# Paharnic
> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Paharnic
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Paharnic.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paharnic
> Source revision: 1270976065
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
{{Short description|Romanian rank}}
[[File:Constantin Lecca - Portretul paharnicului Constantin Obedeanu.jpg|thumb|240px|The 1750s ''Paharnic'' Constantin Obedeanu of [Craiova](/source/Craiova). From an 1860 copy by [Constantin Lecca](/source/Constantin_Lecca), who was himself a ''Paharnic'']]
The '''''Paharnic''''' (plural: ''Paharnici''; also known as ''Păharnic'', ''Paharnec'', or ''Păharnec''; [Moldavian dialect](/source/Moldavian_dialect): ''ceașnic'',[Biliarsky, pp. 331–333; Rezachevici (1971), p. 24; Stoicescu, p. 79; Tașcă, ''passim''] {{langx|el|παχάρνικος}}, ''pakharnikos'',[Iorga (1932), p. 219 & 1934, pp. 206–207] {{langx|ru|пахарник}}, ''paharnik'') was a [historical Romanian rank](/source/Historical_Romanian_ranks_and_titles), one of the non-hereditary positions ascribed to the [boyar aristocracy](/source/Boyars_of_Wallachia_and_Moldavia) in [Moldavia](/source/Moldavia) and [Wallachia](/source/Wallachia) (the [Danubian Principalities](/source/Danubian_Principalities)). It was the local equivalent of a [cup-bearer](/source/cup-bearer) or ''[cześnik](/source/cze%C5%9Bnik)'', originally centered on pouring and obtaining [wine](/source/Romanian_wine) for the court of [Moldavian](/source/List_of_rulers_of_Moldavia) and [Wallachian Princes](/source/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia). With time, it became a major administrative office and, in Wallachia, also had a lesser [military function](/source/Wallachian_military_forces). The retinue of such boyars, usually called ''Păhărnicei'', was in both countries also a private army.
Dating back to c. 1400, the ''Paharnici'' were at the forefront of political life in Wallachia over the following two centuries, often as a title associated with the [Craiovești](/source/Craiove%C8%99ti) and Florescu boyars. Wallachian ''Paharnici'' were especially important during the 16th and 17th centuries, when they included figures such as Lupu Mehedințeanu, Șerban of Coiani, and [Matei Basarab](/source/Matei_Basarab). They and other ''Paharnici'' established means of boyar protection against the social ascent [of immigrant Greeks](/source/Greeks_in_Romania). Prince [Constantin Brâncoveanu](/source/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncoveanu), himself a former ''Paharnic'', gave a privileged position to the ''Păhărnicei'', but put to death their controversial ''Paharnic'', [Staico Bucșanu](/source/Staico_Buc%C8%99anu). Before 1700, figures associated with the Moldavian office included close relatives of the monarchs, such as Alexandru Coci and [Ștefan Lupașcu Hâjdău](/source/%C8%98tefan_Lupa%C8%99cu_H%C3%A2jd%C4%83u). Though the office itself steadily declined in importance, it was still subjected to a [meritocratic](/source/Meritocracy) reform by Prince [Dimitrie Cantemir](/source/Dimitrie_Cantemir).
The ''Paharnici'' grew in numbers and declined in political relevancy from ca. 1720, with the rise of the [Phanariotes](/source/Phanariotes), and ultimately fell into a second class of boyars. Their descendants were recognized as a branch of the small boyardom, alongside the ''Păhărnicei''. While these became a rural middle class, the ''Paharnici'' offices were increasingly permeable to the commercial classes of the city. The three groups intertwined, with some ''Paharnici'', including [Ianache Hafta](/source/Ianache_Hafta) and [Manuc Bei](/source/Manuc_Bei), having a noted effect on the development of [Bucharest](/source/Bucharest). Various ''Paharnici'' also participated first-hand in the cultivation of [Romanian nationalism](/source/Romanian_nationalism), leading up to [Gavril Istrati](/source/Gavril_Istrati)'s clashes with the Greek "[Sacred Band](/source/Sacred_Band_(1821))".
From Moldavia, the office was for a while inherited by the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire), which preserved titular ''Paharnici'' in its [Bessarabia Governorate](/source/Bessarabia_Governorate). In both Moldavia and Wallachia, the [Russian regime of 1834–1854](/source/Regulamentul_Organic) recognized a multitude of titular ''Paharnici'', from inspectors [Ion Heliade Rădulescu](/source/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu) and [Constantin N. Brăiloiu](/source/Constantin_N._Br%C4%83iloiu) to painter [Constantin Lecca](/source/Constantin_Lecca). The proliferation of ''Paharnici'' and other offices, taken up by Moldavian Princes [Ioan](/source/Ioan_Sturdza) and [Mihail Sturdza](/source/Mihail_Sturdza), contributed to social tensions, and then to a [failed revolutionary attempt](/source/Moldavian_revolution_of_1848). Following the [Crimean War](/source/Crimean_War), the position of ''Paharnic'' was abolished, alongside all other historical titles.
==Name==
''Paharnic'' is a Romanianized term, originating with the [Church Slavonic](/source/Church_Slavonic_in_Romania) variant, {{slavonic|Пєхарник}} (''Peharnik'').[Panaitescu, p. 214] [Dimitrie Cantemir](/source/Dimitrie_Cantemir), the intellectual Prince of Moldavia, was the first to note that the institution was copied from the [old Serbian nomenclature](/source/Medieval_Serbian_noble_titles), as opposed to other boyar titles, which were originally [Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy) or (in one case) [Hungarian](/source/Hungarian_nobility).[Bacalov, p. 60] However, legal historian Ivan Biliarsky notes that both the Serbian and the Romanian term originate with a Byzantine office, the ''[Pinkernes](/source/Pinkernes)'', being its functional equivalents.[Bilarsky, pp. 329–331, 334–335] The component Romanian term is ''pahar'' ("glass" or "chalice"), which reached Romanian either from the Hungarian ''pohár'' or the [Serbo-Croatian](/source/Serbo-Croatian) ''pehar''.[Chirilă, p. 31] After passing through Slavonic, ''Paharnic'' acquired a form in [historical Romanian](/source/History_of_the_Romanian_language), and [Romanian Cyrillic](/source/Romanian_Cyrillic), as {{slavonic|Пъхарникȣ}}, transliterated ''Păharnic'' ({{IPA|ro|pəˈharnic| }}, rather than {{IPA|[paˈharnic]}}). It was still codified in this manner by the early-18th-century scholar [Anthim the Iberian](/source/Anthim_the_Iberian).[Chirilă, pp. 31, 92, 163, 272]
All these terms continued to be spelled in Cyrillic for as long as the titles they represented were in use. However, attempts at [Romanization](/source/Romanization_of_Cyrillic) were made as early as 1468, when ''Paharnic'' appeared as ''Poharnig'' in a [Renaissance Latin](/source/Renaissance_Latin) document;[Mihaela Paraschiv, "Elemente lexicale alogene în latina documentelor de cancelarie din Moldova", in ''Analele Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași. Secțiunea IIIe. Lingvistică'', Vol. LIV, p. 116] this was also rendered as ''Paharnig''.[Biliarsky, p. 332] In the 1670s, [Miron Costin](/source/Miron_Costin), using standardized [Polish spellings](/source/Polish_alphabet), produced ''Paharnik''.[Raluca Elisabeta Iftime, "Modelul ortografic polonez în scrieri ale unor cărturari moldoveni din secolele al XVI-lea și al XVII-lea (Luca Stroici și Miron Costin)", in [Rodica Zafiu](/source/Rodica_Zafiu), Isabela Nedelcu (eds.), ''Variația lingvistică: probleme actuale. Actele celui de-al 14-lea Colocviu Internațional al Departamentului de Lingvistică'', Vol. 1, pp. 203–204. Bucharest: [Bucharest University Press](/source/Bucharest_University_Press), 2015. {{ISBN|978-606-16-0657-3}}] Before 1600, Slavonic documents also admitted a Romanian translation, ''Canatnic'', created from the dialectal ''canată'', "tiny mug".[Ion Penișoară, "Recenzii și prezentări de cărți. Dicționarul elementelor românești din documentele slavo-române, 1374—1600", in ''Cercetări de Lingvistică'', Vol. XXIX, Issue 1, January–June 1984, p. 72] ''Ceașnic'' was another Slavonic variant which acquired use in Moldavia, where it was generally spelled as {{slavonic|Чашникь}}; it could also appear in Wallachia, but as {{slavonic|Чашникȣ}}.[Biliarsky, pp. 331–333] Both have their etymological source in ''[Cześnik](/source/Cze%C5%9Bnik)'', used by ''[szlachta](/source/szlachta)'' nobility to the north.