# Panjakent

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City in Sughd Region, Tajikistan

Place in Sughd Region, Tajikistan

Panjakent Панҷакент Пенджикент From the top to bottom-right, View over Panjakent, Entrance Sign to the City, Panjakent Bazaar, Monument in the City Centre Interactive map of Panjakent Panjakent Location of Panjakent Show map of Tajikistan Panjakent Panjakent (Central Asia) Show map of Central Asia Coordinates: 39°29′12″N 67°37′11″E / 39.486769°N 67.619734°E / 39.486769; 67.619734 Country Tajikistan Region Sughd Region Elevation [2] 996 m (3,268 ft) Population (2020)[1] • City 303,000 • Urban 52,500 Time zone UTC+5 Official languages Russian (Interethnic) Tajik (State)[3] UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor Criteria Cultural: ii, iii, v Reference 1675-006 Inscription 2023 (45th Session)

**Panjakent** ([Tajik](/source/Tajik_language): Панҷакент) or **Penjikent** ([Russian](/source/Russian_language): Пенджикент[a]) is a city in the [Sughd](/source/Sughd) province of [Tajikistan](/source/Tajikistan) on the river [Zeravshan](/source/Zeravshan_(river)), with a population of 52,500 (2020 estimate). It was once an ancient town in [Sogdiana](/source/Sogdiana). The ruins of the old town are on the outskirts of the modern city. The [Sarazm Important Bird Area](/source/Sarazm_Important_Bird_Area) lies downstream of the city on the [tugay](/source/Tugay)-vegetated [floodplain](/source/Floodplain) of the river.

## History

Ancient Panjakent was a small but flourishing town of the [Sogdians](/source/Sogdians) in pre-Islamic Central Asia. It was known as Panchekanth.[4] The ethnic and territorial name "Soghd/Soghdian" or Sughd/Sughdian was mentioned in history as early as the Iranian [Achaemenid dynasty](/source/Achaemenid_dynasty) (6th century BC). The Achaemenids founded several city-states, as well as cities along the ancient [Silk Road](/source/Silk_Road) and in the [Zarafshan](/source/Zeravshan_River) valley.

[Caryatid](/source/Caryatid), 7th–8th century. From Panjakent, Tajikistan.

The town grew in the 5th century AD and many professionals such as established businessmen and landowners made their livelihoods in Panjakent. In AD 722, [Arab Muslims](/source/Rashidun_Caliphate) forces besieged and took the town. The last ruler of the town [Divashtich](/source/Divashtich) fled into upper Zarafshan but he was captured and sentenced to death. For around 50 years, ancient Panjakent was ruled by new administrators but towards the end of the 8th century the town on the upper terraces was depopulated and relocated. Many ancient ruins of the old city, particularly the city architecture and works of art remain today.

The Sogdians settled in a number of the city states Zeravashan alley and the surrounding oases clustered mostly around the Samarkand. Those city states had a strong rivalry between themselves, with their own traditions rules and ruling families, creating a very decentralised political system. Similarly the city of Panjakent was located around 90 km away from Samarkand and was a vassal state to Samarkand though it still had a vibrant and prosperous economy.[5]

Numerous records of a Penjikent rulership, written in [Sogdian](/source/Sogdian_alphabet), were located not far of Penjikent on Mount Mug. Through their reading of these texts, the public of Central Asia in the 8th century will judge on social, economic and political life.[6]

Ruins of ancient Penjikent in Tajikistan.[39°29′17″N 67°36′58″E / 39.488°N 67.616°E / 39.488; 67.616](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panjakent&params=39.488_N_67.616_E_)

According to Arab geographers, Panjakent in the 10th century had a formal Friday [mosque](/source/Mosque) that distinguished the place as a town from a village. It was the easternmost city of Soghd, and became well known for its [walnuts](/source/Walnut).[7]

Russian archaeologist [Boris Marshak](/source/Boris_Marshak) spent more than fifty years [excavating](/source/Excavation_(archaeology)) the ruins at Panjakent.[8] He remained there even after Tajik independence as director of the excavation of the Panjakent ruins, during the years of [Civil War in Tajikistan](/source/Civil_War_in_Tajikistan) from 1992 to 1997. Through close cooperation with the [government of Tajikistan](/source/Government_of_Tajikistan), Marshak ensured the protection and continued excavation of the Panjakent ruins.

