# Pararamichloridium

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***Pararamichloridium*** is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family **Pararamichloridiaceae** and within the monotypic order **Pararamichloridiales** and also in the subclass [Hypocreomycetidae](/source/Hypocreomycetidae).[3] They are [saprobic](/source/Saprobic) (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter) on wood in terrestrial and freshwater habitats.[2]

## History

In 2017, South African mycologist and plant pathologist [Pedro Willem Crous](/source/Pedro_Willem_Crous) published the order Pararamichloridiales which consisted of the monotypic family *Pararamichloridiaceae* and included the genera of *Pararamichloridium* and *[Woswasia](/source/Woswasia)*.[1] It also included *Pararamichloridium livistonae* as the type species of the genus.[1]

Etymology. The species name *livistonae* refers to *[Livistona](/source/Livistona)*, the host genus of palms, from which this fungus was collected.[1] While the genus name of *Pararamichloridium* refers to its morphological similarity to genus *[Ramichloridium](/source/Ramichloridium)*,[1] (from the [Dissoconiaceae](/source/Dissoconiaceae) family, order [Capnodiales](/source/Capnodiales) and subclass of [Dothideomycetidae](/source/Dothideomycetidae),[3])

In the multi-loci [ITS](/source/Internal_transcribed_spacer), [LSU](/source/LSU_rRNA), [SSU](/source/SSU_rRNA) and [rpb2](/source/POLR2B) sequence data creating a phylogenetic tree, *Pararamichloridium livistonae* and *Pararamichloridium verrucosum* were shown to be grouped together and formed a separate [clade](/source/Clade).[1] Although still located within class *Sordariomycetes*.[4] The divergence time for Pararamichloridiales is estimated as 101.5 [MYA](/source/MYA_(unit)) (million years ago), which falls in the range of family status.[1] Meanwhile fungal species, *[Woswasia atropurpurea](/source/Woswasia_atropurpurea)*, *[Xylochrysis lucida](/source/Xylochrysis_lucida)* and *[Cyanoannulus petersenii](/source/Cyanoannulus_petersenii)* formed a separate branch which was distant from *Pararamichloridium* clade.[1] Zhang et al. (2017a) then excluded *Woswasia* from family *Pararamichloridiaceae* based on its close phylogenetic affinity with genera *[Xylochrysis](/source/Xylochrysis)* and *[Cyanoannulus](/source/Cyanoannulus)* in family [Woswasiaceae](/source/Woswasiaceae), in [Diaporthomycetidae](/source/Diaporthomycetidae) class [incertae sedis](/source/Incertae_sedis).[5] This was confirmed in later studies (Hyde et al. 2020a,[6] b,[7] c;[8] and Wijayawardene et al. 2020).[9]

In 2017, three species, *Pararamichloridium caricicola*, *Pararamichloridium livistonae* and *Pararamichloridium verrucosum* were accepted in this genus.[2] Then *Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum* was added in 2021, it was saprobic on submerged decaying wood within a freshwater stream in China.[10]

## Description

Order Pararamichloridiales is characterised by branched, subhyaline (almost transparent) to brown, septate [conidiophores](/source/Conidiophores), with polyblastic, terminal and intercalary (inserted between other elements or parts) conidiogenous cells that produce solitary, hyaline, aseptate, clavate to ellipsoid [conidia](/source/Conidia).[1]

Members of *Pararamichloridiaceae* are pathogenic on plant leaves (Crous et al. 2017,[1] 2018).[11] Such as in 2021, 12 fungal isolates that belong to 10 genera found on the [banana](/source/Banana) plant were isolated, including *[Trichoderma](/source/Trichoderma)*, *[Pallidocercospora](/source/Pallidocercospora)*, *[Purpureocillium](/source/Purpureocillium)*, *[Pallidocercospora](/source/Pallidocercospora)*, *[Mycosphaerella](/source/Mycosphaerella)*, *[Chaetomium](/source/Chaetomium)*, *[Neonectria](/source/Neonectria)*, *Pararamichloridium*, *[Xylaria](/source/Xylaria)*, and *[Neocordana](/source/Neocordana)*.[12]