[Biliarsky, p. 333; Tașcă, p. 8] A synonymous term originating from the [Second Bulgarian Empire](/source/Second_Bulgarian_Empire), {{slavonic|Пичерникȣ}} (''Picernic''), only appears once, in 1392 Wallachia.[Rezachevici (1971), p. 24] The Moldavian version of the office ranked it immediately after the ''[Spatharios](/source/Spatharios)''; in Wallachia, it was originally mentioned as below the ''[Vistier](/source/Vistier)'', who was fourth or fifth in line in the Boyar Council ({{langx|ro|[Sfatul boieresc](/source/Sfatul_boieresc)}}) the ''[Ban](/source/Ban_(title))'', ''[Vornic](/source/Vornic)'', ''[Logothete](/source/Logothete)'', and sometimes also the ''Spatharios'', ranked above them.[Rezachevici (1971), pp. 22–24] A social and functional differentiation cut across these boyar classes. According to such typologies, some boyar offices were administrative or "public" (''Ban'' or ''Logothete''), while others, including ''Ban'' and ''Spatharios'', were purely military. ''Paharnici'' fell into a third category of offices, deemed "courtly" (''de curte'')—alongside ''[Clucer](/source/Clucer)i'', ''[Jitnicer](/source/Jitnicer)i'', ''[Medelnicer](/source/Medelnicer)i'', ''[Pitari](/source/Pitar_(rank))'', ''[Postelnic](/source/Postelnic)i'', ''[Sluger](/source/Sluger)i'', and ''[Stolnic](/source/Stolnic)i''.[Palade, p. 144]
As summarized by historian Constantin Rezachevici, a ''Paharnic''{{'}}s function was "to fill up the first cup at the prince's table, and while in the country he supervised the princely vineyards and made sure that these were well kept".[Biliarsky, pp. 331–332] From the beginning, these attributes alternated with the business of state: in October 1407, ''Paharnic'' Iliaș "Dumitrovscio" was present on the Moldavian delegation which swore fealty to the [Kingdom of Poland](/source/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)), and consequently fought [at Grunwald](/source/Battle_of_Grunwald).[Tașcă, pp. 7–8, 14] A variation of the office, already present in 1540s Moldavia, was the ''Paharnic'' in service to the Princess-consort.[Rezachevici (1977), p. 78]
Also in Moldavia, ''Paharnici'' had direct control over the ''[Staroste](/source/Starosta)'' of [Cotnari](/source/Cotnari), who produced the [eponymous sweet wine variety](/source/Gras%C4%83_de_Cotnari), seen as the region's best,[Rezachevici (1971), p. 24. See also Aramă & Jecev, p. 3] as well as over the wine regions of [Dealu Morii](/source/Dealu_Morii), [Hârlău](/source/H%C3%A2rl%C4%83u), [Huși](/source/Hu%C8%99i), and [Târgu Trotuș](/source/T%C3%A2rgu_Trotu%C8%99).[Stoicescu, p. 79] After 1482, the Moldavian institution also appeared in the wine-rich [Panciu](/source/Panciu), [Putna County](/source/Putna_County), which had been previously disputed between the two principalities.[Pușcă, pp. 359–361] By 1700, the greater ''Paharnic'' was, ''[ex officio](/source/ex_officio)'', the head of Putna's administration, while his assistant only controlled the princely vineyards of Huși.[Mihordea, p. 1090] Historian N. Stoicescu proposes that the Wallachian ''Paharnici'' may have also exercised some control over the [winemakers](/source/Winemaking) of [Dealurile Buzăului](/source/Dealurile_Buz%C4%83ului). This function remains unattested, but is suggested by the ''Paharnici'' being traditionally reliant on support from that area, on the Wallachian border with Putna.[C. C. Giurescu, pp. 346, 354–355; Stoicescu, pp. 78–79. See also Mihordea, p. 1090] 18th-century sources inform that the ''Paharnic'' of Wallachia also collected the wine tax known as ''cămănărit'', which had its origins in [feudal aid](/source/feudal_aid) (''plocon'').[Al. Constantinescu, "Ploconul", in ''Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie'', Vol. VI, 1973, p. 220. See also Mihordea, p. 1090]
===Early feudal revolts===
[[File:Theodor Aman - Boierii surprinşi la ospăţ de trimişii lui Vlad Ţepeş.jpg|thumb|410px|[Vlad the Impaler](/source/Vlad_the_Impaler)'s envoys capturing the boyars during a feast (April 1457), in an 1860s painting by [Theodor Aman](/source/Theodor_Aman)]]
The ''Paharnici'' were assisted by their own private army, the ''Păhărnicei'' ("little ''Paharnici''", singular ''Păhărnicel''). At least originally, these were junior members of the aristocracy: the first known Moldavian ''Păhărnicel'', mentioned as such in December 1437, was a ''[Pan](/source/Slavic_honorifics)'' Ureche. He had earlier been [Iliaș I](/source/Ilia%C8%99_of_Moldavia)'s ''Paharnic'', and went on to become his ''Vornic'' in 1438.[Stoicescu, p. 78] At some point in or after 1479, [Stephen the Great](/source/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia) rewarded another ''Păhărnicel'', Cârstea, with the deeds to [Coșești](/source/Iv%C4%83ne%C8%99ti) village.[Cătălina Chelcu, Marius Chelcu, "«...din uricul pe care strămoșii lor l-au avut de la bătrânul Ștefan voievod». Întregiri documentare", in Petronel Zahariuc, Silviu Văcaru (eds.), ''Ștefan cel Mare la cinci secole de la moartea sa'', p. 150. Iași: Editura Alfa, 2003. {{ISBN|973-8278-27-9}}] Also in Moldavia, ''Paharnici'' were the only ones mandated to pass judgment in cases involving their retinue.[Aramă & Jecev, p. 2] Other records show that they (assisted by the relevant ''[Pârcălabi](/source/Burgrave)'') passed judgment in all cases directly involving wine, either at Cotnari or Hârlău.[Aramă & Jecev, p. 3] The ''Paharnici'' were nevertheless entirely subject to the Prince's expedient justice, as already shown in the 1480s, when Stephen the Great ordered the execution of his ''Paharnic'' Negrilă, for reasons unrecorded.[Panaitescu, p. 150]
During the Wallachian 15th century, the titles of ''Paharnic'' and ''Ban'' were closely associated with a family known as [Craiovești](/source/Craiove%C8%99ti). Its founder, Barbu I, emerged ca. 1431 as ''Paharnic'' of [Alexander I Aldea](/source/Alexander_I_Aldea), sitting on the Boyar Council, but was probably chased out of the country by [Vlad II Dracul](/source/Vlad_II_Dracul).[Oprea, pp. 133–136] This period highlighted the civil war between the houses of [Dănești](/source/House_of_D%C4%83ne%C8%99ti), to whom the Craiovești were loyal, and the family of Vlad II, or [Drăculești](/source/House_of_Dr%C4%83cule%C8%99ti). A differentiation of boyar offices first occurred in Wallachia under Dănești rulers. [Vladislav II](/source/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia) (1447–1456) created the Craiovești family as his ''Vlastelini'', presumably meaning "strong" or "immovable boyars".[Donat, pp. 178–179] That category included the ''Paharnic'' alongside the ''Ban'', ''Vornic'', ''Logothete'' and other lesser dignities. Most of these functions (20/34) went to boyars who were also family with the Prince, descending from the earlier [House of Basarab](/source/House_of_Basarab).[Donat, p. 179]
Later in the 1450s, [Vlad the Impaler](/source/Vlad_the_Impaler) staged a boyar purge, reportedly killing all of his Council who identified the Dănești as actual Princes.[Palade, pp. 145–147] In 1482, [Basarab Țepeluș](/source/Basarab_%C8%9Aepelu%C8%99_cel_T%C3%A2n%C4%83r), who also relegated the Craiovești, raised his ''Paharnic'' Mircea to a second position in the Council ranks.[Oprea, p. 137] The first Craiovești Prince, [Neagoe Basarab](/source/Neagoe_Basarab) (reigned 1512–1521), assigned the office of ''Paharnic'' to a more distant relative, Drăghici Florescu, to whom he also gave ownership of [Tismana](/source/Tismana).[Donat, p. 168] The ''Teachings'', a political treatise often attributed to Neagoe, go further in proposing that the office of ''Paharnic'' be assigned to foreign mercenaries, thus ensuring [meritocracy](/source/meritocracy). Historian [P. P. Panaitescu](/source/P._P._Panaitescu) notes that this detail, as well as the designation of ''Paharnici'' as ''Credinciari'', establishes that the book is a forgery.[Panaitescu, pp. 214–215]
