# Palatine Hill

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Centremost of the seven hills of Rome, Italy

Palatine Hill One of the seven hills of Rome Latin name Palatium; Collis Palatinus Italian name Palatino Rione Campitelli Buildings Flavian Palace People Cicero, Augustus, Tiberius, Domitian Events Finding of Romulus and Remus Ancient Roman religion Temple of Apollo Palatinus, Temple of Cybele, Lupercalia, Secular Games Mythological figures Romulus and Remus, Faustulus

 View of the Palatine Hill from across the Circus Maximus

A schematic map of Rome showing the seven hills and the [Servian Wall](/source/Servian_Wall)

The **Palatine Hill** ([/ˈpælətaɪn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*PAL-ə-tyne*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key); [Classical Latin](/source/Classical_Latin_language): *Palatium*;[1] [New Latin](/source/New_Latin_language): *Collis/Mons Palatinus*; [Italian](/source/Italian_language): *Palatino* [\[palaˈtiːno\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian)), which relative to the [seven hills of Rome](/source/Seven_hills_of_Rome) is the centremost, is one of the most ancient parts of the city; it has been called "the first nucleus of the [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire)".[2] The site is now mainly a large open-air museum and the [Palatine Museum](/source/Palatine_Museum) houses many finds from the excavations here and from other ancient Italian sites.

Imperial palaces were built there, starting with [Augustus](/source/Augustus). Before imperial times the hill was mostly occupied by the houses of the rich.

The hill originally had two summits separated by a depression: the higher summit was called *Palatium*; the lower *Germalus* (or *Cermalus*). Using the [Forma Urbis](/source/Forma_Urbis_Romae) its perimeter enclosed 63 acres (25 ha); while the Regionary Catalogues of the 4th century enclose 131 acres (53 ha).[3]

## Etymology

According to [Livy](/source/Livy)[4] (59 BC – AD 17) the Palatine hill got its name from the [Arcadian](/source/Arcadia_(ancient_region)) settlers from [Pallantium](/source/Pallantium), named from its founder [Pallas, son of Lycaon](/source/Pallas_of_Arcadia). More likely, it is derived from the noun *palātum* "palate"; [Ennius](/source/Ennius) uses it once for the "heaven", and it may be connected with the [Etruscan](/source/Etruscan_language) word for sky, *falad*.[5]

The name of the hill is the [etymological](/source/Etymology) origin of the word *[palace](/source/Palace)* and its cognates in other languages ([Greek](/source/Greek_language): *παλάτιον*, [Italian](/source/Italian_language): *palazzo*, [French](/source/French_language): *palais*, [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *palacio*, [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language): *paço* and *palácio*, [German](/source/German_language): *Pfalz* and *Palast*, [Czech](/source/Czech_language): *palác*, [Croatian](/source/Croatian_language): *palača*, etc.).[6]

The Palatine Hill is also the [etymological](/source/Etymology) origin (via the Latin adjective *[palatinus](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palatinus)*) of "[palatine](/source/Palatine)", a 16th-century English adjective that originally signified something pertaining to the Caesar's palace, or someone who is invested with the king's authority. Later its use shifted to a reference to the [German Palatinate](/source/German_Palatinate).[7] The office of the German [count palatine](/source/Count_palatine) (*Pfalzgraf*) had its origins in the *comes palatinus*, an earlier office in [Merovingian](/source/Merovingian) and [Carolingian](/source/Carolingian) times.[8]

Another modern English word, "[paladin](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paladin)", came into usage to refer to any distinguished knight (especially one of the [Twelve Peers of Charlemagne](/source/Paladin)) under Charlemagne in late renditions of the [Matter of France](/source/Matter_of_France).[a][9]

## Mythology

According to [Roman mythology](/source/Roman_mythology), the Palatine Hill was the location of the cave, known as the [Lupercal](/source/Lupercal), where [Romulus and Remus](/source/Romulus_and_Remus) were found by the [she-wolf](/source/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)) Lupa that kept them alive. This is also the hill on which the adult Romulus chose to found the city, and where he murdered his brother Remus. This ritualistic murder on the Palatine formed an important part of Roman identity and the mythological origins of the [Pomerium](/source/Pomerium).

Another legend occurring on the Palatine is [Hercules](/source/Hercules)' defeat of [Cacus](/source/Cacus) after the monster had stolen some cattle. Hercules struck Cacus with his characteristic club so hard that it formed a cleft on the southeast corner of the hill, where later a staircase bearing the name of Cacus was constructed.[10]

## History

Palaces on the Palatine

Palatine Hill from the Colosseum

Massive [retaining walls](/source/Retaining_wall) extended the area on the Palatine available for the Imperial building complex.