The genus of *Pararamichloridium* is characterised as follows; The sexual morph is undetermined. The asexual morph has a [mycelium](/source/Mycelium) (root-like structure) consisting of hyaline, smooth, septate, branched, [hyphae](/source/Hypa). The conidiophores are erect, solitary, straight to flexuous, septate, branched at apex or not, sub-cylindrical, sub-hyaline to medium brown, smooth. The conidiogenous cells are terminal and intercalary, sub-cylindrical, sub-hyaline to medium brown, smooth, polyblastic and denticulate (having teeth-like structures, or [denticles](/source/Glossary_of_mycology#denticle)). The denticles have slightly thickened scars. The conidia are solitary, hyaline, smooth, granular, aseptate, thin-walled, clavate to ellipsoid in shape.[1]

## Distribution

They are found on the island of [Borneo](/source/Borneo) in Indonesia,[13] and also from Australia and India.[14]

## Species

4 species have accepted by [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum);[15]

- *[Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum](/source/Pararamichloridium_aquisubtropicum)*
- *[Pararamichloridium caricicola](/source/Pararamichloridium_caricicola)*
- *[Pararamichloridium livistonae](/source/Pararamichloridium_livistonae)*
- *[Pararamichloridium verrucosum](/source/Pararamichloridium_verrucosum)*

While [GBIF](/source/GBIF) only accepts 3 species,*Pararamichloridium caricicola*, *Pararamichloridium livistonae* and *Pararamichloridium verrucosum*.[13]

## References

1. Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Burgess TI, Carnegie AJ, Hardy GE, Smith D, etal (December 2017). "Fungal Planet description sheets: 625-715". *Persoonia*. **39**: 270–467. [doi:10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.11](https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.11). [PMC 5832955](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832955). [PMID 29503478](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29503478)

1. Padaruth, Oundhyalah Devi (3 November 2020). ["Jobellisiaceae - Facesoffungi number: FoF 01906"](https://www.facesoffungi.org/jobellisiaceae/). *Faces Of Fungi*. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

1. Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K. et al. (2022). ["Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332). *Mycosphere*. **13** (1): 53–453 [160]. [doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2](https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2). [hdl:10481/76378](https://hdl.handle.net/10481/76378). [S2CID 249054641](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249054641)

1. [National Astronomical Observatory of Japan](/source/National_Astronomical_Observatory_of_Japan) [Handbook Of Scientific Tables (2022)](https://books.google.com/books?id=RwGVEAAAQBAJ)

1. Zhang, H.; Dong, W.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Hongsanan, S.; Bhat, D.J.; Al-Sadi, A.M.; Zhang, D. (2017). "Towards a natural classification of *Annulatascaceae*-like taxa: introducing Atractosporales ord. nov. and six new families.". *Fungal Diversity*. **85**: 75–110. [doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0387-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0387-z). [S2CID 256072265](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256072265)

1. Hyde, Kevin D.; Norphanphoun, C.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Bhat, D.J.; Jones, E.B.G.; Bundhun, D.; Chen, Y.J.; Bao, D.F.; Boonmee, S.; Calabon, M.S.; Chaiwan, N.; Chethana, K.W.T.; Dai, D.Q.; Dayarathne, M.C.; Devadatha, B.; Dissanayake, A.J.; Dissanayake, L.S.; Doilom, M.; Dong, W.; Fan, X.L.; Goonasekara, I.D.; Hongsanan, S.; Huang, S.K.; Jayawardena, R.S.; Jeewon, R.; Karunarathna, A.; Konta, S.; Kumar, V.; Lin, C.G.; Liu, J.K.; Liu, N.G.; Luangsa-ard, J.; Lumyong, S.; Luo, Z.L.; Marasinghe, D.S.; McKenzie, E.H.C.; Niego, A.G.T.; Niranjan, M.; Perera, R.H.; Phukhamsakda, C. (2020). "Refined families of Sordariomycetes.". *Mycosphere*. **11**: 305–1059. [doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/7](https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/7). [hdl:10033/622756](https://hdl.handle.net/10033/622756). [S2CID 219808477](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219808477)