The Wallachian ''Paharnic'' was also a rank in the [feudal levy army](/source/Wallachian_military_forces), commanding the ''Păhărnicei'' as a mounted corps.[Stoicescu, p. 66] where the ''Păhărnicei'' themselves were still relevant landowners. Before 1600, a ''Păhărnicel'' Ionașcu owned the entire village of [Drăgușeni](/source/Dr%C4%83gu%C8%99eni%2C_Boto%C8%99ani), which his family later sold to Prince [Miron Barnovschi](/source/Miron_Barnovschi).[Aristotel Crîșmaru, "Drăgușenii în documente istorice (fragmente din monografie)", in ''Hierasus'', Vol. II, 1980, pp. 239–240] Nevertheless, the office of ''Paharnic'' in itself did not guarantee financial independence. In 1557, under Wallachia's [Pătrașcu the Good](/source/P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu_the_Good), ''Paharnic'' Vlad of Bârsești became financially destitute and, as one record shows, even faced starvation.[Donat, pp. 103–104]
===Michael the Brave's boyars===
[[File:Nicolae Grigorescu - Mihai viteazul la Calugareni.jpg|thumb|370px|[Michael the Brave](/source/Michael_the_Brave) and his military commanders, as depicted in 1857 by [Nicolae Grigorescu](/source/Nicolae_Grigorescu)]]
With the delegation of military power came the ''Paharnic''{{'}}s involvement in more rebellions. This also coincided with the increase of power for the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire), which was Wallachia and Moldavia's [suzerain power](/source/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) throughout [the Late Medieval](/source/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages) and [Early Modern](/source/Early_Modern_Romania) eras. In the early 1540s, a holder of the title, Stroe Florescu, followed Șerban of Izvorani and fought against Wallachian Prince [Radu Paisie](/source/Radu_Paisie); both rebels were executed.[Donat, pp. 65–66] At around the same time, Moldavia's [Petru Rareș](/source/Petru_Rare%C8%99) was facing boyar rebellions in [Cârligătura County](/source/C%C3%A2rlig%C4%83tura_County), confiscating a village from ''Paharnic'' Ștefan Mânjea and donating another to the loyalist replacement, Nicoară.[Rezachevici (1977), pp. 78–79] The 1570s witnessed one of several wars between the two principalities, with Moldavia's [John III](/source/John_III_the_Terrible) occupying Bucharest, allowing Radu Paisie's putative grandson, [Vintilă](/source/Vintil%C4%83_of_Wallachia), to take over as Prince of Wallachia. This days-long reign was probably ended by the supporters of [Alexandru Mircea](/source/Alexander_II_Mircea), including a ''Paharnic'' Bratu.[Paul Cernovodeanu, Nicolae Vătămanu, "Considerații asupra 'calicilor' bucureșteni în veacurile al XVII-lea și al XVIII-lea. Cîteva identificări topografice legate de așezările lor", in ''București. Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie'', Vol. III, 1965, p. 32] In the early 1580s, one of Vintilă's surviving brothers, Prince [Petru Cercel](/source/Petru_Cercel), ordered the execution of another rebellious ''Paharnic'', Gonțea.[Donat, p. 86]
In 1595, Vintilă and Cercel's alleged brother, [Michael the Brave](/source/Michael_the_Brave), took up the anti-Ottoman cause in the [Long Turkish War](/source/Long_Turkish_War). Shortly after, he punished his ''Paharnic'' Iane of Boleasca, taking over Iane's estate at [Daia](/source/Daia). This was possibly a payback for cowardice shown in the [battle of Călugăreni](/source/battle_of_C%C4%83lug%C4%83reni).[Donat, pp. 88, 143, 144] Instead, Michael's other ''Paharnici'' were held in high esteem for their service, and received villages from Michael's personal land fund: [Lupu Mehedințeanu](/source/Lupu_Mehedin%C8%9Beanu) took the villages of [Dobra](/source/B%C4%83l%C4%83ci%C8%9Ba) and [Ponorălul](/source/Runcu%2C_Gorj); ''Paharnic'' Turturea was awarded [Găuriciu](/source/Izvoarele%2C_Teleorman).[Donat, pp. 213, 214, 224] A mercenary commander, known as Necula ''Paharnic'', was also awarded the village of Roșiani, in [Romanați County](/source/Romana%C8%9Bi_County).[Donat, p. 232]
Among the holders of the ''Paharnic'' title since the days of [Mihnea Turcitul](/source/Mihnea_Turcitul) was a matrilineal Craiovești, [Radu Șerban](/source/Radu_%C8%98erban) (Șerban of Coiani), who successfully litigated over his family's assets.[Donat, pp. 40–41, 158] Șerban continued to serve under Michael the Brave and his son [Nicolae Pătrașcu](/source/Nicolae_P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu), selling his estates at [Seaca de Pădure](/source/Seaca_de_P%C4%83dure) and [Segarcea](/source/Segarcea) to the former.[Donat, pp. 231, 232, 234] In 1600, having already conquered the [Principality of Transylvania](/source/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)), Michael also extended his rule into Moldavia. The uprooted [Movilești](/source/Movile%C8%99ti) regime of Moldavia continued to exist in exile, receiving crucial backing from the loyalist ''Paharnic'' and diplomat, [Ion Caraiman](/source/Ion_Caraiman).[Ioan D. Condurachi, "Diplomați români în trecut (sec. XIV—XVII) (II)", in ''Țara Bârsei'', Vol. IX, Issues 4–5, July–October 1937, pp. 354–360; Silvia Dulschi, "Țările române în sistemul relațiilor diplomatice medievale", in ''Administrarea Publică'', Issue 3/2016, pp. 135–139] The following year, during the troubles that followed Michael's downfall, Șerban of Coiani was elected Wallachian Prince by the boyar assembly at [Sălătrucu](/source/S%C4%83l%C4%83trucu), taking the new name of ''Radu Șerban''.[Ionașcu (1961), pp. 703–710]
This new ruler extended his protection to Michael's other associates. Turturea was present by Michael's side at [Câmpia Turzii](/source/C%C3%A2mpia_Turzii), where Michael was assassinated. He rescued his lord's severed head and kept it as a relic.[Donat, p. 224] Radu Șerban's court also included Mehedințeanu as a ''Paharnic'', until 1611, when he defected to the Ottoman-appointed Prince, [Radu Mihnea](/source/Radu_Mihnea).[Ionașcu (1961), p. 713] The office of ''Paharnic'' was also a major station in the career of [Matei Basarab](/source/Matei_Basarab), a junior Craiovești boyar; in 1612, Matei began using a personal seal that showed the ''Paharnic'' seated on a throne and carrying his special cane.[D. Cernovodeanu, p. 74] Radu Șerban's regime, allied with the [Holy Roman Empire](/source/Holy_Roman_Empire), was finally ended by the Ottomans. The deposed Prince tried to return by way of Moldavia, supported by the local Prince, [Alexandru Movilă](/source/Alexandru_Movil%C4%83). However, [Costea Bucioc](/source/Costea_Bucioc), the Moldavian ''Paharnic'', ended this campaign by refusing to fight.[Horia Dumitrescu, "Un putnean pe tronul Moldovei: Ștefan Tomșa al II-lea (1611–1614, 1621–1623)", in ''Cronica Vrancei'', Vol. XI, 2011, p. 47]
Mehedințeanu, who continued to serve as ''Paharnic'', found himself at odds with the new establishment and especially the [Greek immigrants](/source/Greeks_in_Romania), fleeing the country during the reign of [Alexandru IV Iliaș](/source/Alexandru_IV_Ilia%C8%99) (1616–1618).[Donat, p. 227; C. C. Giurescu, p. 69; Rezachevici (1978), pp. 64–72] He returned as leader of a popular revolt, taking control of both Bucharest and [Târgoviște](/source/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te), where he inspired an anti-Greek pogrom. Appointed Prince by the Ottomans, [Gabriel Movilă](/source/Gabriel_Movil%C4%83) handed Mehedințeanu over to [Iskender Pasha](/source/Iskender_Pasha_(governor_of_Ozi)), who ordered the ''Paharic'' [impaled](/source/Impalement) at [Ciocănești](/source/Cioc%C4%83ne%C8%99ti%2C_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i).[C. C. Giurescu, p. 69; Rezachevici (1978), pp. 67–72] A decade later, under [Leon Tomșa](/source/Leon_Tom%C8%99a), the office of ''Paharnic'' was held by a Greek, [Balasache Muselim](/source/Balasache_Muselim), whose tenure sparked another revolt, which peaked at Bucharest and had Matei Basarab among its leaders.[C. C. Giurescu, p. 78; Rezachevici (1978), pp. 73–76] The movement was weakened when Prince Leon appointed locals to the higher offices, making Barbu Brădescu his new ''Paharnic''. Brădescu switched sides in 1632, helping to seize Wallachia's throne for Matei.[Rezachevici (1978), pp. 75–76]