Rome has its origins on the Palatine. Excavations show that people have lived in the area since the 10th century BC.[11] Excavations performed on the hill in 1907 and again in 1948 unearthed a collection of huts believed to have been used for funerary purposes between the 9th and 7th century BC approximating the time period when the city of Rome was founded.[12]

Pallantium was an ancient city near the [Tiber](/source/Tiber) river on the Italian peninsula. [Roman mythology](/source/Roman_mythology), as recounted in [Virgil](/source/Virgil)'s *[Aeneid](/source/Aeneid)* for example, states that the city was founded by [Evander of Pallene](/source/Evander_of_Pallene) and other ancient Greeks sometime previous to the [Trojan War](/source/Trojan_War). In addition, [Dionysius of Halicarnassus](/source/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus) writes that Romans say that the city was founded by Greeks from [Pallantium](/source/Pallantium_(Arcadia)) of [Arcadia](/source/Arcadia_(ancient_region)), about sixty years before the Trojan war and the leader was Evander. The myth of the city's origin was significant in ancient Roman mythology because Pallantium became one of the cities that was merged later into [ancient Rome](/source/Ancient_Rome), thereby tying Rome's origins to the ancient Greek heroes. Other cities in the area were founded by various [Italic tribes](/source/Italic_tribes).

Virgil states that Evander named the city in honor of his ancestor, Pallas, although [Pausanias](/source/Pausanias_(geographer)) as well as Dionysius of Halicarnassus say that Evander's birth city was Pallantium, and thus he named the new city after the one in Arcadia. Dionysius of Halicarnassus also mention that some writers, including [Polybius of Megalopolis](/source/Polybius_of_Megalopolis), say that the town was named after Pallas, who was the son of [Heracles](/source/Heracles) and Lavinia, the daughter of Evander, and when he died his grandfather raised a tomb to him on the hill and called the place Pallantium, after him.

According to [Livy](/source/Livy), after the immigration of the [Sabines](/source/Sabines) and the [Albans](/source/Alba_Longa) to Rome, the original Romans lived on the Palatine.[13] The Palatine Hill was also the site of the ancient festival of the [Lupercalia](/source/Lupercalia).

Many affluent Romans of the [Republican period](/source/Roman_Republic) (c. 509 BC – 44 BC) had their residences there.

From the start of the [Empire](/source/Roman_Empire) (27 BC) [Augustus](/source/Augustus) built his [palace](/source/House_of_Augustus) there and the hill gradually became the exclusive domain of emperors; the ruins of the palaces of at least [Augustus](/source/Augustus) (27 BC – 14 AD), [Tiberius](/source/Tiberius) (14–37 AD) and [Domitian](/source/Domitian) (81–96 AD) can still be seen.

Augustus also built a [temple to Apollo](/source/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus) here.

The [Great Fire of Rome](/source/Great_Fire_of_Rome) in AD 64 destroyed Nero's palace, the [Domus Transitoria](/source/Domus_Transitoria), but he replaced it by AD 69 with the even larger [Domus Aurea](/source/Domus_Aurea), over which was eventually built Domitian's Palace.[14]

From the 16th century, the hill was owned by the [Farnese](/source/House_of_Farnese) family and was occupied by the [Farnese Gardens](/source/Farnese_Gardens), still partially preserved above the remains of the Domus Tiberiana.

At the top of the hill, between the Domus Flavia and the Domus Augustana, the Villa Mattei was built in the 16th century, then purchased around 1830 by the Scot Charles Mills who turned it into an elaborate neo-Gothic villa. At the end of the 19th century the villa was converted into a convent. This was partially demolished from 1928 to allow excavations and in the surviving part of the building the Palatine Museum has been installed.

## Monuments

Plan of the Palatine with modern buildings overlaid

Dominating the site is the [Palace of Domitian](/source/Palace_of_Domitian) which was rebuilt largely during the reign of [Domitian](/source/Domitian) over earlier buildings of [Nero](/source/Nero). Later emperors, particularly those of the [Severan Dynasty](/source/Severan_Dynasty), made significant additions to the buildings, notably the [Domus Severiana](/source/Domus_Severiana).

### The Palace of Domitian

Main article: [Palace of Domitian](/source/Palace_of_Domitian)

### Houses of Livia and Augustus

Main article: [House of Augustus](/source/House_of_Augustus)

The House of [Livia](/source/Livia), the wife of Augustus, is conventionally attributed to her based only on the generic name on a lead pipe and circumstantial factors such as proximity to the House of Augustus.[15]

The building is located near the [Temple of Magna Mater](/source/Temple_of_Cybele_(Palatine)) at the western end of the hill, on a lower terrace from the temple. It is notable for its frescoes.

