# Pantsula

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For the rapper, see [Hip Hop Pantsula](/source/Hip_Hop_Pantsula).

**Pantsula** is a tradition and also a highly energetic [dance](/source/Dance) form that originated in the black [townships](/source/Townships) of [South Africa](/source/South_Africa) during the [apartheid](/source/Apartheid) era. It developed into a form of social commentary for black South Africans and has undergone several transformations with the country's changing [political](/source/Political) tides.[1]

## Origins and history

See also: [pryford](/source/Pryford)

Pantsula dance emerged in the 1950s and 1960s as a response to the forced removals implemented by the apartheid government, shortly after its ascent to power. It began in Alexandra and Sophiatown, two townships in [Johannesburg](/source/Johannesburg), as groups of older men engaged in informal street dance competitions. Gradually the dance form spread throughout South Africa.[2] By the 1980s, pantsula was practiced by black South Africans of all ages and was no longer limited to men. It began to develop more political overtones. Pantsula was used as an expression of resistance during the political struggle then occurring against the apartheid government, as well as being used to spread awareness about social issues such as AIDS.[3]

After the end of apartheid in 1994, pantsula persisted as an expression of cultural roots for many black South Africans. It also gained popularity in the white community of South Africa and has begun to take on new meanings as a dance form for all.[4]

## Technique

Pantsula is a syncopated, quick-stepping, low to the ground form of dance which evokes the urban street culture of which it is a part of.It is performed by groups of dancers who practice together for many hours each week. It provides a powerful, stylized form of expression. As one pantsula dancer describes it, "we have drive, we are one, we have power, we are young, strong and quick, we have our own style and we are competitive."[2]

It developed from the [Sotho](/source/Sotho_people) dances of mqaquanga and [marabi](/source/Marabi), with influence from [1930s American jazz](/source/1930s_in_jazz).[5] Later evolutions of pantsula dancing in the 1980s were influenced by American [hip hop](/source/Hip_hop) and [breakdance](/source/Breakdance).[3] Quick, darting steps in geometric lines with an uneven rhythmic quality characterize this form of movement. The [Charleston](/source/Charleston_(dance)), a knock-kneed manoeuvre from American jazz, as well as the [popping](/source/Popping) and [locking](/source/Locking_(dance)) found in US hip hop, are also found in this form of dance. The word *pantsula* is [Zulu](/source/Zulu_language), and refers to a dance style. This flat-footed dance move makes use of mostly your limbs and has an exaggeration to it.[6]

Pantsula has three styles: Western style, slow poison, and *futhuza*. Western style is the most typically found form, and it is highly rigorous. The arms remain wrapped around an upright torso while the feet move in extremely fast and particular shuffling and jumping movements as groups of dancers move in and out of geometric formations. This form requires good physical command of the body. Slow poison is like Western style in form, with mostly stationary arms and intricate lower body movements, but it is performed in a slow, steady fashion with a constant beat. *Futhuza* is infused with elements of American breakdancing and hiphop. This form utilizes the somewhat disjointed, sometimes fluid, robotic motion of popping and locking.[7]

## Music

Originally, pantsula dancers did not have access to recorded music and danced to live music, including voices like Bra Sello and ["Big Voice Jack" Lerole](/source/Jack_Lerole).[2] As radios became more readily available, dancers opted for international and US pop music, calling on icons like [Michael Jackson](/source/Michael_Jackson) as well as rappers including [MC Hammer](/source/MC_Hammer) and [P Diddy](/source/P_Diddy). However, in the 1990s, a particular type of music for pantsula emerged: [kwaito](/source/Kwaito). This [multilingual](/source/Multilingualism) music is typical of the myriad of cultures in South Africa, and is a blend of [seSotho](/source/Sotho_language), [isiZulu](/source/Zulu_language), English, and [Afrikaans](/source/Afrikaans). It is strong and sharp, like pantsula, and projects a streetwise, gangster image.[3]

## Popular culture

Pantsula was featured in the 2018 music video "*[All the Stars](/source/All_the_Stars)*" by the artist [Kendrick Lamar](/source/Kendrick_Lamar).[8][9][10]

Pantsula dancing is the subject of *Tjo Vitjo*, a hyper-reality South African TV series created in 2017 by documentarian Vincent Moloi and starring Warren Masemola and Rapulana Seiphemo. It is currently (2022) running on Netflix.[11]

In 2021, Netflix's dance-series drama, *Jiva!* set in the township of Umlazi in Durban, showcased pantsula alongside other South African dance styles.[12]