In ca. 1655, the ''Paharnic''{{'}}s private army was largely amassed on the border with Moldavia: in [Buzău](/source/Buz%C4%83u_County) and [Râmnicu Sărat Counties](/source/R%C3%A2mnicu_S%C4%83rat_County) there were 300–400 ''Păhărnicei''. These were commanded by a captain, 6 ''Iuzbași'', and 6 ''[Ceauși](/source/%C3%87avu%C5%9F)''.[Stoicescu, p. 77] By that moment in history, ''Paharnici'' had declined in relative importance. This was manifest under Matei Basarab, who ordered his new ''Paharnic'', Chisar Rudeanu, to be [caned](/source/Caning) in the throne room, then jailed.[Rezachevici (1978), p. 77] Under his regime, the ''Păhărnicei'' and other servants of the ''Paharnic'' owed a yearly tax of 8 [ducat](/source/ducat)s, while boyars subordinated to the ''Spatharios'' paid 12.[Stoicescu, pp. 66, 77, 89] Both countries' ''Paharnici'' were soon outranked by the ''Stolnici'' and ''[Comiși](/source/Comis)''; in Wallachia, however, they continued to command the ''Păhărnicei'', and were also placed in charge of a new cavalry force, the ''Roșii'' ("Redcoats").[Rezachevici (1971), pp. 22, 24–25] Both groups fought alongside the [Ottoman Army](/source/Ottoman_Army) in the [Polish war of 1672](/source/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%9376)).[Stoicescu, pp. 66, 82]
===Cantacuzino era===
{{multiple image
| align = right
|image1=Ursul ucenic - Ex-voto of Paharnic Șerban Cantacuzino (Șărban odraslă den rădăcină bună), Buzău, 1702.png|caption1=[Ex-voto](/source/Ex-voto) of the ''Paharnic'' Șerban II Cantacuzino, describing him as stemming "from a fine root"—the [Cantacuzino family](/source/Cantacuzino_family). From a 1702 print of the Gospel, with engraving of [Christ the King](/source/Christ_the_King)
|width1= 200
|image2=Rosetti family coat of arms (common large version).svg|caption2=[Rosetti family](/source/Rosetti_family) arms, displaying the silver cup (in reference to Constantin Rosetti's service at the Moldavian court) and three [canting](/source/Canting_arms) [roses](/source/Rose_(heraldry))
|width2= 260
}}
After 1650, some Wallachian ''Paharnici'' opposed the steady rise of the [Cantacuzino family](/source/Cantacuzino_family), whose scion [Drăghici Cantacuzino](/source/Dr%C4%83ghici_Cantacuzino) also held the title in 1661–1662,[Ionașcu (1934), p. 18] while others embraced it. Among the anti-Cantacuzino boyars, 1660s ''Paharnic'' [Constantin Vărzarul](/source/Constantin_V%C4%83rzarul) plotted, alongside [Stroe Leurdeanu](/source/Stroe_Leurdeanu), to have [Constantin I Cantacuzino](/source/Constantin_I_Cantacuzino) unlawfully executed.[C. C. Giurescu, p. 78] Another such conflict erupted in the early 1680s between Prince [Șerban Cantacuzino](/source/%C8%98erban_Cantacuzino) and his ''Paharnic'', Papa Buicescul (son of the ''Spatharios'' [Diicul](/source/Diicul_Buicescul)).[Ionașcu (1934), p. 16] Under the Cantacuzinos, the lesser ''Paharnici'' were all placed under the command of the greater ''Paharnic'', who organized them into a single military unit.[Stoicescu, pp. 63–64] According to historian [Constantin Giurescu](/source/Constantin_Giurescu_(historian)), the Wallachian ''Păhărnicei'', as a special set of ''Feciori'', might have been supporting themselves from ''păhărnicie'' revenues, which they collected for their patron.[Panaitescu, p. 462] During his subsequent reign, the ''Păhărnicei'' appear to have been almost exclusively confined to Râmnicu Sărat County, with some also present in [Mehedinți County](/source/Mehedin%C8%9Bi_County).[Stoicescu, pp. 76, 78] Scholar Alexandru Ligor notes that, "during and especially after Brâncoveanu's era", the ''Păhărnicei'' and other such boyar retinues "will be more seriously engaged in productive life (in agriculture, in trades, etc.)."[Ligor, p. 263] Brâncoveanu's reign was overall marked by a steady increase in taxation, but the ''Păhărnicei'' were explicitly excluded from some of the new duties, including a levy on vacated villages (''siliști''). Ligor proposes that this exemption reflected the Prince's military priorities, and his secret anti-Ottoman alliance with the [Tsardom of Russia](/source/Tsardom_of_Russia).[Ligor, pp. 263–264]
Brâncoveanu's first ''Paharnic'' was Staico Bucșanu, whose scheming against the regime ended with his public hanging at Bucharest's [Outer Market](/source/Obor).[C. C. Giurescu, p. 72; Ionașcu (1934), p. 25; Potra I, p. 370] His public humiliation and killing were received with hostility by the Bucharest populace.[Potra I, p. 370] The period thus inaugurated came with a set of administrative reforms, recorded in the princely register, or ''Anatefter''. This shows ''Paharnic'' as one of the great offices, but also creates an overlapping function therein, as ''Cupar'' (from ''cupă'', "cup"); at the top of boyar advancement, these two offices coexisted with ''Spatharios'', ''[Stolnic](/source/Stolnic)'', ''[Clucer](/source/Clucer)'', and another new office, that of ''Șufar'' (the intendant of kitchen staffs).[D. C. Giurescu, p. 361] Under Brâncoveanu, these particular offices were designated as ''Zvolearnici''. In addition to receiving payment from the exercise of their offices, they relied on princely handouts, including [kaftan](/source/kaftan)s colored in accordance with their function.[D. C. Giurescu, pp. 361–362]
Until his own downfall in 1714, Brâncoveanu relied on various other noblemen to fill in Bucșanu's role. One of these, [Cornea Brăiloiu](/source/Cornea_Br%C4%83iloiu), served the Prince as both ambassador and organizer of defense expeditions against the ''[Kuruc](/source/Kuruc)ok''.[Vasile Marinoiu, "Marele ban Cornea Brăiloiu și mănăstirea Tismana în timpul domniei lui Constantin Brâncoveanu", in ''Drobeta. Seria Arheologie–Istorie'', Vol. XXIV, 2014, pp. 114, 124, 126, 130] In 1696, the Greek ''Paharnic'' Vergo was part of a caretaker government of ''[Caimacam](/source/Caimacam)i''.[C. C. Giurescu, p. 344] The following year, Brâncoveanu had another Greek ''Paharnic'', Skarlatakes Mavrocordatos, son of the influential [Alexander Mavrocordatos](/source/Alexander_Mavrokordatos_the_Exaporite). In October, Skarlatakes married the Prince's daughter, Ilinca.[Potra I, p. 105] Brâncoveanu also promoted Șerban II Cantacuzino as ''Paharnic'', in which capacity Cantacuzino attended, in 1702, the formal meeting between the Prince and [Baron Paget](/source/William_Paget%2C_6th_Baron_Paget).[Potra I, p. 106] Brăiloiu returned as ''Paharnic'' under the last Cantacuzino Prince, [Ștefan](/source/%C8%98tefan_Cantacuzino), with increased powers that allowed him to set an arbitrary ''vinărici'' and "collect wine as he pleases".[Mihordea, pp. 1080, 1090]
Moldavia's own ''Paharnici'' and ''Păhărnicei'' greatly increased in number between 1550 and 1650; by 1710, some 24 were permanently present at the princely court in [Iași](/source/Ia%C8%99i), acting as waiters to the Moldavian Princes' foreign guests.[Alexandra-Marcela Popescu, "Câteva considerații privind înrudirea unor boieri hicleni cu familia domnitoare în Moldova medievală", in ''Analele Științifice ale Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași. Istorie'', Vols. LIV–LV, 2008–2009, pp. 52, 55–56] Coci and his brother Enache were later tortured and killed by Lupu's rival, [Gheorghe Ștefan](/source/Gheorghe_%C8%98tefan), at the princely court in [Podoleni](/source/Podoleni).[Bacalov, p. 402; Dan Mihăilescu, "O ctitorie a domnitorului moldovean Gheorghe Ștefan în județul Neamț", in ''Acta Moldaviae Meridionalis'', Vols. XV–XVII (Part I), 2004–2006, p. 186] In the 1670s, holders of the ''Paharnic'' title included Ștefan Lupașcu Hâjdău, who was both a close relative and in-law of Prince [Ștefan Petriceicu](/source/%C8%98tefan_Petriceicu).[Bezviconi I, p. 244; Costin Feneșan, "Indigenatul austriac al familiei nobiliare Hâjdău", in ''Archiva Moldaviae'', Vol. II, 2010, p. 27] The office of ''Cupar'' also existed in Moldavia, for instance during Petriceicu's successor [Antonie Ruset](/source/Antonie_Ruset), who assigned it to his brother Constantin. This function was alluded to in the [canting arms](/source/canting_arms) used by the [Rosetti family](/source/Rosetti_family), which prominently feature a silver cup.[Sorin Iftimi, "Heraldică și arhitectură", in ''Monumentul'', Vol. VII, 2006, p. 498]