### Ancient murals and artifacts

Main article: [Penjikent murals](/source/Penjikent_murals)

Numerous murals were recovered from the site of Panjikent, and many of them are now on display in the [Hermitage Museum](/source/Hermitage_Museum) and in the [National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan](/source/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_of_Tajikistan) in [Dushanbe](/source/Dushanbe). A great variety influences are visible in the paintings, which show details of dress and daily life: Greek decorative styles encounter the Iranian narratives of the [Shahnameh](/source/Shahnameh) and the epic cycle of [Rostam](/source/Rostam), scenes of festivities alternate with depictions of combats, local cults mix with Iranian and [Hindu](/source/Hindu) deities. [Shaivism](/source/Shaivism) was popular in Sogdiana and Eastern Turkestan as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan. In this depiction, [Shiva](/source/Shiva) is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread ("Yajnopavita"). He is clad in a tigerskin while his attendants are wearing Sogdian dress. There is a depiction of him four-legged seated cross-legged on a cushioned seat supported by two bulls.

The production of paintings started in the 5th century AD and stopped in 722 AD with the invasion of the [Abbasid Caliphate](/source/Abbasid_Caliphate), and many works of art were damaged or destroyed at that time.[9][10]

		- Chinese-style coinage of the rulers of Penjikent, Tajikistan, 7-8th century CE

		- She-wolf suckling two infants ("[Romulus and Remus](/source/Romulus_and_Remus)"), Penjikent, 5th century CE, [National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan](/source/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_of_Tajikistan) (KP 208–243).[11]

		- *[Uma-Maheshvara](/source/Uma%E2%80%93Maheshvara)*: [ithyphallic](/source/Ithyphallic) [Shiva](/source/Shiva) with spouse [Uma](/source/Uma_(goddess)) riding the bull [Nandi](/source/Nandi_(mythology)), Penjikent Temple II, 690-722 CE, [National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan](/source/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_of_Tajikistan) (60).[12]

		- Penjikent, figures with halos, [Hermitage Museum](/source/Hermitage_Museum)

		- Men banquet, pigment on plaster. Pendjikent, Tajikistan

		- Panjikent mural (6th-7th century AD). [Hermitage Museum](/source/Hermitage_Museum)

		- Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries AD. [Hermitage Museum](/source/Hermitage_Museum)

		- Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries AD. [National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan](/source/National_Museum_of_Antiquities_of_Tajikistan)

		- Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries AD

		- [Shiva](/source/Shiva) with [Trisula](/source/Trisula). Penjikent 7th–8th century AD. [Hermitage Museum](/source/Hermitage_Museum)

		- Lion and Goddess [Nana](/source/Nana_(Bactrian_goddess)), Penjikent, 6th-8th c AD

		- Multi-armed deity in armour

## Geography

### Climate

Panjakent bazaar

Panjakent has a [hot summer humid continental climate](/source/Humid_continental_climate#Hot_summer_subtype) ([Köppen climate classification](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification) *Dsa*). The warmest month is July and the coldest month is January. The average annual precipitation is 364.9 mm (14.37 in) and has an average of 108 days with precipitation. The wettest month is April with an average of 73.1 mm (2.88 in) of precipitation and the driest month is August with an average of 2.7 mm (0.11 in) of precipitation.