### House of Tiberius

Known as the [Domus Tiberiana](/source/Domus_Tiberiana) because the original house was built by [Tiberius](/source/Tiberius), he spent much of his time in his palaces in Campania and Capri. It was later incorporated into [Nero](/source/Nero)'s [Domus Transitoria](/source/Domus_Transitoria).[16] Part of its remains lie in the current [Farnese Gardens](/source/Farnese_Gardens).

### Domus Severiana

Main article: [Domus Severiana](/source/Domus_Severiana)

### Temple of Cybele

Main article: [Temple of Cybele (Palatine)](/source/Temple_of_Cybele_(Palatine))

### Temple of Apollo Palatinus

Main article: [Temple of Apollo Palatinus](/source/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus)

### Septizodium

Main article: [Septizodium](/source/Septizodium)

### Domus Transitoria

Main article: [Domus Transitoria](/source/Domus_Transitoria)

## Excavations

Already during Augustus' reign an area of the Palatine Hill was subject to a sort of [archaeological](/source/Archaeology) expedition which found fragments of [Bronze Age](/source/Bronze_Age) pots and tools. He declared this site the "original town of Rome." [Modern archaeology](/source/Modern_archaeology) has identified evidence of Bronze Age settlement in the area which predates Rome's founding.

Intensive archaeological excavations began in the 18th century and culminated in the late 19th century, after the proclamation of Rome as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Discoveries continued sporadically throughout the 20th century until the present time.

The photo of the excavated cave beneath the *Domus Livia* on the Palatine Hill, perhaps the [Lupercal](/source/Lupercal)

In 2006, [archaeologists](/source/Archaeologist) announced the discovery of the Palatine House, believed to be the birthplace of [Rome](/source/Ancient_Rome)'s first Emperor, Augustus.[17] A section of corridor and other fragments under the Hill were found and described as "a very ancient aristocratic house."[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The two-story house appears to have been built around an [atrium](/source/Atrium_(architecture)), with frescoed walls and mosaic flooring, and is situated on the slope of the Palatine that overlooks the [Colosseum](/source/Colosseum) and the [Arch of Constantine](/source/Arch_of_Constantine). The Republican-era houses on the Palatine were overbuilt by later palaces after the [Great Fire of Rome](/source/Great_Fire_of_Rome) (AD 64), but apparently this one was not and perhaps was preserved for an important reason. On the ground floor, three shops opened onto the [Via Sacra](/source/Via_Sacra). The location of the *domus* is significant because of its potential proximity to the *[Curiae Veteres](/source/Curia#Curiae_Veteres)*, the earliest shrine of the *[curies](/source/Curia)* of Rome.[18]

In 2007 the legendary [Lupercal](/source/Lupercal) cave was claimed to have been found beneath the remains of the *Domus Livia* (House of [Livia](/source/Livia)) on the Palatine. Archaeologists came across the 16-metre-deep cavity while restoring the decaying palace, with a richly decorated vault encrusted with mosaics and seashells.[19] The Lupercal was probably converted to a sanctuary by Romans in later centuries. Many others have denied its identification with the Lupercal on topographic and stylistic grounds, and believe that the grotto is actually a *[nymphaeum](/source/Nymphaeum)* or underground *[triclinium](/source/Triclinium)* from [Neronian](/source/Nero) times.[20][21][22]

## See also

- [Ancient Rome portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome)

- [Aventine Hill (Aventino)](/source/Aventine_Hill)

- [Caelian Hill (Celio)](/source/Caelian_Hill)

- [Capitoline Hill (Capitolino)](/source/Capitoline_Hill)

- [Cispian Hill (Cispio)](/source/Cispius)

- [Esquiline Hill (Esquilino)](/source/Esquiline)

- [Janiculum Hill (Gianicolo)](/source/Janiculum_Hill)

- [Monte Mario](/source/Monte_Mario)

- [Oppian Hill (Oppio)](/source/Oppian_Hill)

- [Pincian Hill (Pincio)](/source/Pincian_Hill)

- [Quirinal Hill (Quirinale)](/source/Quirinal_Hill)

- [Vatican Hill (Vaticano)](/source/Vatican_Hill)

- [Velian Hill (Velia)](/source/Velian_Hill)

- [Viminal Hill (Viminale)](/source/Viminal_Hill)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** This word came into use after an obsolete English "palasin" (from OF *palaisin*) came into disuse.

