# PKS 1222+216

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Quasar located in the constellation of Coma Berenices

PKS 1222+216 SDSS image of PKS 1222+216. The galaxy on the bottom left of the image is the spiral galaxy, PGC 40438. Observation data (J2000.0 epoch) Constellation Coma Berenices Right ascension 12h 24m 54.45s[1] Declination +21° 22′ 46.38″[1] Redshift 0.433826[1] Heliocentric radial velocity 130,058 km/s[1] Distance 4.695 Gly Apparent magnitude (V) 17.50 Characteristics Type Blazar LPQ[1] Size ~340,000 ly (104.2 kpc) (estimated)[1] Notable features VHE emitter, blazar Other designations 4C 21.35, 2MASS J12245446+2122463, LEDA 2819691, 7C 1222+2139, SDSS J122454.45+212246.3, ON +238, CoNFIG 134, RX J1224.9+2122, TeV J1224+213, ICRF J122454.4+212246, 2PBC J1224.8+2122[1]

**PKS 1222+216** also known as **4C 21.35**, is a [quasar](/source/Quasar) located in the constellation of [Coma Berenices](/source/Coma_Berenices). The [redshift](/source/Redshift) of the object is (z) 0.433, estimating the object to be located 4.6 billion [light-years](/source/Light-year) from Earth[1] and it was first discovered by astronomers in 1966 as a [radio source](/source/Astronomical_radio_source).[2] The [radio spectrum](/source/Radio_spectrum) of PKS 1222+216 is considered as flat, thus the classification of it being a [flat-spectrum radio quasar](/source/Flat-spectrum_radio_quasar).[3][4]

## Description

### Flaring activity

PKS 1222+216 is a [blazar](/source/Blazar), mainly being optically violently variable on the [electromagnetic spectrum](/source/Electromagnetic_spectrum) and also described as a [very high energy](/source/Very-high-energy_gamma_ray) emitter.[5][6][7] When first observed in April 2009 it was shown to be in an active phase, with an increasing amount of gamma-ray flux reaching around 4.6 ± 1.6 × 10−7 photons cm−2 s−1.[8] By December 15, 2009, the source's flux had reached 3.4 ± 0.5 × 10−6 photons cm−2 s−1, marking this as an increase by a factor of 40.[9]

Two powerful [gamma-ray](/source/Gamma_ray) flares were detected from PKS 1222+216 by various observations in April and June 2010.[10][11][12] The object displayed a broken [power-law](/source/Power_law) form with observed spectra breaks near the ranges between 1 and 3 GeV [photons](/source/Photon).[11] The optical polarimetric observations also noted the variability of the source in both [polarization](/source/Polarization_(waves)) and position angle, with a detected decrease in [brightness](/source/Brightness) levels of 0.34 [magnitude](/source/Magnitude_(astronomy)) between 19 and 22 June in [V band](/source/V_band).[13] Following the flare of April 2010, the source exhibited an immense increase in [near-infrared](/source/Infrared) flux.[14]

In 2014 PKS 1222+216 underwent several more flaring periods. When detected, both flares (Flare A and Flare B) were shown to be accompanied by two subflares, occurring within a time span of three days. The subflare of Flare A displayed a slow rising trend, reaching a [maximum](/source/Maximum_and_minimum) at MJD (56699 ± 0.5), subsequently followed by a rapid decrease. Subflare 2 of Flare A, displayed an increase to its maximum peak, before displaying a slow [decay time](/source/Rise_time). The [flux](/source/Flux) for Flare A has been estimated as 3.2 ± 0.42 × 10−6 photon cm−2 s−1. The subflares of Flare B on the other hand, showed a rapid [rise time](/source/Rise_time), subsequently followed by a slow decay time lasting 0.6 days.[15]

### Radio Source

The structure of the source of PKS 1222+216, is compact and highly distorted with an angular extent of 17 arcseconds.[16] When imaged with the [Very Large Array](/source/Very_Large_Array) (VLA) on kiloparsec scales, it has a bright radio core surrounded by [radio emission](/source/Radio_wave) that is 100 [kiloparsecs](/source/Parsec) in extent.[17] A secondary component is seen extending 12 arcseconds from the core.[18][19] There is a [jet](/source/Astrophysical_jet) present in the source, originating in the northeast before abruptly bending eastwards and ending in a hotspot located 60 kiloparsecs from the core.[17][20] This jet is also [superluminal](/source/Faster-than-light), with at least five jet knots moving at fast speeds between the ranges of 9c and 22c. Observations also found two of these knots were shown ejecting during quasar flaring periods.[21]