Climate data for Kulob (1961-1990 normals) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.6 (42.1) 7.3 (45.1) 12.5 (54.5) 19.4 (66.9) 24.5 (76.1) 30.6 (87.1) 32.8 (91.0) 31.3 (88.3) 26.7 (80.1) 19.9 (67.8) 14.0 (57.2) 8.7 (47.7) 19.4 (67.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.8 (23.4) −3.3 (26.1) 2.0 (35.6) 7.5 (45.5) 11.6 (52.9) 15.6 (60.1) 17.3 (63.1) 15.3 (59.5) 10.9 (51.6) 6.1 (43.0) 1.9 (35.4) −1.8 (28.8) 6.5 (43.8) Average precipitation mm (inches) 38.1 (1.50) 36.9 (1.45) 61.6 (2.43) 73.1 (2.88) 44.4 (1.75) 5.5 (0.22) 7.4 (0.29) 2.7 (0.11) 6.6 (0.26) 26.8 (1.06) 25.0 (0.98) 36.8 (1.45) 364.9 (14.38) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12 13 15 15 12 5 4 3 3 8 8 10 108 Source: WMO[13]

## Subdivisions

Before ca. 2018, Panjakent was the seat of [Panjakent District](/source/Panjakent_District), which covered the rural part of the present city of Panjakent.[14] The city of Panjakent covers Panjakent proper and fourteen [jamoats](/source/Jamoats_of_Tajikistan).[1] These are as follows:[15]

Jamoat Population (Jan. 2015)[15] Amondara 13,380 Chinor 6,879 Farob 8,650 Khalifa Hassan 14,728 Khurmi 10,451 Kosatarosh 18,986 Loiq Sherali 18,675 Moghiyon 19,553 Rudaki 18,465 Sarazm 27,877 Shing 10,873 Sujina 12,285 Voru 12,347 Yori 19,045

## Notable people

The [Rudaki](/source/Rudaki) Tomb of Panjakent

- [Nigina Amonkulova](/source/Nigina_Amonkulova), folk singer[16]

- [Khayrinisso Yusufi](/source/Khayrinisso_Yusufi), vice-premier of Tajikistan, member of the [Assembly of Representatives](/source/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Tajikistan)).[17]

- [Otakhon Latifi](/source/Otakhon_Latifi) ([Tajik](/source/Tajik_language): Отахон Латифи) (1936–1998), was a noted journalist and politician[18]

- [Yaqub Beg](/source/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar), leader of Uighur state of [Yettishar](/source/Yettishar) during the [Dungan Revolt](/source/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)) against the [Qing dynasty](/source/Qing_dynasty) in years 1865–1877[19][*[circular reference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it)*]

- [Rustem Umierov](/source/Rustem_Umierov) (b. 1982), Ukrainian Crimean Tatar politician

## See also

- [List of cities in Tajikistan](/source/List_of_cities_in_Tajikistan)

- [Rudaki Republican Museum of Regional History, Panjakent](/source/Rudaki_Republican_Museum_of_Regional_History%2C_Panjakent)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Also spelled or romanized as **Pendzhikent**, **Penjikent**, **Panjekent**, **Panjikent**, etc.

