# Pandanus language > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Pandanus_language > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Pandanus_language.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanus_language > Source revision: 1330659201 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Special language used in Papua New Guinea [Karuka](/source/Karuka) nuts (*Pandanus julianettii*) A **pandanus language** is an elaborate [avoidance language](/source/Avoidance_language) among several of the peoples of the eastern [New Guinea Highlands](/source/New_Guinea_Highlands), used when collecting *[Pandanus](/source/Pandanus)* nuts. ## Use Annually, people camp in the forest to harvest and cook the [nuts](/source/Nut_(fruit)) of [karuka](/source/Karuka) (both *[Pandanus julianettii](/source/Pandanus_julianettii)* and *[Pandanus brosimos](/source/Pandanus_brosimos)*). Many normal words are thought to be unhealthy for the plants, as they carry associations inimical to the proper growth of the nuts. An elaborate [vocabulary](/source/Vocabulary) of up to a thousand words and phrases has developed to replace the [taboo](/source/Taboo) vocabulary. The new vocabulary focuses on words involved with trips to harvest karuka nuts, and changes as words become known outside an area.[1] The language is often spoken to control the claimed magical properties of the higher elevations where the karuka grows, and to placate dangerous [nature spirits](/source/Nature_spirit) like *Kita-Menda* (also called *Giluwe yelkepo*),[2] the ritual keeper of the [feral](/source/Free-ranging_dog) [dogs](/source/New_Guinea_singing_dog). *Pandanus* language generally should never be used outside the area where the trees grow, for fear of mountain spirits hearing it and coming down to investigate.[1] All ages and genders are expected to know the ritual language before entering the taboo areas, but outsiders who do not know the language may be allowed to speak [Tok Pisin](/source/Tok_Pisin) instead.[1] As Tok Pisin has become more widely spoken in the area, *Pandanus* languages have been spoken less. Newer generations also seem to be less afraid of the deep forest, and do not see much need for the protective talk. The Kewa and Imbongu pandanus languages were thought to be dying out already by the 1990s.[2] ## Structure The grammar and vocabulary of pandanus language is based on the mother tongue, but a restricted and consolidated form, especially for names of living organisms.[1] Often words are grouped into umbrella terms which do not have an equivalent concept in ordinary speech. *Pandanus* language words can also be [loanwords](/source/Loanword) from other languages.[3] 'Karuka,' as a term, is not treated consistently across all *Pandanus* languages. For example, in ordinary [Kewa language](/source/Kewa_language) it is *aga*,[4][5][1] but in the Kewa *Pandanus* language it is *rumala agaa*.[1][2] Conversely, in both ordinary [Kalam language](/source/Kalam_language) and its *Pandanus* register, the word is the same: *alŋaw*.[3] ## Languages with *Pandanus* registers *Pandanus* [registers](/source/Register_(sociolinguistics)) have been best documented for: - [Imbongu](/source/Imbongu)[1][2] - [Kalam](/source/Kalam_language)[3][1][2] - [Kewa](/source/Kewa_language)[1][2] - [Kobon](/source/Kobon_language)[3] - [Melpa](/source/Melpa_language)[1][2] - [Mendi](/source/Angal_language)[1][2] - [Taiap](/source/Taiap_language)[3] The Kalam *Pandanus* language, called *alŋaw mnm* (*pandanus language*) or *ask-mosk mnm* (*avoidance language*), is also used when eating or cooking [cassowary](/source/Cassowary),[6] as opposed to speaking *monmon mnm* (*ordinary/free language*). It is not spoken out of fear of spirits, but to prevent the nuts from being watery, tough, or rotten; or in the case for cassowaries, to show respect to the bird. Kalam *Pandanus* language may also be used outside the forest without *penalty* unlike other versions. This register is possibly thousands of years old, and may be inspired by older Pandanus languages.[3] The [Huli language](/source/Huli_language) has an avoidance register called *tayenda tu ha illili* (*bush divide taboo*) used for collecting *Pandanus* as well as hunting or traveling. *Tayenda*, like many of the above, is used to evade malevolent bush spirits.[7] ## Citations 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Franklin_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Franklin_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Franklin_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Franklin_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Franklin_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Franklin_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Franklin_1-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Franklin_1-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Franklin_1-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-Franklin_1-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-Franklin_1-10) Franklin, Karl J. (September 1972). "A Ritual Pandanus Language of New Guinea". *Oceania*. **43** (1): 66–76. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/j.1834-4461.1972.tb01197.x](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1972.tb01197.x). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [883021898](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883021898). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Stefaniw_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Stefaniw_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Stefaniw_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Stefaniw_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Stefaniw_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Stefaniw_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Stefaniw_2-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Stefaniw_2-7) Franklin, Karl J.; Stefaniw, Roman (1992). ["The 'Pandanus Languages' of the Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea – a further report"](https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145785/1/PL-C120.pdf) (PDF). In [Dutton, Tom](/source/Tom_Dutton_(linguist)) (ed.). *Culture change, language change – case studies from Melanesia*. Pacific Linguistics. Vol. C-120. Canberra: Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY. pp. 1–6. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.15144/PL-C120.1](https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C120.1). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0858834118](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0858834118). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0078-7558](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0078-7558). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [260177442](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260177442). Retrieved 25 October 2018. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Pawley_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Pawley_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Pawley_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Pawley_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Pawley_3-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Pawley_3-5) [Pawley, Andrew](/source/Andrew_Pawley) (1992). "Kalam Pandanus Language: An Old New Guinea Experiment in Language Engineering". In Dutton, Tom E.; [Ross, Malcolm](/source/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)); [Tryon, Darrell](/source/Darrell_Tryon) (eds.). *The Language Game: Papers in Memory of Donald C. Laycock*. Pacific Linguistics Series C. Vol. 110. Memory of [Donald C. Laycock](/source/Donald_Laycock). Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. 313–334. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0858834006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858834006). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0078-7558](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0078-7558). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [222981840](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/222981840). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lim_4-0)** Lim, Tong Kwee (2012). "Pandanus julianettii". *Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants*. Vol. 4. Springer. pp. 128–130. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_17](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-4053-2_17). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-94-007-4053-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4053-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [822591349](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/822591349). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-French_5-0)** [French, Bruce R.](/source/Bruce_French_(agricultural_scientist)) (1982). [*Growing food in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea*](https://docplayer.net/42672690-Growing-food-in-the-southern-highlands-province-of-papua-new-guinea-bruce-r-french.html) (PDF). AFTSEMU (Agricultural Field Trials, Surveys, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit) of the World Bank funded project in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. pp. 64–71. Retrieved 20 September 2018. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Majnep_6-0)** Majnep, Ian Saem; [Bulmer, Ralph](/source/Ralph_Bulmer) (1977). *Birds of my Kalam Country* [*Mn̄mon Yad Kalam Yakt*]. illustrations by Christopher Healey. New Zealand: Auckland University Press. pp. 150, 152. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780196479538](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780196479538). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [251862814](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/251862814). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Goldman_7-0)** Goldman, Laurence (1983). ["Talking about talk"](https://archive.org/details/talkneverdieslan0000gold/page/254). *Talk Never Dies: The Language of Huli Disputes*. London and New York: Tavistock Publications. pp. [254–257](https://archive.org/details/talkneverdieslan0000gold/page/254). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0422782104](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0422782104). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [993340993](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993340993). ## References - Ulrich Ammon, 2006. *Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 3: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society/Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Wissenschaft Von Sprache und Gesellschaft*, p. 2042. - William Foley, 1986. *The Papuan Languages of New Guinea*, p. 43. ## See also - [Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant](/source/Korean_ginseng-harvesters'_cant) --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pandanus language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanus_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanus_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.