Moldavia also experienced a Cantacuzino ascendancy, which resulted in the promotion of Greek boyars, to the irritation of local competitors. The latter sentiment was notably expressed in the anti-Greek outburst of 1673, narrated favorably by chronicler [Ion Neculce](/source/Ion_Neculce). It came shortly after [Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino](/source/Dumitra%C8%99cu_Cantacuzino) abdicated, and targeted his courtiers, notably the ''Paharnic'' Mavrodin, who was [paraded on a donkey](/source/Parading_on_donkey) and made to speak [shibboleth](/source/shibboleth) phrases in Romanian.[Hoinărescu, pp. 41–42] Upon returning to the throne, Petriceicu maintained a court that included Greek boyars such as Ilie Stamatie, who was a ''Paharnic'' of Huși.[Bacalov, pp. 335, 370] By 1703, the Moldavian Cantacuzinos were in conflict with the Greek Prince [Constantine Ducas](/source/Constantine_Ducas_(Moldavian_ruler)), with ''Paharnic'' [Ilie Cantacuzino](/source/Ilie_Cantacuzino) fleeing the country.[Bacalov, p. 335] Brâncoveanu's contemporary [Dimitrie Cantemir](/source/Dimitrie_Cantemir), a native boyar and [Enlightened absolutist](/source/Enlightened_absolutism), strove to reform the old order, appointing distinguished soldiers, such as Adam Luca, as his ''Paharnici''.[Iorga (1934), p. 218] Under Cantemir, the ''Postelnic'' was the seventh of eight boyars admitted to a [privy council](/source/privy_council), while the ''Păhărnicei'' were inducted en masse into a category called ''boiernași'' ("little boyars").[Bacalov, pp. 59–60, 359–360] His second and final reign was curbed by the [Pruth River Campaign](/source/Pruth_River_Campaign), during which Cantemir supported Russia. When he left into exile, he took with him Neculce and the ''Paharnic'' Gheorghiță, both of them against their will.[Bacalov, p. 21]
===Phanariote reforms===
thumb|270px|1772 seal of a Wallachian ''Paharnic'', Manolache Robe
Progressively over the 1710s, competing dynasties of culturally Greek aristocrats, collectively known as "[Phanariotes](/source/Phanariotes)", took power as Ottoman intermediaries in both Wallachia and Moldavia. The first such ruler, [Nicholas Mavrocordatos](/source/Nicholas_Mavrocordatos), awarded tax privileges to the ''Paharnici'', exempting them from the levy on ''siliști''.[Stoicescu, pp. 77–78] The ''Păhărnicei'' continued to be a strong presence in the borderland region of Wallachia, where in 1729 they still had a corps and a captain.[Hoinărescu, p. 45] In 1754, [Matei Ghica](/source/Matei_Ghica) created more resources for the two ''Paharnici'' of [Panciu](/source/Panciu), allowing them to collect half of the tax revenue previously kept by the ''[Staroste](/source/Starosta)''.[Camariano-Cioran, pp. 509, 510; Pușcă, p. 360; Mihordea, pp. 1090, 1096–1097] However, the erosion of ''Paharnici'' importance continued and was enhanced: under the same Matei Ghica, who ruled over both countries in succession, twenty ''Paharnici'' were created at each court. While some historians credit this anomaly to the Prince,[Grina-Mihaela Rafailă, "Actele domniei lui Matei Ghica aflate în colecția de documente a Muzeului Municipiului București", in ''București. Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie'', Vol. XXIX, 2015, p. 251; Viorica Răileanu, "Mărturii antroponimice privind unele funcții dregătorești", in Ovidiu Felecan (ed.), ''Numele și numirea: actele Conferinței Internaționale de Onomastică, Ediția 1: Interferențe multietnice în antroponimie, Baia Mare, 19–21 septembrie 2011'', p. 204. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Mega, 2011. {{ISBN|978-606-543-176-8}}] others identify his ''Postelnic'', Alexandros Soutzos, as the culprit.[Camariano-Cioran, p. 505]
Matei's predecessor, [Mihai Racoviță](/source/Mihai_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83), had redesigned the Wallachian table of ranks, making ''Paharnic'' the eighth position, within a second category of boyars. Accordingly, ''Paharnici'' were entitled to 40 ''[scutelnic](/source/scutelnic)i'', or clients, and had a yearly salary of 960 [thaler](/source/thaler); by comparison, all boyars of the first class received 70 ''scutelnici'' and 1,680 thaler.[Ioana Constantinescu, "Aspecte ale destrămării feudalismului în Țara Românească și Moldova la sfîrșitul secolului al XVIII-lea și începutul secolului al XIX-lea: 'Oamenii de scuteală'", in ''Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie'', Vol. IX, 1978, pp. 15–16] As noted by historian [Pompiliu Eliade](/source/Pompiliu_Eliade), "an inflexible protocol govern[ed] the relationship between classes."[Eliade, p. 63] Third-class boyars were required to bow down and kiss the [hem](/source/hem) of first-class superiors. ''Paharnici'' and others of the intermediary class were only expected to kiss their hand and display timidity in interactions.[Eliade, pp. 62–63] Under the new Phanariote regulations, these second-class aristocrats could not wear fur kaftans and had special ''[kalpak](/source/kalpak)s'', surmounted by green cushions; their coats could only be colored in dark tones of green, blue, and brown, but, unlike inferior boyars, they were allowed to grow beards.[Adrian-Silvan Ionescu, "Spune-mi cu ce te îmbraci, ca să-ți spun cine ești", in ''[Magazin Istoric](/source/Magazin_Istoric)'', February 2001, pp. 64–66]
In parallel, scholar [Nicolae Iorga](/source/Nicolae_Iorga) notes, Wallachia's "old ''[cursus honorum](/source/cursus_honorum)'' had yielded to personal assets or demands." Before 1796, the ''Paharnici'' had fallen to ninth or tenth place, but only because higher offices had been "doubled"—for instance, in 1768 there were two Wallachian ''Vornici''.[Iorga (1933), pp. 10–11] Another stratification occurred in Moldavia. There were 27 ''Paharnici'' at [Grigore Callimachi](/source/Grigore_Callimachi)'s court: 13 enjoyed the full privileges; 14 were secondary (''vtori-'') and tertiary (''treti-'') ''Paharnici''.[Ghibănescu, pp. 72, 73] There were still 14 ''Păhărnicei'' performing military duty at the Moldavian court in 1763. Their commander, now called ''Vătaf'' (plural: ''Vătafi''), was a Greek boyar, Miche.[Ghibănescu, pp. 73, 75] Reduced to the role of rural legatees of the urban ''Paharnic'', the ''Păhărnicei'' of both countries were then stripped of all their remaining tax privileges under [Constantine Mavrocordatos](/source/Constantine_Mavrocordatos); the ''Paharnici'' themselves were required to pay for any military levy.[Rădescu, pp. 136–138] Nevertheless, these new norms also stipulated that holders of any boyar rank from the top 19 would be spared taxation. That privilege was also extended to three generations of their descendants, known as ''Mazili'' or ''Mazâli''.[Berindei & Gavrilă, pp. 2033, 2036–2041; Rădescu, pp. 137–139. See also Bacalov, pp. 59–60] A Western visitor, Friedrich Wilhelm von Bauer, assessed that Mavrocordatos' intervention had only left 100 ''Păhărnicei'' throughout Wallachia, with 12 more performing service for the Prince as ''Mazili''.[Iorga (1934), pp. 205–207]
Shortly after Mavrocordatos' death in the [Russian occupation of 1769](/source/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)), the chronicler Franz Sulzer noted that the function of Moldavia's great ''Paharnic'' was to reside in Cotnari and collect revenue for [Princess-dowager](/source/Queen_dowager) Ecaterina. The town, Sulzer noted, had greatly declined.[Horst Fassel, Sorin Chițanu, "Botoșanii în jurnalele de călătorie germane", in ''Hierasus'', Vol. I, 1979, p. 338] Before 1810, the ''Paharnic'' had fallen to an even lesser position on the table of ranks of Moldavia. It was twelfth, although ahead of the ''Stolnic'' and ''[Serdar](/source/Sardar)''.[Bezviconi I, p. 18; Iorga (1933), p. 11] The ''Păhărnicei''{{'}}s ''Vătafi'' moved in the opposite direction and, by 1796, had been recognized as a component of Wallachia's fifth-class boyardom.[Berindei & Gavrilă, p. 2035]
