# Panuveitis

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> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Panuveitis.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panuveitis
> Source revision: 1326321533
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{Short description|Disorder of the human eye}}
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| synonym         = Diffuse uveitis, Total uveitis
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| specialty       = [ophthalmology](/source/ophthalmology)
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| complications   = Permanent vision loss<ref name="CC">{{Cite web |title=Uveitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Types |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14414-uveitis |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205051635/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14414-uveitis |url-status=live }}</ref>
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| diagnosis       = [Eye examination](/source/Eye_examination)
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'''Panuveitis''' also known as '''Diffuse uveitis''' or '''Total uveitis''' is an [eye disease](/source/eye_disease) affecting the internal structures of the eye. This inflammation occurs throughout the [uveal tract](/source/uveal_tract), with no specific areas of predominant inflammation. In most cases, along with the [uvea](/source/uvea), the [retina](/source/retina), [vitreous humor](/source/vitreous_humor), [optic nerve](/source/optic_nerve) or [lens](/source/Lens_(vertebrate_anatomy)) are also involved.

==Signs and symptoms==
Symptoms of panuveitis include eye pain, redness, sensitivity to light, discharge, blurring of vision, flashes and [floater](/source/floater)s.<ref name="AAO"/> There will be signs of inflammations of all the uveal parts.
==Causes==
In many cases the cause of panuveitis is unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Panuveitis |publisher=National Organization for Rare Disorders |url=https://rarediseases.org/gard-rare-disease/panuveitis/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=rarediseases.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205053142/https://rarediseases.org/gard-rare-disease/panuveitis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Possible causes include exogenous or endogenous infection, injury, or an autoimmune disease.  Endogenous infections caused by [syphilis](/source/syphilis), [tuberculosis](/source/tuberculosis), [mumps](/source/mumps), [smallpox](/source/smallpox), [influenza](/source/influenza), [toxoplasmosis](/source/toxoplasmosis), [lupus](/source/lupus), [sarcoidosis](/source/sarcoidosis),  and immune-related inflammations such as [Behcet syndrome](/source/Behcet_syndrome) or [Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease](/source/Vogt%E2%80%93Koyanagi%E2%80%93Harada_disease) causes panuveitis.<ref name="AAO"/><ref name="CC"/>

Infections from a perforating wound or ulcer in the eye, secondary infections from other ocular tissues, or a surgical trauma from intraocular procedures such as [cataract surgery](/source/cataract_surgery), [glaucoma surgery](/source/glaucoma_surgery) or vitreoretinal surgery can also cause panuveitis.<ref name="AAO"/>

==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis of panuveitis is based on the clinical signs of inflammations of all the uveal parts. There will be evidence of anterior uveitis ([iris](/source/Iris_(anatomy)), [Cyclitis](/source/Cyclitis) and [iridocyclitis](/source/iridocyclitis)) and [choroiditis](/source/choroiditis). [Slit lamp](/source/Slit_lamp) examination may reveal vitreous cells, aqueous cells and flare and [keratic precipitate](/source/keratic_precipitate)s.<ref name="IJO"/>
===Definition===
Panuveitis is a type of [uveitis](/source/uveitis) in which inflammation occurs throughout the uveal tract, with no specific areas of predominant inflammation.<ref name="AAO">{{Cite web |title=Panuveitis |url=https://eyewiki.aao.org/Panuveitis |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=eyewiki.aao.org |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205051634/https://eyewiki.aao.org/Panuveitis |url-status=live }}</ref> In most cases, along with the uvea, the retina, vitreous humor, optic nerve or lens are involved.<ref name="IJO">{{Cite journal |last1=Bansal |first1=Reema |last2=Gupta |first2=Vishali |last3=Gupta |first3=Amod |date=2010 |title=Current approach in the diagnosis and management of panuveitis |journal=Indian Journal of Ophthalmology |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.4103/0301-4738.58471 |issn=0301-4738 |pmc=2841373 |pmid=20029145 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="CJMS">{{Cite journal |last1=Anjum |first1=Zauraiz |last2=Tariq |first2=Zemal |last3=Anjum |first3=Zauraiz |last4=Tariq |first4=Zemal |date=2019-09-06 |title=Non-infective Unilateral Panuveitis: Topical Steroids and Posterior Vitrectomy as a Cheap and Safe Alternative to Modern Treatment Modalities |journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science |language=en |volume=11 |issue=9 |article-number=e5587 |doi=10.7759/cureus.5587 |doi-access=free |pmid=32181063 |pmc=7053792 |issn=2168-8184 }}</ref>

International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) defines panuveitis as generalized inflammation of all three parts ([iris](/source/Iris_(anatomy)), [ciliary body](/source/ciliary_body) and [choroid](/source/choroid)) of the uvea.<ref name="IJO"/>

==Treatment==
If there is an underlying cause, treatment should be given based on the disease. Non specific treatment measures include [cycloplegic](/source/cycloplegic)s, [corticosteroid](/source/corticosteroid)s and [immunosuppressive drugs](/source/immunosuppressive_drugs).<ref name="AAO"/> The biologic drugs that are currently used in treatment of panuveitis include anti [tumor necrosis factor](/source/tumor_necrosis_factor), [cytokine receptor](/source/cytokine_receptor) antibodies and [interferon-α](/source/interferon-%CE%B1).<ref name="IJO"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Eye pathology}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Inflammations
Category:Disorders of iris and ciliary body
Category:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions
Category:Disorders of choroid and retina

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Panuveitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panuveitis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panuveitis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.