=[Bleacher Report](/source/Bleacher_Report)|first=Michael|last=Cummings|date=24 May 2012|access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2009/0407/247615-arsenal/|title=Wenger has faith in young Gunners|publisher=[Raidió Teilifís Éireann](/source/Raidi%C3%B3_Teilif%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann)|date=7 April 2009|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

===Villarreal===
In August 2006, Cygan completed a transfer to [Villarreal CF](/source/Villarreal_CF) for a £2&nbsp;million transfer fee, joining former Arsenal teammate and compatriot [Robert Pires](/source/Robert_Pires) at the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/5304198.stm|title=Cygan secures Villarreal transfer|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 August 2006|access-date=19 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/2388472/cygan-seals-spanish-switch|title=Cygan seals Spanish switch|publisher=Sky Sports|first=Tom|last=Adams|date=1 September 2006|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> On 6 June 2008, having been fairly used in his first two years, mainly due to consecutive serious injuries to [Gonzalo Rodríguez](/source/Gonzalo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(footballer%2C_born_1984)), he signed a new one-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11827/3649346/cygan-stays-with-villarreal|title=Cygan stays with Villarreal|publisher=Sky Sports|date=4 June 2008|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> 

However, following a lack of first-team opportunities in [2008–09](/source/2008%E2%80%9309_La_Liga),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elconfidencial.com/archivo/2008/12/11/33_argentino_gonzalo_unico_jugador_villarreal_todos.html|title=Argentino Gonzalo es único jugador de Villarreal que jugó todos los minutos|trans-title=Argentine Gonzalo is the only Villarreal player to have played all the minutes|newspaper=[El Confidencial](/source/El_Confidencial)|language=es|date=11 December 2008|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref> and with Villarreal unwilling to extend his contract for a further campaign, Cygan left in July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11065/5345081/cygan-looking-to-head-home|title=Cygan looking to head home|publisher=Sky Sports|first=Giscard|last=Gourizro|date=23 May 2009|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport24.com/football/championnats-etrangers/fil-info/cygan-va-quitter-villarreal-129633/|title=Cygan va quitter Villarreal|trans-title=Cygan to quit Villarreal|publisher=Sport 24|language=fr|date=14 March 2009|access-date=19 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322094919/http://www.sport24.com/football/championnats-etrangers/fil-info/cygan-va-quitter-villarreal-129633/|archive-date=22 March 2008}}</ref> His [La Liga](/source/La_Liga) goals came on 5 November 2006 in a 3–2 home win over [Real Betis](/source/Real_Betis),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2006/11/05/futbol/1162750966.html|title=El Villarreal destroza al Betis en dos minutos|trans-title=Villarreal destroy Betis in two minutes|newspaper=[El Mundo](/source/El_Mundo_(Spain))|language=es|date=5 November 2006|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref> and in the 3–0 defeat of [Levante UD](/source/Levante_UD) on 31 October 2007 also at [El Madrigal](/source/Estadio_de_la_Cer%C3%A1mica).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2007/11/01/deportes/1193871617_850215.html|title=El Levante es un chollo|trans-title=Bargain Levante|newspaper=[El País](/source/El_Pa%C3%ADs)|first=Javier|last=Pérez|language=es|date=1 November 2007|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref>

