# Pannaria

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***Pannaria*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [lichen](/source/Lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/Fungi) in the family [Pannariaceae](/source/Pannariaceae).[1] These lichens form leaf-like, scaly, or crusty patches that typically arrange themselves in loose [rosettes](/source/Rosette_(botany)) on tree bark in humid forests. Most species partner with [nitrogen-fixing](/source/Nitrogen_fixation) [cyanobacteria](/source/Cyanobacteria), though some contain [green algae](/source/Green_algae) instead. The genus was established in 1828 and now includes about 80 recognized species found worldwide, particularly in [tropical](/source/Tropical) and [subtropical](/source/Subtropical) regions.

## Description

*Pannaria* forms a [thallus](/source/Thallus) that can be leaf-like ([foliose](/source/Foliose_lichen)), a mosaic of tiny scales ([squamulose](/source/Squamulose_lichen)), or a thin crust ([crustose](/source/Crustose_lichen)). Many species arrange their lobes in loose [rosettes](/source/Rosette_(botany)) and, unlike several related genera, they rarely develop the blue-black felt () seen beneath other [cyanobacterial](/source/Cyanobacteria) lichens. The upper surface ranges from grey-blue to deep brown-black and may carry a light dusting of frost-like crystals (). Most species partner with the filamentous cyanobacterium *[Nostoc](/source/Nostoc)*, but members of the *[Pannaria sphinctrina](/source/Pannaria_sphinctrina)* group instead contain [green algal](/source/Green_alga) cells.[2]

The lichen's sexual [fruiting bodies](/source/Fruiting_bodies) are sessile [apothecia](/source/Apothecia) whose red-brown to black are framed by a persistent rim of thallus tissue. That rim has two zones: an outer layer of tightly packed, brick-like cells and an inner layer that is looser and packed with cells. A thin, pale of cells surrounds the [hymenium](/source/Hymenium). The [asci](/source/Ascus) hold eight [ascospores](/source/Ascospore), show no blue reaction to [potassium–iodide](/source/Lugol's_iodine) stain (K/I−) and lack the [amyloid](/source/Amyloid_(mycology)) plug found in many related [taxa](/source/Taxon). Their spores are colourless, single-celled, [ellipsoidal](/source/Ellipsoid) and often end in one or two small points; the outer wall is finely warted or ridged.[2]

[Asexual reproduction](/source/Asexual_reproduction) is limited to scattered [pycnidia](/source/Pycnidia) that release straight, rod-shaped [conidia](/source/Conidia). [Thin-layer chromatography](/source/Thin-layer_chromatography) usually detects no [secondary metabolites](/source/Secondary_metabolite), though some species contain [pannarin](/source/Pannarin), which produces an orange-red colour with the [para-phenylenediamine](/source/Para-phenylenediamine) (Pd) [spot test](/source/Spot_test_(lichen)).[2]

## Photobiont

Like most members of the Pannariaceae, species of *Pannaria* partner with filamentous, [nitrogen-fixing](/source/Nitrogen_fixation) cyanobacteria belonging to the genus *[Nostoc](/source/Nostoc)*. A [multilocus](/source/Genetic_locus) survey of 37 thalli representing 21 species showed that these are drawn from two broad *Nostoc* [lineages](/source/Lineage_(evolution)) previously known as the "*Nephroma* guild" and the "*Peltigera* guild"; the *Pannaria* sequences are scattered across both, with a gradual transition between them.[3]

[Host](/source/Host_(biology)) choice is flexible. (cyanobacteria-only) and (cyanobacteria plus green-algal) species do not segregate cleanly by : some tripartite southern-hemisphere taxa share identical *Nostoc* [strains](/source/Strain_(biology)) with [corticolous](/source/Corticolous_lichen) (bark-dwelling) bipartite species from both hemispheres, whereas other *Pannaria* species show marked selectivity, keeping to a narrow subset of strains. This breadth of associations contrasts with the tighter photobiont fidelity reported for genera such as *[Nephroma](/source/Nephroma)* and *[Peltigera](/source/Peltigera)*.[3]

## Ecology

Species of *Pannaria* grow mainly as [epiphytes](/source/Epiphyte) on the bark of trees in sheltered, humid forests. They are encountered far less often on shaded rocks or on thin, moss-covered soil, where the micro-climate is similarly cool and moist.[2]

## Species

As of July 2025, [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) (in the [Catalogue of Life](/source/Catalogue_of_Life)) accept 78 species of *Pannaria*:[4]