1. Hyde KD, de Silva NI, Jeewon R, Bhat DJ, Phookamsak R, Doilom M, Boonmee S, JayawardenaRS MS, Senanayake IC, Manawasinghe IS, Liu NG, Abeywickrama PD, Chaiwan N, Karunarathna A, Pem D, Lin CG, Sysouphanthong P, Luo ZL, Wei DP, WanasingheDN NC, Tennakoon DS, Samarakoon MC, Jayasiri SC, Jiang HB, Zeng XY, Li JF, Wijesinghe SN, Devadatha B, Goonasekara ID, Brahmanage RS, Yang EF, Aluthmuhandiram JV, Dayarathne MC, Marasinghe DS, Li WJ, Dissanayake LS, Dong W, Huanraluek N, Lumyong S, Liu JK, Karunarathna SC, Jones EB, Al-Sadi AM, Xu JC, Harishchandra D, Sarma VV (2020). "AJOM new records and collections of fungi: 1–100.". *Asian Journal of Mycology*. **3**: 22–294. [doi:10.5943/ajom/3/1/3](https://doi.org/10.5943/ajom/3/1/3). [S2CID 226492984](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226492984)

1. Hyde KD, Dong Y, Phookamsak R, Jeewon R, Bhat DJ, Jones EB, Liu NG, Abeywickrama PD, Mapook A, Wei D, Perera RH, Manawasinghe IS, Pem D, Bundhun D, Karunarathna A, Ekanayaka AH, Bao DF, Li J, Samarakoon MC, Chaiwan N, Lin CG, Phutthacharoen K, Zhang SN, Senanayake IC, Goonasekara ID, Thambugala KM, Phukhamsakda C, Tennakoon DS, Jiang HB, Yang J, Zeng M, Huanraluek N, ((Liu J-K, (Jack))), Wijesinghe SN, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Brahmanage RS, Boonmee S, Huang SK, Thiyagaraja V, Lu YZ, Jayawardena RS, Dong W, Yang EF, Singh SK, Singh SM, Rana S, Lad SS, Anand G, Devadatha B, Niranjan M, Sarma VV, Liimatainen K, Aguirre-Hudson B, Niskanen T, Overall A, Alvarenga RL, Gibertoni TB, Pfiegler WP, Horváth E, Imre A, Alves AL, da Silva Santos AC, Tiago PV, Bulgakov TS, Wanasinghe DN, Bahkali AH, Doilom M, Elgorban AM, Maharachchikumbura SS, Rajeshkumar KC, Haelewaters D, Mortimer PE, Zhao Q, Lumyong S, Xu J, Sheng J (2020). "Fungal diversity notes 1151–1276: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa.". *Fungal Divers.*. **100**: 5–277. [doi:10.1007/s13225-020-00439-5](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00439-5). [hdl:1854/LU-8706299](https://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8706299). [S2CID 212719058](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212719058)

1. Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". *Mycosphere*. **11**: 1060–1456. [doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8](https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8). [hdl:10481/61998](https://hdl.handle.net/10481/61998)

1. Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, Wang S, Sun YR, Suwannarach N, Sysouphanthong P, Abdel-Wahab MA, Abdel-Aziz FA, Abeywickrama PD, Abreu VP, Armand A, Aptroot A, Bao DF, Begerow D, Bellanger JM, Bezerra JD, Bundhun D, Calabon MS, Cao T, Cantillo T etal (1 Jan 2022). "Fungal diversity notes 1512-1610: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa.". *Fungal Diversity*. **117** (1): 1–272. [doi:10.1007/s13225-022-00513-0](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-022-00513-0). [PMC 9948003](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9948003). [PMID 36852303](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36852303)