''Paharnici'' and ''Păhărnicei'' also had a decorative function at the ceremonies in honor of Wallachia's Phanariote Princes, notably at the coronations of [Alexander Ypsilantis](/source/Alexander_Ypsilantis_(1725%E2%80%931805)) (1775) and [Nicholas Mavrogenes](/source/Nicholas_Mavrogenes) (1786), and the wedding of Princess Zamfira, daughter of [John Caradja](/source/John_Caradja) (1782).[Potra I, pp. 71, 73, 76–77, 81, 88, 122] Some of the holders of the title focused their activity on cultural and educational projects. In [Oltenia](/source/Oltenia), Romanian or Greek schools were founded by local ''Paharnici'', including Fota Vlădoianu ([Craiova](/source/Craiova), 1777), Stan Jianu ([Preajba](/source/Teslui%2C_Dolj), 1783), and Alexandru Farfara ([Cerneți](/source/%C8%98imian%2C_Mehedin%C8%9Bi), 1793).[Maria Bălan, "Contribuții la istoria învățământului din Oltenia în secolul al XVIII-lea", in ''Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie'', Vol. VI, 1973, pp. 292, 293] The 1780s ''Paharnic'' [Mihail Fotino](/source/Mihail_Fotino), a Wallachian Greek, became noted for his contributions to jurisprudence and moral philosophy.[Valentin Al. Georgescu, "Protimisisul in ''Manualele de legi'' din 1765, 1766 și 1777 ale lui Mihail Fotino. Cu o analiză generală a operei sale juridice și a raporturilor ei cu ''Suplimentul'' publicat de frații Tunusli în 1806", in ''Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie'', Vol. V, 1962, pp. 281–333; Iorga (1932), pp. 219–224] By 1806, Toma Carra, the Moldavian ''Paharnic'', was helping to draft a set of modernizing ''[Pandects](/source/Digest_(Roman_law))'', to be used by Prince [Alexander Mourouzis](/source/Alexander_Mourouzis) in reforming the justice system.[Cezar Avram, Roxana Radu, "Acte privind statul și dreptul românesc în perioada regimului fanariot", in ''Analele Universității din Craiova. Seria Istorie'', Vol. XIV, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 127–128]
===As a middle-class and nationalist layer===
thumb|330px|"Second-rank boyars" of Wallachia, depicted in 1825 by Auguste de Henikstein
Other ''Paharnici'' were primarily involved in administrative or entrepreneurial work. Under Prince [John Mavrocordatos](/source/John_Mavrocordatos), the Bucharest caretakers, or ''[ispravnic](/source/ispravnic)i'', comprised ''Paharnic'' [Nicolae Ruset](/source/Nicolae_Ruset).[C. C. Giurescu, p. 279] By 1804, Wallachian dignitaries included an [Armenian](/source/Armenians_in_Romania) businessman and ''Paharnic'', [Manuc Bei](/source/Manuc_Bei), made famous by his establishing of [Manuc's Inn](/source/Manuc's_Inn).[C. C. Giurescu, p. 324; Siruni, pp. 33–34, 70, 73, 74] In 1800, while reigning in Wallachia, Mourouzis appointed his ''Paharnic'' Ștefănică, alongside [Constantin Pastia](/source/Constantin_Pastia), to redesign a system for Bucharest's drainage and sewage.[Potra I, pp. 173–174] In 1819, Wallachian Prince [Alexandros Soutzos](/source/Alexandros_Soutzos) ordered his ''Paharnic'', Ianache Hafta, to carry out a modern [surveying](/source/surveying) of Bucharest.[C. C. Giurescu, p. 265; Potra I, pp. 175, 203, 223] Another ''Paharnic'', Vasile Iconomu, helped ''Spatharios'' [Gheorghe Vlahuț](/source/Gheorghe_Vlahu%C8%9B) in capturing a gang of English counterfeiters.[Potra II, p. 243] Moldavia's second-class boyars were similarly dedicated to commercial pursuits. Around 1740, ''Paharnic'' Radu Racoviță established a pioneering glass factory at [Luizi-Călugăra](/source/Luizi-C%C4%83lug%C4%83ra).[P. Cernovodeanu, pp. 487] While ranked as ''Paharnici'', [Ioniță Cuza](/source/Ioni%C8%9B%C4%83_Cuza) took up [usury](/source/usury) (1770s) and [Ionică Tăutu](/source/Ionic%C4%83_T%C4%83utu) became one of the major [tenant farmer](/source/tenant_farmer)s in [Hotin County](/source/Hotin_County) (1810).[P. Cernovodeanu, pp. 483, 484]
Frictions between the Phanariotes and the provincial second-class boyars continued with some regularity. In one incident of 1799, ''Paharnic'' Constantin Bălăceanu of [Ialomița County](/source/Ialomi%C8%9Ba_County) refused to carry out an order issued by [Constantine Hangerli](/source/Constantine_Hangerli).[Samarian, pp. 42–43] Under [Constantine Ypsilantis](/source/Constantine_Ypsilantis), another Ialomița ''Paharnic'', Fălcoianu, was charged with embezzlement.[Samarian, p. 51] With the era of national awakening, the ''Paharnici'' opposition to the Greeks extended to other classes of foreigners. In 1784, a ''Paharnic'' "Carpoff" made sustained efforts to block the penetration into Moldavia of [Galician Armenians](/source/Armenians_in_Ukraine).[Siruni, pp. 66–67] ''Paharnic'' Manuc remained one of only three only Armenians to have reached a boyar rank in either country under the Phanariote reigns.[Siruni, p. 74] During the [war of 1806](/source/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)), a Wallachian ''Paharnic'', Ștefan Belu, had a publicized conflict with the [Bulgarians](/source/Bulgarians_in_Romania) colonized at [Lichirești](/source/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i), who were under the protection of [Dimitrie Macedonski](/source/Dimitrie_Macedonski).[Samarian, pp. 38–39]
The Phanariote era also pushed Moldavia and Wallachia into the orbit of the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire), prompting some boyars to accept Russian suzerainty. In the 1760s, a ''Paharnic'', Semyon Mikulin, moved to [Novorossiya](/source/Novorossiya_Governorate) and was received into [Russian nobility](/source/Russian_nobility).[Bezviconi II, p. 136] In 1812, pursuant to the [Treaty of Bucharest](/source/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)), [eastern Moldavia](/source/Bessarabia) was detached and assigned to Russia. This led to the creation of a [Bessarabian Governorate](/source/Bessarabian_Governorate) which recognized Moldavian titles, including that of ''Paharnic'', as the basis for inclusion into Russian nobility.[Bezviconi I, pp. 17–18, 51] Two of the earliest Bessarabian ''Paharnici'' were Nicolae Done and Toma Stamati. From a Wallachian family, Done served as judge in [Hotin County](/source/Hotin_County) during the early 1820s; Stamati, who took part in the inaugural [gentry assembly](/source/gentry_assembly), was the father of poet [Constantin Stamati](/source/Constantin_Stamati).[Bezviconi II, pp. 33, 66–67, 160] Yet another ''Paharnic'' under Russian rule, Dinu Negruzzi of [Șirăuți](/source/%C8%98ir%C4%83u%C8%9Bi) was the father of writer [Costache Negruzzi](/source/Costache_Negruzzi).[Bezviconi II, p. 56]
Under late Phanariotes such as Wallachia's Caradja, the rank of a lesser ''Paharnic'' was openly trafficked: Hagi Ianuș, a merchant from Craiova, offered to purchase it at 400 ducats in 1816.[S. Columbeanu, "Caracterul exploatării feudale a țărănimii în deceniile anterioare răscoalei lui Tudor Vladimirescu (1800—1820)", in ''Studii. Revistă de Istorie'', Vol. XIV, Issue 3, 1961, p. 579] By the time of Soutzos' death in 1821 there were six greater ''Paharnici'' in Wallachia, all of them present at his funeral.[Potra I, p. 93] According to a note by visiting bureaucrat Ignaty Yakovenko, the number of ''scutelnici'' had increased, with each of these ''Paharnici'' commanding the allegiance of 25 clients; the ''Păhărnicei''{{'}}s ''Vătafi'' had three ''scultenici'' of their own.[Traian Ionescu-Nișcov, "Un călător rus despre Principatele romîne de la 1820", in ''Revista Istorică'', Vol. XXIII, Issues 4–6, April–June 1936, pp. 127–128]
The rise of Wallachian clienteles was again curbed in 1821 by an [anti-boyar uprising](/source/Wallachian_uprising_(1821)), under [Tudor Vladimirescu](/source/Tudor_Vladimirescu); having a peasant base, this insurgency was probably led by disgruntled third-class boyars.[Dinică Ciobotea, Vladimir Osiac, "1821. Tabăra pandurilor de la Țânțăreni", in ''Analele Universității din Craiova. Seria Istorie'', Vol. XIV, Issue 2, 2009, p. 150] Also in 1821, the Phanariote warlord [Alexander Ypsilantis](/source/Alexander_Ypsilantis), leading a "[Sacred Band](/source/Sacred_Band_(1821))" of [Greek revolutionaries](/source/Greek_War_of_Independence), had taken control over Moldavia and parts of Wallachia. Ypsilantis' expedition sparked [another Ottoman intervention](/source/Battle_of_Dragashani), which provided a settling of scores between Romanians and Greeks. Second-class boyars played significant parts: according to Eliade, a ''Spatharios'' and a ''Paharnic'' traveled from one Moldavian town to another, replacing Ypsilantis' men with friendly locals.[Eliade, p. 388] The ''Paharnic'' [Gavril Istrati](/source/Gavril_Istrati) was involved alongside Sturdza in the fight against Sacred Band Greeks, at the head of a [national party](/source/National_Party_(Romania)). At [Zvoriștea](/source/Zvori%C8%99tea), he organized a guerrilla force which flew [red flags](/source/Red_flag_(politics)).[Iorga (1919), pp. 173, 174] It then marched on [Botoșani](/source/Boto%C8%99ani), driving out the Greek insurgents.[Gorovei, pp. 21–22; Iorga (1919), pp. 173–175]
===Disintegration===
[[File:Casa Paharnicului.JPG|thumb|330px|''Casa Paharnicului'' in [Piatra Neamț](/source/Piatra_Neam%C8%9B), 2012 photograph]]