- *[Pannaria adpressa](/source/Pannaria_adpressa)*
- *[Pannaria aenea](/source/Pannaria_aenea)* [5]
- *[Pannaria andina](/source/Pannaria_andina)* [6]
- *[Pannaria allorhiza](/source/Pannaria_allorhiza)*
- *[Pannaria aotearoana](/source/Pannaria_aotearoana)* [7]
- *[Pannaria applanata](/source/Pannaria_applanata)* [8]
- *[Pannaria areolata](/source/Pannaria_areolata)*
- *[Pannaria asahinae](/source/Pannaria_asahinae)* [9]
- *[Pannaria athroophylla](/source/Pannaria_athroophylla)*
- *[Pannaria atrofumosa](/source/Pannaria_atrofumosa)*
- *[Pannaria auctorum](/source/Pannaria_auctorum)*
- *[Pannaria brasiliensis](/source/Pannaria_brasiliensis)*
- *[Pannaria byssoidea](/source/Pannaria_byssoidea)* [10]
- *[Pannaria caesiocinerea](/source/Pannaria_caesiocinerea)*
- *[Pannaria caespitosa](/source/Pannaria_caespitosa)* [11]
- *[Pannaria calophylla](/source/Pannaria_calophylla)* [12]
- *[Pannaria cameroonensis](/source/Pannaria_cameroonensis)*
- *[Pannaria carneopallens](/source/Pannaria_carneopallens)*
- *[Pannaria cassa](/source/Pannaria_cassa)*
- *[Pannaria centrifuga](/source/Pannaria_centrifuga)* [13]
- *[Pannaria cheirolepis](/source/Pannaria_cheirolepis)*
- *[Pannaria chilensis](/source/Pannaria_chilensis)*
- *[Pannaria cinerascens](/source/Pannaria_cinerascens)*
- *[Pannaria complanata](/source/Pannaria_complanata)* [14]
- *[Pannaria conoplea](/source/Pannaria_conoplea)*
- *[Pannaria contorta](/source/Pannaria_contorta)* [12]
- *[Pannaria craspedia](/source/Pannaria_craspedia)*
- *[Pannaria crenulata](/source/Pannaria_crenulata)* [15]
- *[Pannaria crispella](/source/Pannaria_crispella)*
- *[Pannaria crustata](/source/Pannaria_crustata)* [16]
- *[Pannaria decipiens](/source/Pannaria_decipiens)*
- *[Pannaria delicata](/source/Pannaria_delicata)* [17]
- *[Pannaria delisei](/source/Pannaria_delisei)*
- *[Pannaria dissecta](/source/Pannaria_dissecta)* [13]
- *[Pannaria durietzii](/source/Pannaria_durietzii)*
- *[Pannaria ekistophylla](/source/Pannaria_ekistophylla)*
- *[Pannaria elatior](/source/Pannaria_elatior)*
- *[Pannaria elegantior](/source/Pannaria_elegantior)* P.M.Jørg. (2003)[18]
- *[Pannaria elixii](/source/Pannaria_elixii)*
- *[Pannaria emodii](/source/Pannaria_emodii)* [14]
- *[Pannaria euphylla](/source/Pannaria_euphylla)*
- *[Pannaria exasperata](/source/Pannaria_exasperata)*
- *[Pannaria farinosa](/source/Pannaria_farinosa)* [19]
- *[Pannaria fimbriata](/source/Pannaria_fimbriata)* [13]
- *[Pannaria flabellata](/source/Pannaria_flabellata)* [20]
- *[Pannaria formosana](/source/Pannaria_formosana)* [14]
- *[Pannaria fulvescens](/source/Pannaria_fulvescens)*
- *[Pannaria fumbris](/source/Pannaria_fumbris)*
- *[Pannaria funebris](/source/Pannaria_funebris)*
- *[Pannaria gallowayi](/source/Pannaria_gallowayi)* [7]
- *[Pannaria glacialis](/source/Pannaria_glacialis)*
- *[Pannaria granulifera](/source/Pannaria_granulifera)*
- *[Pannaria globigera](/source/Pannaria_globigera)*
- *[Pannaria holospoda](/source/Pannaria_holospoda)*
- *[Pannaria hookeri](/source/Pannaria_hookeri)*
- *[Pannaria howeana](/source/Pannaria_howeana)* [21]
- *[Pannaria hypnorum](/source/Pannaria_hypnorum)*
- *[Pannaria immixta](/source/Pannaria_immixta)* [22]
- *[Pannaria implexa](/source/Pannaria_implexa)*
- *[Pannaria insularis](/source/Pannaria_insularis)* [9]
- *[Pannaria isidiosa](/source/Pannaria_isidiosa)* [23]
- *[Pannaria italica](/source/Pannaria_italica)*
- *[Pannaria japonica](/source/Pannaria_japonica)*
- *[Pannaria kantvilasii](/source/Pannaria_kantvilasii)*
- *[Pannaria kerguelensis](/source/Pannaria_kerguelensis)*
- *[Pannaria laciniata](/source/Pannaria_laciniata)*
- *[Pannaria laciniosa](/source/Pannaria_laciniosa)*
