# Partulidae
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{{Short description|Family of gastropods}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|fossil_ range =
|image = Partula radiolata.png
|image_caption = ''[Partula radiolata](/source/Partula_radiolata)''
|taxon = Partulidae
|authority = [Pilsbry](/source/Henry_Augustus_Pilsbry), 1900
|synonyms_ref =
|synonyms =
|display_parents = 3
}}
'''Partulidae''' is a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of air-breathing [land snail](/source/land_snail)s, [terrestrial](/source/Terrestrial_molluscs) [gastropod](/source/gastropod) [mollusk](/source/mollusk)s in the [superfamily](/source/Taxonomic_rank) [Pupilloidea](/source/Pupilloidea).[MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Partulidae Pilsbry, 1900. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=162663 on 2021-12-12]
The family is [endemic](/source/endemism) to [Pacific](/source/Pacific) islands.[Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed at http://animaldiversity.org.
][[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=76758 ITIS Standard Report Page: Partulidae]][[http://www.islandbiodiversity.com/crampton.htm Gerlach, J. (2016) Icons of Evolution - Pacific island tree snails, family Partulidae. Phelsuma Press, Cambridge]]
== Genera ==
The Partulidae are divided into five genera:[Cowie, R.H. (1992). Evolution and Extinction of Partulidae, Endemic Pacific Island Land Snails. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 335, No. 1274 (Feb. 29, 1992), pp. 167-191.]
* ''[Eua](/source/Eua_(gastropod))'' has four species, confined to [Tonga](/source/Tonga) and [Samoa](/source/Samoa).
* ''[Palaopartula](/source/Palaopartula)'' Pilsbry, 1909- has three species, restricted to the [Palau](/source/Palau).
* ''[Partula](/source/Partula_(genus))'' Pilsbry, 1909 - has about 100 species, distributed from [New Guinea](/source/New_Guinea) to the [Society Islands](/source/Society_Islands).
* ''[Samoana](/source/Samoana)'' Pilsbry, 1909 - has about 23 species, distributed in [Polynesia](/source/Polynesia) and the [Mariana Islands](/source/Mariana_Islands).
* ''[Sphendone](/source/Sphendone)'' has a single species from the Palau.
This [cladogram](/source/cladogram) shows the phylogenic relationships of genera in the family Partulidae:[Lee T., [Burch J. B.](/source/John_B._Burch), Coote T., Pearce-Kelly P., Hickman C., Meyer J.-Y. & Foighil D. O. (18 August 2009). "Moorean tree snail survival revisited: a multi-island genealogical perspective". ''[BMC Evolutionary Biology](/source/BMC_Evolutionary_Biology)'' '''9''': 204. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-9-204|doi-access=free}}]
{{clade
|label1=Partulidae
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[Partula](/source/Partula_(gastropod))''
|2=''[Samoana](/source/Samoana)''
|3=''[Palaopartula](/source/Palaopartula)''
}}
|4=''[Eua](/source/Eua_(gastropod))''
|5=''[Sphendone](/source/Sphendone)''
}}
}}
==Synonyms==
* ''Aega'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Samoana (Marquesana)'' Pilsbry, 1909 represented as ''Samoana'' Pilsbry, 1909
* ''Astraea'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821
* ''Clytia'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821
* ''Echo'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Partula (Leptopartula)'' Pilsbry, 1909: synonym of ''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821
* ''Evadne'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Samoana'' Pilsbry, 1909
* ''Harmonia'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Partula (Marianella)'' Pilsbry, 1909: synonym of v
* ''Helena'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821
* ''Latia'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Samoana (Marquesana)'' Pilsbry, 1909 represented as ''Samoana'' Pilsbry, 1909 (unavailable; a junior homonym of Latia Gray, 1850 [Latiidae])
* ''Marianna'' Pilsbry, 1909: synonym of ''Partula (Marianella)'' Pilsbry, 1909: synonym of ''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821
* ''Matata'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821
* ''Nenia'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821
* ''Oenone'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821
* ''Pasithea'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821(junior synonym)
* ''Rennellia'' Clench, 1941: synonym of ''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821 (junior synonym)
* ''Scilistylus'' Iredale, 1941: synonym of''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821
* ''Sterope'' Hartman, 1881: synonym of ''Partula (Melanesica)'' Pilsbry, 1909: synonym of ''Partula'' A. Férussac, 1821
==Anatomy==
[[File:Partula gibba.png|thumb|upright|''[Partula gibba](/source/Partula_gibba)'']]
[[File:Partula langfordi.png|thumb|upright|''[Partula langfordi](/source/Partula_langfordi)'']]
[[File:Samoana fragilis.png|thumb|upright|''[Samoana fragilis](/source/Samoana_fragilis)'']]
In this family, the number of [haploid](/source/haploid) [chromosome](/source/chromosome)s lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in this table).[Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WlvX-9Wt0toC&hl The biology of terrestrial molluscs]''. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, {{ISBN|0-85199-318-4}}. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.]
==Significance==
The Partulidae represent a significant species radiation and were important in the development of modern evolutionary studies through the work of [Henry Crampton](/source/Henry_Crampton) in the early 20th century and later by [Bryan Clarke](/source/Bryan_Clarke), James Murray and Michael Johnson.
==Status==
Most Partulidae species have declined since 1974 and a very large proportion are extinct. The main threat to their survival has been the introduction of the predatory snail ''[Euglandina rosea](/source/Euglandina_rosea)''.