Istrati's counterpart in Wallachia was Scarlat Cerchez, who organized the reception of Moldavia's first post-Phanariote Prince, [Ioan Sturdza](/source/Ioan_Sturdza).[Samarian, pp. 56, 221] Even before arriving in his capital, Sturdza rewarded the expectations of [Romanian nationalists](/source/Romanian_nationalism), inducting his partisans into the boyardom. By 1825, he had created 350 second-class boyars, ''Paharnici'' included.[Ungureanu, pp. 51, 54] These changes perplexed Moldavia's first-class boyardom, whose delegates asked [Mahmud II](/source/Mahmud_II) to mediate.[Berindei & Gavrilă, p. 2041] Eventually, the [Russo-Turkish War of 1828](/source/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)) drove Sturdza into exile in Bessarabia. This moment showed the tensions between the two aristocratic systems, as Sturdza began handing out titles to commoners, and allegedly created a house servant as ''Paharnic''.[Bezviconi I, p. 19]
The post-Phanariote agitation ended as a lengthy Russian occupation of both principalities, providing them with a modernizing constitution known as ''[Regulamentul Organic](/source/Regulamentul_Organic)''. Under this system, ''Paharnici'' were a seventh aristocratic rank, below ''Cluceri'' and ahead of ''Serdari''.[Laurențiu Vlad, "Scurte note cu privire la cenzura din Țara Românească. Două episoade din biografia lui Constantin N. Brăiloiu (1849–1850, 1858)", in ''Analele Universității București. Seria Științe Politice'', Vol. 4, 2002, p. 36] The Russian-appointed Moldavian Prince, [Mihail Sturdza](/source/Mihail_Sturdza), replicated the policy of inducting new boyars, and, in 1835, raised most civil servants into the aristocracy: 140 ''Paharnici'' and 352 ''Serdari'' were counted in the census of 1849.[Ungureanu, p. 54] In 1820, in Botoșani alone there were five ''Paharnici'': Alexandru, Ion Brănișteanu, Necula Dalamaci, Gavril Istrati, and Sterie.[Gorovei, pp. 79–81, 97, 100, 118, 128, 137] By 1847, the same city held six ''Paharnici'', none of them present in the older count.[Gorovei, p. 230] Nationality restrictions for Armenians were also lifted with the [Treaty of Adrianople](/source/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)). As noted by scholar [H. Dj. Siruni](/source/H._Dj._Siruni), 35 Armenians became Moldavian boyars in the subsequent social uplift, including ''Paharnici'' Hacic Cerchez at [Roman](/source/Roman%2C_Romania) and G. Țăranu at Botoșani.[Siruni, p. 75]
Sturdza's measures were derided by the genealogist [Constantin Sion](/source/Constantin_Sion), himself a {{lang|ro|Paharnic}}. According to Sion, Sturdza had managed to make boyars out of "the sons of butchers and publicans", and "condemned the country to fall under his companions".[Ungureanu, pp. 54–55] In one fragment of his genealogical tract, Sion confesses that he himself had taken a bribe to facilitate the ennobling of a priest's son, Iordachi Popa, also as a {{lang|ro|Paharnic}}.[[Șerban Cioculescu](/source/%C8%98erban_Cioculescu), ''Varietăți critice'', pp. 158–159. Bucharest: [Editura pentru Literatură](/source/Editura_pentru_Literatur%C4%83), 1966] The spread of [liberal and radical ideas](/source/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania) influenced such perceptions, leading up to the [abortive coup of 1848](/source/Moldavian_revolution_of_1848). During the preceding crisis in 1846, the {{lang|ro|Paharnic}} Teodor Sion (Constantin Sion's brother) was arrested, alongside ''Spahtarios'' Tucidide Durmuz, for having joined [Teodor Râșcanu](/source/Teodor_R%C3%A2%C8%99canu)'s attempt at [tax resistance](/source/tax_resistance) against Sturdza.[Ungureanu, pp. 62–63, 65–66]
The Wallachian and [Moldavian military forces](/source/Moldavian_military_forces) were both restructured, though some importance was paid to the old table of ranks and the concept of ''Mazili''. As such, the radical conspirator [Ion Câmpineanu](/source/Ion_C%C3%A2mpineanu) was allowed to serve as a Wallachian Major because of his descent from a {{lang|ro|Paharnic}}.[Hêrjeu, p. 88] By 1841, the role of {{lang|ro|Paharnici}} in Bucharest's government had been formalized, with {{lang|ro|Paharnic}} [Scarlat Rosetti](/source/Scarlat_Rosetti) serving as [City Council President](/source/Mayor_of_Bucharest).[Potra I, p. 297] Other boyars of that rank continued to be involved primarily in trade. [Pitești](/source/Pite%C8%99ti) was home to a {{lang|ro|Paharnic}} Berindei, who, by 1855, was a major player in Wallachia's pork trade.[Petre Popa, Paul Dicu, "Participarea piteștenilor la principalele evenimente ale istoriei naționale din epoca modernă", in ''Pitești, Pagini de Istorie. Studii și Comunicări'', Vol. I, 1986, p. 120] In Moldavia's [Piatra Neamț](/source/Piatra_Neam%C8%9B), the era is commemorated by a former manor-and-warehouse, known as ''Casa Paharnicului'' ("House of the {{lang|ro|Paharnic}}"). It was built by the boyar and grain trader Dimitrie C. Gheorghiadis, who held the office for only part of his career.[Vitalie Josanu, "Comerţul genovez și ecouri culturale occidentale în Moldova și Dobrogea (secolele XIII–XV)", in ''Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei'', Vol. XVI–XVIII, 2010–2012, p. 28; {{in lang|ro}} Nelu Păunescu, [http://www.ziarulevenimentul.ro/stiri/Iasi/misterele-din-casa-paharnicului--96161.html "Misterele din Casa Paharnicului"], in ''[Evenimentul](/source/Evenimentul)'', July 15, 2013]
The title was also held in the 1830s and '40s by two inspector-generals of Wallachia's schools, [Ion Heliade Rădulescu](/source/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu)[Bogdan-Duică, pp. 138, 140] and [Constantin N. Brăiloiu](/source/Constantin_N._Br%C4%83iloiu),[Potra II, p. 44] as well as by painter [Constantin Lecca](/source/Constantin_Lecca).[Dana-Silvia Țilică, "Familia Lecca în texte și documente", in ''Revista Bibliotecii Naționale a României'', Nr. 1/2003, p. 30] The former complained that the appointment was insignificant, since such titles were being offered to all educated youth, turning each one into a "servant of the servants, a nobody among the nobodies."[[Ion Heliade Rădulescu](/source/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu), ''Echilibrul între antiteze. Volumul 1'', pp. 66–67. Bucharest: [Editura Minerva](/source/Editura_Minerva), 1916] Before the [Wallachian Revolution of 1848](/source/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848), which sought to outlaw boyar ranks, the father of revolutionary [Gheorghe Magheru](/source/Gheorghe_Magheru) also served as {{lang|ro|Paharnic}} and administrator of [Romanați County](/source/Romana%C8%9Bi_County).[Cornelia Bodea, ''Lupta românilor pentru unitatea națională, 1834–1849'', pp. 312–313. Bucharest: [Editura Academiei](/source/Editura_Academiei), 1967. {{OCLC|1252020}}] Another {{lang|ro|Paharnic}}, the poet [Grigore Alexandrescu](/source/Grigore_Alexandrescu), discarded his rank and job in the bureaucracy to participate in the revolutionary events.[Bogdan-Duică, p. 255]
The revolution was defeated, but Russian influence was curbed from 1853, with the [Crimean War](/source/Crimean_War). Under the regime of Prince [Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei](/source/Barbu_Dimitrie_%C8%98tirbei), Wallachian revolutionaries were allowed back home from exile. They included the {{lang|ro|Paharnic}} Rădulescu, who alternated roles between civilian boyar and general in the [Ottoman Army](/source/Ottoman_Army).[Adrian-Silvan Ionescu, "Viața mondenă a societății bucureștene în timpul și după revoluția de la 1848", in ''Muzeul Național'', Vol. XI, 1990, p. 48] Eventually, all boyar ranks and tax privileges were ended by the Convention of Paris (1858), which also opened the way for a [Moldo–Wallachian union](/source/United_Principalities) in 1859.[C. C. Giurescu, p. 142; Hêrjeu, p. 195] The title continued to be used in the 1860s by those who already held it, including jurists Gheorghe Lehliu and Barbu Slătineanu.[D. Cernovodeanu, pp. 406, 408]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==References==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*Elena Aramă, Ion Jecev, "Organizarea judecătorească în timpul dominației otomane", in ''Revista Națională de Drept'', Issue 10, 2016, pp. 2–4.
