# Parein

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> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parein
> Source revision: 1355754540
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{{infobox settlement
| native_name        = {{lang|my|ပရိန်မြို့}}
| official_name      = Parein
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map        = Myanmar
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Burma
| image_skyline      = 
| image_map          = 
| image_caption      = 
| subdivision_type   = country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Myanmar}}
| subdivision_type1  = [state](/source/Administrative_divisions_of_Myanmar)
| subdivision_name1  = [Rakhine State](/source/Rakhine_State)
| subdivision_type2  = [District](/source/Districts_of_Myanmar)
| subdivision_name2  = [Mrauk-U District](/source/Mrauk-U_District)
| subdivision_type3  = [Township](/source/Townships_of_Myanmar)
| subdivision_name3  = [Mrauk-U Township](/source/Mrauk-U_Township)
| unit_pref          = Imperial
| area_total_km2     = 
| population _as_of  = 
| population_blank1  = [Rakhine people](/source/Rakhine_people)
| population_blank1_title = Ethnicities
| population_blank2  = [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism)
| population_blank2_title = Religions
| population_density_km2 = auto
| established_date   = 1103
| established_title  = Founded
| coordinates        = {{coord| 20|33|50|N|93|14|20|E|region:MM|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m        = 
| timezone           = [MMT](/source/Myanmar_Standard_Time)
| utc_offset         = +6.30
| website            = 
}}

'''Parein''' ({{langx|my|ပရိန်မြို့,}} {{IPA|my|pə.ɹèɪɰ̃ mjo̼}}<!--THIS IS BURMESE NOT ARAKANESE-->) is the former capital of the [Parein Dynasty](/source/List_of_Arakanese_monarchs) of [Arakan](/source/Arakan) from 1103/1106 to 1167 during the [Le-Mro period](/source/History_of_Rakhine).<ref>{{cite book |author1=William J. Topich|author2=Keith A. Leitich|title=The History of Myanmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIuaa5yKv-sC&pg=PA17 |page=18-20 |date=9 January 2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35725-1}}</ref> The site of the former capital is located a few miles southeast of [Mrauk U](/source/Mrauk_U) and north of [Launggyet](/source/Launggyet) within [Mrauk-U Township](/source/Mrauk-U_Township).<ref>{{cite book|title= The Forgotten Cities of Arakan|editor= Kyaw Minn Htin|page= 12/13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shwe |first=Tun Khine |url=https://www.mmbookdownload.com/download-36904.html |title=Great History of Rakhine |archive-date=2025-02-15 |access-date=2022-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215031742/https://www.mmbookdownload.com/download-36904.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==

The old city of Parein<ref>{{cite news |url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2013/06/05/41435.html |author=Khin U Thar |title=မြောက်ဦး ပဋိပက္ခ ပစ်ခတ်မှု အမျိုးသမီး ၃ ဦးသေဆုံး |trans-title=3 women die from violent gunfire in Mrauk U |access-date=30 December 2022 |date=5 June 2013 |language=my |location=Parein Village (ပရိန်ကျေးရွာ)}}</ref> faces the [Lemro River](/source/Lemro_River) in the east. It has at its back a ridge that run parallel to the Mong-swe ridge between the [Kaladan](/source/Kaladan_River) and Lemro Rivers. In the south, Paungdok creek separates Parein from the [Launggret](/source/Launggyet).<ref name="mimu">{{cite report |author=Myanmar Information Management Unit |date=September 2019 |title=Myauk U Myone Daethasaingyarachatlatmya|script-title=my:မြောက်ဦးမြို့နယ် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာအချက်လက်များ|trans-title=Mrauk U Township Regional Information |url=https://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/TspProfiles_GAD_Mrauk-U_2019_MMR.pdf |publisher=MIMU |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> To its north is the Alayzee creek.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

==History==

In the eleventh century, the [Waithali Kingdom](/source/Waithali_Kingdom) declined, giving way to the [Lemro period](/source/History_of_Rakhine) of Arakanese history. The history of this period is dependent on chronicles which state that the shift in power from the Kaladan valley, where [Waithali](/source/Waithali) lies, to the Lemro valley began when the capital was moved to [Sambawak](/source/Sambawak) and then [Pyinsa](/source/Pyinsa). Pyinsa developed for a few decades before the capital was, again, moved to Parein.<ref name=urbaniz>{{cite journal |title=Historical Geography and Urbanization in Ancient Arakan- The archaeological landscape of the old capitals up to 1400 AD |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/asean_0859-9009_2007_num_20_1_2048 |author=Kyaw Minn Htin |journal=Aséanie, Sciences humaines en Asie du Sud-Est |date=2007 |volume=20 |page=5-73}}</ref> Based on the chronicles, Parein was founded during the reign of the king [Letya Min Nan](/source/Letya_Min_Nan) who recovered the usurped throne of his grandfather with the help of [Alaungsithu](/source/Alaungsithu), the king of [Bagan](/source/Pagan_Kingdom).<ref name=deMersan>{{cite journal |title=A New Palace for Mra Swan Dewi: Changes in Spirit Cults in Arakan (Rakhine) State |last=de Mersan |first=Alexandra |volume=68 |number=2 |journal=Asian Ethnology |year=2008 |pages=307–332 |publisher=Nanzan University |jstor=25614543 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25614543}}</ref>

Later, the capital shifted rapidly to [Hkrit](/source/Hkrit) and [Nareinzara Toungoo](/source/Nareinzara_Toungoo) before settling on [Launggyet](/source/Launggyet) for over a century. The Lemro valley capitals were all smaller than previous cities like Waithali. Most, including Parein, lay on the western lowland shores of the Lemro river with their walls disappearing over the course of time.<ref name=urbaniz/>

==In religion==

In Arakanese legend and chronicle, the [nat](/source/nat_(deity)) Mra Swan is the lady guardian spirit of Parein. The poem about Mra Swan goes: {{Blockquote|text=In the Pontu area, if outside the plain of Parein, Mra Swan does not greet.}} In 1992, a new large shrine was constructed by [Myanmar Army](/source/Myanmar_Army) soldiers. The shrine is built in the middle of fields with the statue of Mra Swan facing west towards the location of the old palace. The revival of worship sites for minor nats within Mrauk-U Township, like the shrine in Parein, may be a way in which Burmese military officers attempt to gain symbolic recognition by drawing on the historical involvement of the [Bagan Kingdom](/source/Bagan_Kingdom) in the Lemro Valley's history.<ref name=deMersan/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last= Htin |first= Kyaw | title= The Forgotten Cities of Arakan|year= 2007|location = Kuala Lumpur}}
* {{cite book | last=Sandamala Linkara | first=Ashin | title=[Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan](/source/Rakhine_Razawin_Thit) | year= 1931 | edition=1997 | publisher=Tetlan Sarpay | language=Burmese | volume=1–2 | location=Yangon}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|}}
{{s-bef|before=[Pyinsa](/source/Pyinsa)|years=(1018–1103)}}
{{s-ttl|title= Capital of [Arakan](/source/Arakan)|years=1106–1167}}
{{s-aft|after=[Hkrit](/source/Hkrit)|years=(1167–1180)}}
{{s-end}}

{{Rakhine State}}

Category:History of Rakhine

{{Rakhine-geo-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Parein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parein) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parein?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.