## References

**Citations**

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Lewis and Short, *A Latin Dictionary*: *Palatium*](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DPalatium)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Merivale, Charles](/source/Charles_Merivale), [*A General History of Rome: from the Foundation of the City to the Fall of Augustulus, B.C. 753— A.D. 476*](https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory18unkngoog/page/n53/mode/1up). New York: Harper & Brothers (1880), p. 39.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** The Atlas of Ancient Rome, Biography and Portraits of the City, Ed. Andrea Carandini, Paolo Carafa, trans. Andrew Campbell Halavais, Princeton University Pressm 2012, pp. 216=17, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-16347-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16347-5)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Livy 1.5.1](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0026&layout=&loc=1.5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Ernout and Meillet, *Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine*, s.v. *palātum*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-OED-palace_6-0)** "Palace". From the *[Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Oxford_English_Dictionary)*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-OED_7-0)** "Palatine". From the *[Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Oxford_English_Dictionary)*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-keller-medieval-france-ency_8-0)** Stowe, George B. (1995). Kibler, William; Zinn, Grover A. (eds.). [*Palatinates*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XkQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA576). Garland. p. 576. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780824044442](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824044442). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: |work= ignored ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** "Paladin". From the *[Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Oxford_English_Dictionary)*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** CACUS: Giant of the Land of Latium". theoi.com.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Palatine Hill: The Cradle of the City of Rome – World by Isa"](https://www.worldbyisa.com/palatine-hill-the-cradle-of-the-city-of-rome/). 8 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [https://www.world-archaeology.com/great-discoveries/palatine-hill/](https://www.world-archaeology.com/great-discoveries/palatine-hill/)[World Archeology 03MAR2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Archeology_03MAR2011&action=edit&redlink=1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [Livy](/source/Livy), *[Ab urbe condita](/source/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy))*, 1:33

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [*Rome, An Oxford Archaeological Guide*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xtoVDAAAQBAJ), A. Claridge, 1998 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-288003-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-288003-9), p. 120

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["The House of Livia - Rome, Italy - History and Visitor Information"](https://www.historvius.com/the-house-of-livia-729/). *www.historvius.com*. Retrieved 5 May 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, 184p.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** For a classical account of the birth (and birthplace) of Augustus, refer to: [Suetonius](/source/Suetonius), *[Life of Augustus](/source/Lives_of_the_Twelve_Caesars#Life_of_Augustus)*, 5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Varro](/source/Varro) *Linguae Latinae* 5.155; [Festus](/source/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus) L 174; [Tacitus](/source/Tacitus) *Annales* 12.24

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Sacred Cave of Rome's Founders Found, Scientists Say"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170819183841/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/01/070126-rome-palatine.html). *news.nationalgeographic.com*. Archived from [the original](http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/01/070126-rome-palatine.html) on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 5 May 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Aloisi, Silvia "Expert doubts Lupercale 'find'" *The Australian* November 24, 2007 [theaustralian.news.com](http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22813219-12377,00.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071124214653/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22813219-12377,00.html) 2007-11-24 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** "È uno splendido ninfeo, ma il Lupercale non era lì" **la Repubblica** November 23, 2007 [\[1\]](http://roma.repubblica.it/dettaglio/%C3%88-uno-splendido-ninfeo-ma-il-Lupercale-non-era-li/1392770) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035614/https://roma.repubblica.it/dettaglio/%C3%88-uno-splendido-ninfeo-ma-il-Lupercale-non-era-li/1392770) 2021-01-26 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Schulz, Matthia "Is Italy's Spectacular Find Authentic?"*Spiegel Online* November 29, 2007 [spiegel.de](http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,520440,00.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120202092806/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,520440,00.html) 2012-02-02 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

**Bibliography**

- Tomei, Maria Antonietta. "The Palatine." Trans. Luisa Guarneri Hynd. Milano: Electa (Ministero per i Beni e le Actività Culturali Sopraintendenza Archeologica di Roma), 1998.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Palatine hill](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Palatine_hill).

- [Samuel Ball Platner, *A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome*:](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Palatinus.html) Palatine Hill

- [The Palatine Hill: Two Millennia of Landscaping](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/Palatine/home.html)

- ["Aerial view of Palatine Hill"](https://www.bing.com/maps/?v=2&cp=41.88890247641585~12.486960788377722&lvl=17&style=b). *Bing Maps*. Retrieved 29 December 2010.

- ["Aerial view of Palatine Hill"](https://maps.google.com/maps?q=rome,+italy&ll=41.888948,12.486820&spn=0.005023,0.008664&t=h&hl=en). *Google Maps*. Retrieved October 14, 2005.

- [Photos](https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193753/http://www.stevan-kordic.com/palatine_museum) from Palatine Museum

- High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of [Palatine Hill | Art Atlas](https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/ancient-and-early-christian-sites-rome/palatine-hill)

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[41°53′18″N 12°29′13″E / 41.88833°N 12.48694°E / 41.88833; 12.48694](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palatine_Hill&params=41_53_18_N_12_29_13_E_region:IT-RM_type:mountain)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Palatine Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Hill) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Hill?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.