*Sergiu Bacalov, ''Boierimea Țării Moldovei la mijlocul secolului al XVII-lea–începutul secolului al XVIII-lea. Studiu istorico-genealogic''. Chișinău: [Academy of Sciences of Moldova](/source/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova), 2012. {{ISBN|978-9975-71-282-8}}
*[Dan Berindei](/source/Dan_Berindei), Irina Gavrilă, "Mutații în sînul clasei dominante din Țara Românească în perioada de destrămare a orînduirii feudale", in ''Revista de Istorie'', Vol. 34, Issue 11, 1981, pp. 2029–2046.
*Gheorghe G. Bezviconi, ''Boierimea Moldovei dintre Prut și Nistru'', Vol. I. Bucharest: [Fundația Regele Carol I](/source/Editura_Funda%C8%9Biilor_Regale), 1940; Vol. II, Bucharest: National Institute of History, 1943.
*Ivan Biliarsky, ''Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria''. Leiden: [Brill Publishers](/source/Brill_Publishers), 2011. {{ISBN|978-90-04-19145-7}}
*[Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică](/source/Gheorghe_Bogdan-Duic%C4%83), ''Istoria literaturii române. Întâii poeți munteni''. Cluj: [Cluj University](/source/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University) & Editura Institutului de Arte Grafice Ardealul, 1923. {{OCLC|28604973}}
*Ariasna Camariano-Cioran, "Miscellanea. Măsuri fiscale și administrative în Moldova (1753—1754)", in ''Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie'', Vol. V, 1962, pp. 505–514.
*Dan Cernovodeanu, ''Știința și arta heraldică în România''. Bucharest: [Editura științifică și enciclopedică](/source/Editura_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83_%C8%99i_enciclopedic%C4%83), 1977. {{OCLC|469825245}}
*Paul Cernovodeanu, "Elemente incipiente ale burgheziei în societatea românească sub fanarioți", in ''Revista de Istorie'', Vol. 40, Issue 5, 1987, pp. 479–492.
*Adina Chirilă, ''Limba scrierilor lui Antim Ivireanul. Partea I: Fonetica; morfologia''. Iași: [Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Press](/source/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University_Press), 2013. {{ISBN|978-973-703-932-3}}
*Ion Donat, ''Domeniul domnesc în Țara Românească (sec. XIV–XVI)''. Bucharest: [Editura enciclopedică](/source/Editura_enciclopedic%C4%83), 1996. {{ISBN|973-454-170-6}}
*[Pompiliu Eliade](/source/Pompiliu_Eliade), ''De l'influence française sur l'esprit public en Roumanie. Les origines. Étude sur l'état de la société roumaine a l'époque des règnes phanariotes''. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1898. {{OCLC|6967920}}
*[Gheorghe Ghibănescu](/source/Gheorghe_Ghib%C4%83nescu), "Sama visteriei Moldovei din 1763 (Iunie–Decembrie)", in ''Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului Municipal Iași'', Fasc. 5, 1925, pp. 70–121.
*[Constantin C. Giurescu](/source/Constantin_C._Giurescu), ''Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre''. Bucharest: [Editura pentru literatură](/source/Editura_pentru_literatur%C4%83), 1966. {{OCLC|1279610}}
*[Dinu C. Giurescu](/source/Dinu_C._Giurescu), "Miscellanea. ''Anatefterul''. Condica de porunci a vistieriei lui Constantin Brîncoveanu", in ''Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie'', Vol. V, 1962, pp. 353–364.
*[Arthur Gorovei](/source/Arthur_Gorovei), ''Monografia Orașului Botoșani''. Botoșani: Ediția Primăriei de Botoșani, 1938.
*N. N. Hêrjeu, ''Istoria Partidului Național Liberal; De la origină până în zilele noastre. Volumul 1''. Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice Speranța, 1915. {{OCLC|38789356}}
*Liliana Hoinărescu, "Discurs și reprezentare socială în cronica lui Ion Neculce: imaginea grecului", in ''Analele Universității din București. Limba și Literatura Română'', Vol. LXIII, 2014, pp. 27–49.
*I. Ionașcu,
**''Biserici, chipuri și documente din Olt'', Vol. I. Craiova: [Ramuri](/source/Ramuri), 1934. {{OCLC|935559527}}
**"Date noi relative la Radu Vodă Mihnea în Țara Romînească", in ''Studii. Revistă de Istorie'', Vol. XIV, Issue 3, 1961, pp. 699–720.
*[Nicolae Iorga](/source/Nicolae_Iorga),
**"Două comunicații la Academia Română. II: O foaie de popularisare igienică și economică la 1844–45. Rolul fraților Vîrnav în Renașterea romănească", in ''Revista Istorică'', Vol. V, Issues 8–10, August–October 1919, pp. 170–187.
**''Pedagogia unui jurisconsult fanariot din București la 1780. Intoarcerea unei pribege: Doamna Maria Minio''. Bucharest: [Monitorul Oficial](/source/Monitorul_Oficial), 1932.
**"La titlurile boierești în epoca fanariotă", in ''Revista Istorică'', Vol. XIX, Issues 1–3, January–March 1933, pp. 10–11.
**"Două arzuri ale țării către Sultan în sec. XVIII"; "Practica domnească a unui ideolog: D. Cantemir", in ''Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice'', Vol. XVI, 1934, pp. 205–219.
*Alexandru Ligor, "În jurul unui nou exemplar al celui dintîi formular diplomatic tipărit în limba română", in ''Muzeul Național'', Vol. I, 1974, pp. 259–266.
*V. Mihordea, "Vinăriciul domnesc și vadrăritul", in ''Studii. Revistă de Istorie'', Vol. 22, Issue 6, 1969, pp. 1077–1101.
*Radu Oprea, "Ascensiunea politică a boierilor Craiovești în veacul al XV-lea", in ''Argesis. Studii și Comunicări. Seria Istorie'', Vol. XVIII, 2009, pp. 133–141.
*Lucian Constantin Palade, "Relațiile Drăculeștilor cu boierimea în veacul al XV-lea", in ''Argesis. Studii și Comunicări. Seria Istorie'', Vol. XVIII, 2009, pp. 143–149.
*[P. P. Panaitescu](/source/P._P._Panaitescu), ''Contribuții la istoria culturii românești''. Bucharest: [Editura Minerva](/source/Editura_Minerva), 1971. {{OCLC|432822509}}
*George Potra, ''Din Bucureștii de ieri'', Vols. I–II. Bucharest: Editura științifică și enciclopedică, 1990. {{ISBN|973-29-0018-0}}
*Ion Pușcă, "Contribuții privind viticultura din bazinul Panciu", in ''Studii și Comunicări (Complexul Muzeal al Județului Vrancea)'', Vol. III, 1980, pp. 359–372.
*Daniela Rădescu, "Mazilii – categorie socială distinctă în epoca regulamentară", in ''Analele Universității din Craiova. Seria Istorie'', Vol. XIV, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 135–142.
*Constantin Rezachevici,
**"Dicționar istoric. Marile dregătorii ale Moldovei și Țării Românești", in ''[Magazin Istoric](/source/Magazin_Istoric)'', January 1971, pp. 22–25.
**"Politica internă a lui Petru Rareș (a doua domnie, 1541—1516)", in ''Revista de Istorie'', Vol. 30, Issue 1, 1977, pp. 67–93.
**"Fenomene de criză social-politică în Țara Românească în veacul al XVII-lea", in ''Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie'', Vol. IX, 1978, pp. 59–84.
*Pompei Samarian, ''Istoria orașului Călărași (Ialomița). Dela origine până la anul 1852''. Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice E. Marvan, 1931. {{OCLC|935464269}}
*[H. Dj. Siruni](/source/H._Dj._Siruni), ''Armenii în viața economică a Țărilor Române'', Bucharest: Institutul de Studii și Cercetări Balcanice, 1944. {{OCLC|13144522}}
*N. Stoicescu, "Despre subalternii marilor dregători din Țara Românească și Moldova (sec. XV—mijlocul sec. XVIII)", in ''Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie'', Vol. VI, 1973, pp. 61–90.
*George Felix Tașcă, "Paharnicul Iliaș fiul lui Dumitru. În sfatul Țării Moldovei între anii 1407–1429", in ''Carpica'', Vol. XXVI, Issue 2, 1997, pp. 7–14.
*Gh. Ungureanu, "Frămîntări social-politice premergătoare mișcării revoluționare din 1848 în Moldova", in ''Studii. Revistă de Istorie'', Vol. XI, Issue 3, 1958, pp. 51–76.
}}
Category:Ceremonial occupations
Category:Romanian noble titles
Category:Noble titles of Russia
Category:Romanian words and phrases
Category:Romanian wine
Category:Wine terminology
Category:People associated with wine
---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Paharnic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paharnic) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paharnic?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.