- *[Pannaria lanuginosa](/source/Pannaria_lanuginosa)*
- *[Pannaria lasiella](/source/Pannaria_lasiella)*
- *[Pannaria lepidophora](/source/Pannaria_lepidophora)*
- *[Pannaria leproloma](/source/Pannaria_leproloma)* [13]
- *[Pannaria limbata](/source/Pannaria_limbata)*
- *[Pannaria lobulifera](/source/Pannaria_lobulifera)* [24]
- *[Pannaria lurida](/source/Pannaria_lurida)*
- *[Pannaria luridula](/source/Pannaria_luridula)*
- *[Pannaria macrocarpa](/source/Pannaria_macrocarpa)*
- *[Pannaria malmei](/source/Pannaria_malmei)*
- *[Pannaria mangroviana](/source/Pannaria_mangroviana)* [13]
- *[Pannaria melanesica](/source/Pannaria_melanesica)*
- *[Pannaria melanotricha](/source/Pannaria_melanotricha)*
- *[Pannaria microphyllizans](/source/Pannaria_microphyllizans)* [13]
- *[Pannaria minutiphylla](/source/Pannaria_minutiphylla)* [25]
- *[Pannaria molkenboeri](/source/Pannaria_molkenboeri)*
- *[Pannaria molybdodes](/source/Pannaria_molybdodes)*
- *[Pannaria mosenii](/source/Pannaria_mosenii)*
- *[Pannaria multifida](/source/Pannaria_multifida)*
- *[Pannaria myrioloba](/source/Pannaria_myrioloba)*
- *[Pannaria neocaledonica](/source/Pannaria_neocaledonica)*
- *[Pannaria nilgherriensis](/source/Pannaria_nilgherriensis)*
- *[Pannaria obscura](/source/Pannaria_obscura)*
- *[Pannaria oregonensis](/source/Pannaria_oregonensis)* [26]
- *[Pannaria pannosa](/source/Pannaria_pannosa)*
- *[Pannaria papuana](/source/Pannaria_papuana)*
- *[Pannaria parmeliae](/source/Pannaria_parmeliae)*
- *[Pannaria patagonica](/source/Pannaria_patagonica)*
- *[Pannaria perfossa](/source/Pannaria_perfossa)*
- *[Pannaria phloeodes](/source/Pannaria_phloeodes)*
- *[Pannaria phyllidiata](/source/Pannaria_phyllidiata)*
- *[Pannaria placodioides](/source/Pannaria_placodioides)*
- *[Pannaria placodiopsis](/source/Pannaria_placodiopsis)*
- *[Pannaria planiuscula](/source/Pannaria_planiuscula)* [27]
- *[Pannaria prolifera](/source/Pannaria_prolifera)*
- *[Pannaria prolificans](/source/Pannaria_prolificans)*
- *[Pannaria pruinosa](/source/Pannaria_pruinosa)* [28]
- *[Pannaria pulverulacea](/source/Pannaria_pulverulacea)* [25]
- *[Pannaria pulvinula](/source/Pannaria_pulvinula)* [11]
- *[Pannaria pyxinoides](/source/Pannaria_pyxinoides)*
- *[Pannaria ramosii](/source/Pannaria_ramosii)* [29]
- *[Pannaria ramulosa](/source/Pannaria_ramulosa)* [14]
- *[Pannaria reflectens](/source/Pannaria_reflectens)*
- *[Pannaria rolfii](/source/Pannaria_rolfii)* [30]
- *[Pannaria romanoana](/source/Pannaria_romanoana)*
- *[Pannaria rubiginea](/source/Pannaria_rubiginea)*
- *[Pannaria rubiginella](/source/Pannaria_rubiginella)* [6]
- *[Pannaria rubiginosa](/source/Pannaria_rubiginosa)*
- *[Pannaria squamulosa](/source/Pannaria_squamulosa)* [27]
- *[Pannaria streimannii](/source/Pannaria_streimannii)* [21]
- *[Pannaria subcrustacea](/source/Pannaria_subcrustacea)* [13]
- *[Pannaria subfusca](/source/Pannaria_subfusca)* [31]
- *[Pannaria subrubiginosa](/source/Pannaria_subrubiginosa)* [32]
- *[Pannaria subsimilis](/source/Pannaria_subsimilis)*
- *[Pannaria superior](/source/Pannaria_superior)*
- *[Pannaria taylorii](/source/Pannaria_taylorii)*
- *[Pannaria tavaresii](/source/Pannaria_tavaresii)* [33]
- *[Pannaria tenuis](/source/Pannaria_tenuis)*
- *[Pannaria tetraspora](/source/Pannaria_tetraspora)*
- *[Pannaria thoroldii](/source/Pannaria_thoroldii)*
- *[Pannaria thraustolepis](/source/Pannaria_thraustolepis)*
- *[Pannaria tjibodensis](/source/Pannaria_tjibodensis)* [34]
- *[Pannaria vischii](/source/Pannaria_vischii)*
- *[Pannaria wrightiorum](/source/Pannaria_wrightiorum)*

## References

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