In 2015, French singer- songwriter [Jaine](/source/Jain_(singer)) had released a song titled "*[Makeba](/source/Makeba_(song))*" from her album *[Zanaka](/source/Zanaka)* which had incorporated elements of [world music](/source/World_music) and served as an ode to the renowned world music South African political activist and musician [Miriam Makeba](/source/Miriam_Makeba).The music video for the song was filmed in South Africa and showcased pantsula dancers.[13] In 2023, the song went viral on Tik Tok and Instagram sparked by a [meme](/source/Meme) featuring American actor and comedian [Bill Harder](/source/Bill_Hader) dancing to the song.[14]

## See also

- [African dance](/source/African_dance)
- [Tofo Tofo Dance group](/source/Tofo_Tofo_Dance_group)

## References

1. Winship, Lyndsey (8 October 2018). ["Pantsula revolution! How South Africa's townships dance got political"](https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/oct/08/pantsula-dance-south-africa-via-kanana). *The Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181008120210/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/oct/08/pantsula-dance-south-africa-via-kanana) 8 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18 April 2024.

1. Myburgh, Collin Vincent (1993). *Pantsula Dance - Case Studies on the origins and makings of a township art form*. Johannesburg, South Africa. pp. 1–16.

1. Samuel, Gerry (2001). "Shifts in Pantsula in a performance context in KawZulu-Natal: a case study of Pearl Ndaba's Golden Dancers between 1998 - 2001". *Footsteps Across the Landscape of Dance in South Africa*

1. Hlope, Thando & Skewiya, Sisipho (7 July 2023). ["South African troupe takes pantsula to global audience"](https://www.timeslive.co.za/lifestyle/2023-07-07-south-african-troupe-takes-pantsula-to-global-audience/). *Times Live*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240415154241/https://www.timeslive.co.za/lifestyle/2023-07-07-south-african-troupe-takes-pantsula-to-global-audience/) 15 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18 April 2024.

1. Pather, Jay. "personal communication"

1. ["Real Actions"](http://realactionpantsula.wordpress.com/). Retrieved 8 May 2013.

1. Banks, Taylor (26 October 2017). ["The Festival of South African Dance expresses roots through performance"](https://www.voxmagazine.com/arts/art/the-festival-of-south-african-dance-expresses-roots-through-performance/article_d0200360-b9ae-11e7-be21-ef1252cd4296.html#:~:text=Sello%20Modiga%2C%20the%20founder%20and,style%20uses%20more%20chest%20movements.). *Vox*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240418072539/https://www.voxmagazine.com/arts/art/the-festival-of-south-african-dance-expresses-roots-through-performance/article_d0200360-b9ae-11e7-be21-ef1252cd4296.html) 18 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18 April 2024.

1. ["How a 'Black Panther' Music Video Taps into an Old Trend"](https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/03/all-the-stars-kendrick-lamar-sza-video-afrocentrism-afrofuturism/554306/). *[The Atlantic](/source/The_Atlantic)*. March 2018.

1. ["Kendrick Lamar and SZA Serve Wakandan Royal Opulence in 'All the Stars' Video"](https://www.vulture.com/2018/02/watch-kendrick-lamar-and-szas-all-the-stars-video.html). 6 February 2018.

1. ["Kendrick Lamar's "All the Stars" video in appropriation scandal"](https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-12-kendrick-lamars-new-video-all-the-stars-video-in-appropriation-scandal). 12 February 2018.

1. ["The parallel yet familiar world of Tjovitjo"](https://mg.co.za/article/2020-04-23-the-parallel-yet-familiar-world-of-tjovitjo/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2022-03-25.

1. Winship, Lyndsey (12 July 2021). ["The joy of Jiva! Netflix's South African dance series bursts from the screen"](https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2021/jul/12/jiva-netflix-south-africa-street-dance-series). *The Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210822204739/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2021/jul/12/jiva-netflix-south-africa-street-dance-series) 22 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18 April 2024.

1. Pillay, Taschica (8 December 2016). ["French singer resurrects 'Mama Africa'"](https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2016-12-08-french-singer-resurrects-mama-africa/). *Times Live*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064011/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2016-12-08-french-singer-resurrects-mama-africa/) 18 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18 April 2024.

1. Keteyi, Oluthando (7 July 2023). ["WATCH: French singer Jain's Miriam Makeba song has social media buzzing"](https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/local/watch-french-singer-jains-miriam-makeba-song-has-social-media-buzzing-350d024b-aaee-41b3-8306-a75719467642). *IOL*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230718130837/https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/local/watch-french-singer-jains-miriam-makeba-song-has-social-media-buzzing-350d024b-aaee-41b3-8306-a75719467642) 18 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18 April 2024.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pantsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantsula) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantsula?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.