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-pop2020_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-pop2020_1-1) ["Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 2020"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210601101228/http://stat.ww.tj/posts/July2020/macmua_20201.pdf) (PDF) (in Russian). Statistics office of Tajikistan. Archived from [the original](http://stat.ww.tj/posts/July2020/macmua_20201.pdf) (PDF) on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-weatherbase_2-0)** ["Climate of Panjakent"](http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=605194&cityname=Panjakent%2C+Viloyati+Sughd%2C+Tajikistan&units=metric). *Weatherbase.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140808143356/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=605194&cityname=Panjakent%2C+Viloyati+Sughd%2C+Tajikistan&units=metric) from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Конституция Республики Таджикистан"](http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html). *prokuratura.tj*. Parliament of Tajikistan. Retrieved 9 January 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Gorgâni, Tirdâd. ["Welcome to Penjakent"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090728164550/http://geocities.com/panjikent/). Geocities. Archived from [the original](http://www.geocities.com/panjikent/) on 2009-07-28. Retrieved July 23, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Powell, Eric A. "A Silk Road Renaissance." *Archaeology* 73, no. 4 (2020): 36–41. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27056725.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Panjikent"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210506053839/https://samarkandtours.com/tajikistan/penjikent/). Archived from [the original](https://samarkandtours.com/tajikistan/penjikent/) on May 6, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Marshak, B.I. ["Panjikant"](http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/panjikant). [Encyclopædia Iranica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151116230147/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/panjikant) from the original on 2015-11-16. Retrieved 2011-08-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Shkoda, V. (October 2003). ["Marshak's Bibliography and CV"](http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/bibliography_marshak.html). Transoxiana Webfestschrift Series I. [Transoxiana: Journal Libre de Estudios Orientales](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transoxiana:_Journal_Libre_de_Estudios_Orientales&action=edit&redlink=1). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070101081758/http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/bibliography_marshak.html) from the original on 2007-01-01. Retrieved 2006-10-14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Panjikant – Encyclopaedia Iranica"](https://iranicaonline.org/articles/panjikant). *iranicaonline.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Compareti, Matteo (2012). ["Classical elements in Sogdian art: Aesop's fables represented in the mural paintings at Penjikent"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283346297). *Iranica Antiqua*. **XLVII**: 303–316.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** *Tadjikistan: au pays des fleuves d'or*. Paris, Gand: Musée Guimet, Snoek. 2021. p. 133. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-94-6161-627-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6161-627-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** *Tadjikistan: au pays des fleuves d'or*. Paris, Gand: Musée Guimet, Snoek. 2021. p. 164. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-94-6161-627-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6161-627-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["World Weather Information Service - Penjikent"](https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=600059). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 23 October 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pop2015_15-0)** ["Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 2015"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150702021130/http://www.stat.tj/ru/img/65a709121baf8a64bf15d33f398aafde_1435736807.pdf) (PDF) (in Russian). Statistics office of Tajikistan. Archived from [the original](http://www.stat.tj/ru/img/65a709121baf8a64bf15d33f398aafde_1435736807.pdf) (PDF) on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-jambi_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-jambi_16-1) [Jamoat-level basic indicators](http://untj.org/jambi-project/index.php/maps-statistics/demography), United Nations Development Programme in Tajikistan, accessed 3 October 2020

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Nigina Amonkulova (Amonqulova)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220331074538/http://life.ansor.info/en/nigina-amonkulova-amonqulova/). *life.ansor.info*. Archived from [the original](http://life.ansor.info/en/nigina-amonkulova-amonqulova/) on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2020-12-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AbdullaevAkbarzaheh2010_18-0)** Kamoludin Abdullaev; Shahram Akbarzaheh (27 April 2010). [*Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5xgFRuYPUC). Scarecrow Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8108-7379-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7379-7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140531083610/http://books.google.com/books?id=PB5xgFRuYPUC) from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Opposition-Chief-Dies"](https://apnews.com/07b7e2ea4f1d7c9616081cb8af655992). *[Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072559/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1998/Opposition-Chief-Dies-in-Tajikistan/id-07b7e2ea4f1d7c9616081cb8af655992) from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2018-01-02.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Yaqub Beg"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_Beg).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Panjakent](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Panjakent).