===Later career===
On 10 August 2009, Cygan joined [FC Cartagena](/source/FC_Cartagena), [recently promoted](/source/2008%E2%80%9309_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B) to [Segunda División](/source/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n), on a one-year deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/2009/08/10/futbol/equipos/cartagena/1249933467.html|title=El Cartagena ficha a Cygan|trans-title=Cartagena sign Cygan|newspaper=[Marca](/source/Marca_(newspaper))|language=es|date=10 August 2009|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref> Aged 37, he was released by the [Murcians](/source/Region_of_Murcia) and retired from professional football, focusing on becoming a coach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.laverdad.es/murcia/deportes/futbol/201407/27/ilustre-lista-club-abuelos-20140727003350-v.html|title=La ilustre lista del 'Club de los Abuelos'|trans-title=The illustrious list of the 'Grandpa Club'|newspaper=[La Verdad](/source/La_Verdad_(Murcia))|first=Borja|last=Torras|language=es|date=4 August 2014|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.20minutos.es/deportes/blogs/quefuede/que-fue-pascal-cygan-arsenal-wenger-villarreal-5597118/|title=Qué fue de... Pascal Cygan: del Arsenal de Wenger al Villarreal|trans-title=What happened to... Pascal Cygan: from Wenger's Arsenal to Villarreal|newspaper=[20 minutos](/source/20_minutos)|first=Edu|last=Casado|language=es|date=27 August 2020|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nordlittoral.fr/185669/article/2023-09-21/pascal-cygan-ancien-joueur-du-losc-et-d-arsenal-est-le-nouveau-coach-du-cs-avion|title=Pascal Cygan, ancien joueur du LOSC et d’Arsenal, est le nouveau coach du CS Avion: «Un club avec du potentiel»|trans-title=Pascal Cygan, former player of LOSC and Arsenal, is the new manager of CS Avion: "A club with the potential"|newspaper=Nord Littoral|first=Giordano|last=Melilli|language=fr|date=21 September 2023|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref>{{WorldFootball}}</ref><ref>{{Soccerway|new_id=cygan-pascal/z9euZrIi}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup{{efn|Includes [Coupe de France](/source/Coupe_de_France), [Coupe de la Ligue](/source/Coupe_de_la_Ligue), [FA Community Shield](/source/FA_Community_Shield), [EFL Cup](/source/EFL_Cup), [FA Cup](/source/FA_Cup) and [Copa del Rey](/source/Copa_del_Rey)}}
!colspan="2"|Continental{{efn|Includes [UEFA Champions League](/source/UEFA_Champions_League) and [UEFA Cup](/source/UEFA_Cup)}}
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="8"|[Lille](/source/Lille_OSC)
|1995–96
|rowspan="2"|[Division 1](/source/Ligue_1)
|27||0||6||0||colspan="2"|–||33||0
|-
|1996–97
|14||0||1||0||colspan="2"|–||15||0
|-
|1997–98
|rowspan="3"|[Division 2](/source/Ligue_2)
|26||3||1||0||colspan="2"|–||27||3
|-
|1998–99
|21||1||1||0||colspan="2"|–||22||1
|-
|1999–2000
|33||2||2||0||colspan="2"|–||35||2
|-
|2000–01
|rowspan="2"|Division 1
|29||2||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||29||2
|-
|2001–02
|29||2||colspan="2"|–||10||0||39||2
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!179!!10!!11!!0!!10!!0!!200!!10
|-
|rowspan="5"|[Arsenal](/source/Arsenal_FC)
|2002–03
|rowspan="4"|[Premier League](/source/Premier_League)
|18||1||2||0||11||0||31||1
|-
|2003–04
|18||0||3||0||3||0||24||0
|-
|2004–05
|15||0||5||0||3||0||23||0
|-
|2005–06
|12||2||5||0||3||0||20||2
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!63!!3!!15!!0!!20!!0!!98!!3
|-
|rowspan="4"|[Villarreal](/source/Villarreal_CF)
|2006–07
|rowspan="3"|[La Liga](/source/La_Liga)
|21||1||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||21||1
|-
|2007–08
|21||1||6||0||5||0||32||1
|-
|2008–09
|4||0||2||0||colspan="2"|–||6||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!46!!2!!8!!0!!5!!0!!59!!2
|-
|rowspan="3"|[Cartagena](/source/FC_Cartagena)
|2009–10
|rowspan="2"|[Segunda División](/source/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n)
|26||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||26||0
|-
|2010–11
|31||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||31||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!57!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!57!!0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!345!!15!!34!!0!!35!!0!!414!!15
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Lille'''
*[Division 2](/source/Ligue_2): [1999–2000](/source/1999%E2%80%932000_French_Division_2)<ref name=LOSC>{{cite web|url=https://www.losc.fr/actualites-foot-lille/pascal-cygan-dogue-à-pleines-dents|title=Pascal Cygan, dogue à pleines dents|trans-title=Pascal Cygan, full-toothed dogue|publisher=Lille OSC|language=fr|date=30 December 2015|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>

'''Arsenal'''
*[Premier League](/source/Premier_League): [2003–04](/source/2003%E2%80%9304_FA_Premier_League)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/2162/Pascal-Cygan/overview|title=Pascal Cygan: Overview|publisher=[Premier League](/source/Premier_League)|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
*[FA Community Shield](/source/FA_Community_Shield): [2002](/source/2002_FA_Community_Shield),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/2182875.stm|title=Slick Arsenal win Shield|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 August 2002|access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> [2004](/source/2004_FA_Community_Shield)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/3532952.stm|title=Arsenal 3–1 Man Utd|publisher=BBC Sport|date=8 August 2004|access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>

'''Individual'''
*Etoile d'Or: [2001–02](/source/2001%E2%80%9302_French_Division_1)<ref name=LOLJ/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Soccerbase}}
*{{BDFutbol}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cygan, Pascal}}
Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Lens, Pas-de-Calais
Category:20th-century French sportsmen
Category:French men's footballers
Category:Footballers from the Pas-de-Calais
Category:Men's association football defenders
Category:Ligue 1 players
Category:Ligue 2 players
Category:Wasquehal Football players
Category:Lille OSC players
Category:Premier League players
Category:Arsenal F.C. players
Category:La Liga players
Category:Segunda División players
Category:Villarreal CF players
Category:FC Cartagena footballers
Category:French expatriate men's footballers
Category:Expatriate men's footballers in England
Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Category:French expatriate sportspeople in England
Category:French expatriate sportspeople in Spain

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pascal Cygan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Cygan) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Cygan?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.