1. Crous PW, Luangsa-Ard JJ, Wingfeld MJ, Carnegie AJ, HernándezRestrepo M, Lombard L, Roux J, Barreto RW, Baseia IG, CanoLira JF, Martín MP, Morozova OV, Stchigel AM, Summerell BA, Brandrud TE, Dima B, García D, Giraldo A, Guarro J, ((Gusmão LFP)), Khamsuntorn P, Noordeloos ME, Nuankaew S, Pinruan U, Rodríguez-Andrade E, Souza-Motta CM, Thangavel R, van Iperen AL, Abreu VP, Accioly T, Alves JL, Andrade JP, Bahram M, Baral HO, Barbier E, Barnes CW, Bendiksen E, Bernard E, Bezerra JD, Bezerra JL, Bizio E, Blair JE, Bulyonkova TM, Cabral TS, Caiafa MV, Cantillo T, Colmán AA, Conceição LB, Cruz S, Cunha AO, Darveaux BA, da Silva AL, da Silva GA, da Silva GM, ((da Silva RMF)), ((de Oliveira RJV)), Oliveira RL, De Souza JT, Dueñas M, Evans HC, Epifani F, Felipe MT, Fernández-López J, Ferreira BW, Figueiredo CN, Filippova NV, Flores JA, Gené J, Ghorbani G, Gibertoni TB, Glushakova AM, Healy R, Huhndorf SM, Iturrieta-González I, Javan-Nikkha M, Juciano RF, Jurjević Ž, Kachalkin AV, Keochanpheng K, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Li YC, Lima AA, Machado AR, Madrid H, ((Magalhães OMC)), Marbach PA, Melanda GC, Miller AN, Mongkolsamrit S, Nascimento RP, Oliveira TG, Ordoñez ME, Orzes R, Palma MA, Pearce CJ, Pereira OL, Perrone G, Peterson SW, Pham TH, Piontelli E, Pordel A, Quijada L, Raja HA, Rosas de Paz E, Ryvarden L, Saitta A, Salcedo SS, SandovalDenis M, Santos TA, Seifert KA, Silva BD, Smith ME, Soares AM, Sommai S, Sousa JO, Suetrong S, Susca A, Tedersoo L, Telleria MT, Thanakitpipattana D, Valenzuela-Lopez N, Visagie CM, Zapata M, Groenewald JZ (2018). "Fungal Planet description sheets: 785–867.". *Persoonia*. **41**: 238–417. [doi:10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.12](https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.12). [PMC 6344811](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344811). [PMID 30728607](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30728607)

1. Napitupulu, Toga Pangihotan; Ramadhani, Indriati; Kanti, Atit; Sudiana, I. Made (2021). "Diversity, phosphate solubilizing, and IAA production of culturable fungi associated with healthy and wilt banana Author". *Archiv für Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz*. **54** (19–20): 2306–2332. [doi:10.1080/03235408.2021.1983362](https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2021.1983362). [ISSN 1477-2906](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-2906). [S2CID 244214681](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244214681)

1. ["*Pararamichloridium* Crous, 2017"](https://www.gbif.org/species/10858835). *www.gbif.org*. Retrieved 6 July 2023.

1. Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; McKenzie, E.H.C.; Wang, Y. (2018). "Notes for genera update – Ascomycota: 6822-6917". *Mycosphere*. **9** (6): 1222–1234. [doi:10.5943/mycosphere/9/6/11](https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/9/6/11)

1. ["Pararamichloridium - Search Page"](http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Pararamichloridium). *www.speciesfungorum.org*. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 4 July 2023.

## External links

- [Mycobank](https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/field/Mycobank%20%23/7754)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pararamichloridium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pararamichloridium) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pararamichloridium?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.