- [Panjakent](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Panjakent#Q630805) travel guide from Wikivoyage

[39°30′N 67°37′E / 39.500°N 67.617°E / 39.500; 67.617](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panjakent&params=39_30_N_67_37_E_region:TJ_type:city)

v t e Largest cities or towns in Tajikistan Tajikistan Statistics Agency Rank Name Region Pop. 1 Dushanbe Dushanbe 1,201,800 2 Khujand Sughd 198,700 3 Bokhtar Khatlon 126,700 4 Kulob Khatlon 105,800 5 Istaravshan Sughd 64,300 6 Tursunzoda Districts of Republican Subordination 57,800 7 Isfara Sughd 54,900 8 Vahdat Districts of Republican Subordination 54,400 9 Konibodom Sughd 54,400 10 Panjakent Sughd 43,800

v t e Sughd Region Capital: Khujand Cities Buston Guliston Isfara Istaravshan Istiqlol Khujand Konibodom Panjakent City subdivisions Buston City: Buston Town: Palos Guliston City: Guliston Towns: Adrasmon Choruqdayrron Konsoy Navgarzan Sirdaryo Zarnisor Isfara City: Isfara Towns: Naftobod Nurafshon Shurab Jamoats: Chilgazi Chorku Khonabad Kulkand Lakkon Navgilem Shahrak Surkh Vorukh Istaravshan City: Istaravshan Jamoats: Chorbogh Guli Surkh Javkandak Nijoni Nofaroj Poshkent Qal'achai Kalon Qalaibaland Sabriston Zarhalol Istiqlol City: Istiqlol Khujand City: Khujand Konibodom City: Konibodom Jamoats: Hamrabaev Lohuti Ortikov Patar Pulatan Sharipov Panjakent City: Panjakent Jamoats: Amondara Chinor Farob Khalifa Hassan Khurmi Kosatarosh Loiq Sherali Moghiyon Rudaki Sarazm Shing Sujina Voru Yori Districts Asht Ayni Devashtich Ghafurov Jabbor Rasulov Kuhistoni Mastchoh Mastchoh Shahriston Spitamen Zafarobod District subdivisions Asht Town: Shaydon Jamoats: Asht Iftikhor Mehrobod Oriyon Oshoba Ponghoz Punuk Shodoba Ayni Town: Zarafshan Jamoats: Anzob Ayni Dardar Fondaryo Rarz Shamtuch Urmetan Devashtich Town: Ghonchi Jamoats: Dalyoni Bolo Gazantarak Ismoili Somoni Mujum Rosrovut Vahdat Yakhtan Ghafurov Town: Ghafurov Jamoats: Chashmasor Dadoboy Kholmatov Goziyon Haidar Usmonov Isfisor Ismoil Khistevarz Ovchi Kalacha Unji Yova Zarzamin Jabbor Rasulov Town: Mehrobod Jamoats: Dehmoy Ghulakandoz Gulkhona Hayoti Nav Somoniyon Kuhistoni Mastchoh Jamoats: Ivan-Tojik Langar Mastchoh Towns: Buston Obshoron Sughdiyon Jamoats: Mastchoh Navbahor Obburdon Paldorak Shahriston Jamoats: Bunjikat Shahriston Spitamen Town: Navkat Jamoats: Istiqlol Khurramzamin Kurush Sarband Tagoyak Tursun Uljaboev Zafarobod Towns: Homid Aliev Mehnatobod Zafarobod Jamoats: Jomi Ravshan

Authority control databases International VIAF GND National United States Israel Other Yale LUX

v t e History of Central Asia Polities Mal'ta–Buret' culture Yamnaya culture Afanasievo culture Sintashta culture Vakhsh culture Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex Saka Andronovo culture Tagar culture Uyuk culture Pazyryk culture Massagetae Median Empire Achaemenid Empire Macedonian Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Guiyi Circuit Yuezhi Xiongnu Kushan Empire Kushano-Sasanians Kidarites Alchon Huns Hephthalites Tocharians Ustrushana Khuttal Ferghana First Turkic Khaganate Western Turks Tang dynasty (Anxi Protectorate) Ikhshids of Sogdia Tokhara Yabghus Turk Shahis Oghuz Yabgus Second Turkic Khaganate Uyghur Khaganate Abbasid Caliphate Tahirid dynasty Saffarid dynasty Samanids Ma'munids Farighunids Ghaznavids Great Seljuq Empire Ghurid Empire Khwarazmian Empire Mongol Empire Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Ilkhanate Sufi dynasty Kart dynasty Timurid Empire Principality of Fergana Khanate of Bukhara Durrani Empire Khanate of Khiva Chinese Turkestan Russian Turkestan Soviet Central Asia Chinese Central Asia Culture Central Asian art Silk Road Silk Road transmission of art Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Serindian art Central Asians in ancient Indian literature Archaeology Southern Russia Sintashta Arzhan kurgan Pazyryk burials Salbyk kurgan Filippovka kurgans Western China Bulayïq Kucha Kizil Caves Kizilgaha Caves Kumtura Caves Subashi Temple Dunhuang Miran Niya Rawak Mogao Caves Tumshuq Bezeklik Caves Dunhuang Caves Loulan Khotan Kashgar Beshbalik Mongolia Noin-Ula burial site Kazakhstan Begash Issyk kurgan Jankent Karsakpay inscription Kerderi Krasnyi Yar Merke Turkic Sanctuaries Otrar Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen Petrovka settlement Boralday Sawran Semiyarka Shilikty Steppe Geoglyphs Sumbe Talapty Settlement Turkistan (city) Urpek Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi Araltobe kurgan Kyrgyzstan Aigyr-Zhal 2 Balasagun Burana Tower Issyk-Kul Koshoy Korgon Manas Ordo Navekat Özgön Shakh Fazil Suyab Tash Rabat Uzbekistan Afrasiyab Akchakhan-Kala Akhsikath Ancient Pap Ayaz-Kala Balalyk Tepe Burchmulla Dalverzin Tepe Desert castles of ancient Khorezm Fayaz Tepe Guldursun-Kala Hazorasp Itchan Kala Kafir-kala Kampir Tepe Kara Tepe Khalchayan Khiva Koi Krylgan Kala Koktepe Kyzyl-Kala Obi-Rakhmat Grotto Poykent Sarmishsay Shahrukhiya Siypantosh Rock Paintings Tavka Kurgan Toprak-Kala Varakhsha Zarautsoy Rock Paintings Tajikistan Bunjikat Penjikent Ajina Tepe Cyropolis Kafir-kala Sarazm Takht-i Kuwad Takht-i Sangin Kalai Kafirnigan Turkmenistan Cave of Dzhebel Abiward Altyndepe Anau culture Anau Dev-Kesken Gonur Depe Jeitun Konye-Urgench Kutlug Timur Minaret Merv Monjukli Depe Namazga-Tepe Nisa Togolok Ulug Depe Afghanistan Tepe Fullol Ai-Khanoum Dilberjin Tepe Hadda Tapa Shotor Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Shotorak Paitava Bimaran Tapa-i Kafariha Mes Aynak Fondukistan Khair Khaneh Tapa Sardar Tepe Narenj Takht-e Rostam Tepe Fullol Tillya Tepe Yemshi Tepe Alexandria Prophthasia Aq Kupruk Asqalan Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex Buddhas of Bamiyan Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa Darra-e Kur Dasht-e Nawar Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan Firozkoh Gawhar Shad Mausoleum Haji Piyada Khair Khaneh Mundigak Musalla Complex Nagara Qala-i-Jangi Rag-i-Bibi Surkh Kotal Iran Bandian complex Mount Khajeh Shahr-e Sukhteh Artifacts Sokh snakes Orlat plaques Hephthalite silver bowl Chilek silver bowl Gardez Ganesha Mogao Christian painting Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho Penjikent murals Sampul tapestry Sogdian Daēnās Oxus Treasure Bimaran Casket Buddhas of Bamiyan Kabul hoard Aramaic Inscription of Laghman Kandahar Aramaic inscription Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka Afrasiab murals Stamp seal (BM 119999) Seal of Khingila Siberian Ice Maiden Ai-Khanoum plaque Saksanokhur gold buckle Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum) Siberian Collection of Peter the Great Silver Deer and Golden Crown of Bilge Qaghan

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