## Quasi-periodic oscillation and supermassive black hole mass

In 2022, PKS 1222+216 was shown undergoing a [quasi-periodic oscillation](/source/Quasi-periodic_oscillation_(astronomy)) with a period of around 420 days based on optical [photometric](/source/Photometric_system) and [polarimetric](/source/Polarimetry) data observations conducted for 10 years. This is explained by a blob feature moving in [helical motion](/source/Magnetic_helicity) inside a jet.[22] The central [supermassive black hole](/source/Supermassive_black_hole) mass for the quasar has been estimated as 6 × 108 [M☉](/source/Solar_mass) based on a virial method of its broad [emission lines](/source/Spectral_line).[23][24]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ned_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ned_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ned_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-ned_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-ned_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-ned_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-ned_1-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-ned_1-7) ["NED Search results for PKS 1222+216"](https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=PKS+1222+216&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1). *NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database*. Retrieved 2025-09-06.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Long, R. J.; Smith, M. A.; Stewart, P.; Williams, P. J. S. (1966-12-01). ["The Radio Spectra of Sources in the Fourth Cambridge Catalogue"](https://watermark02.silverchair.com/mnras134-0371.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA14wggNaBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggNLMIIDRwIBADCCA0AGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMjebUC-1x8gumFRtyAgEQgIIDEdYz3L2dvjHXfGYTWYlYRwHiu4DrP4FnRsqG0nM89hC3NxDbDxqMNepDmUgtXrn-uj5LTL1NcRWSmDzkF73390r9ksFYQQVqhyGq7TZL0yc-aricGLPc_PDxg04Mcq8gfrK3R_xLszceeCX34U91VKYJY_SlCsTHBcwe4EC5sqkzxeEPrzdJVUTzGKvq4pfP0DnvY0liMagsi_bLEWVbNhAfU2i9nhg0nSN5104RHdQXALqgvaUli2reYgzwCULLqQN-s4tKXkI59-XVt5eGRAS06KpSALtoknOhB36CciKu5hl-9pZHTCcGTC951kDeSH7PIt80dpSckg1ML4BPAMV52aS-LO804lMim_NDlnouEPKHcuo9MqWXs6YiU3LdkimqWBQniK9uAJ8XKgQndHIzB1auQT-TCxmg7dSZCA5le4VN9n6glvjl1yRDz4GraegtHIZcR3MP3dz8RiH964mgtE75iNkrYsrCB9TuJXlEbrZIsCdfyKMPXp87mQtIvQ9pTAvVS4vRivMWGAF4lvEwPJWK4aeqzYLw1HqAu2Z0v3oAh1BSkKGa6bP8yeN76bTMaPX5Bya0l1U33EWvr2nRVp-CHhQMXSMuB8bcfl5dVsNELlTk27ndJMgb7IJjCFkfudyZgfn6_4sKmd1kncmffNonVoz1XfTazZ6FE3dzXRUKg_2qoJkijgD7YShEpM2-AwDQtZrtxJd3LkkaXziWoy8KzWZcCRo9VfK-dX7jrUY_qzPXcLWgSjbuC-9kgOJZxWv4_FcYLVJiN4re4_DLh3IIbLoMFM6zOyUzs0_InR6-czF-TA-r46cHT5PyUv8t87DW37Im31nBPQL83Sz39lYqwKXXirtiZtdxrGmr6QoktGxF2hH40SUzI2viZRxR6AYZwulEHXVxh6adSwoLH-TvByeO_UmoNJ0n_jwA9AD4L49bHr1QcyqvQirQ2fIkfjgBWE_mN3yurQyKvR9KB7WcFfo9wncVst8rAOMnBTGiK3PU2lArWUOWvJtuxpWyJRaGednuDCQMM5QC0P-L) (PDF). *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*. **134** (4): 371–388. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1966MNRAS.134..371L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966MNRAS.134..371L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/mnras/134.4.371](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F134.4.371). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0035-8711](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["ATel #5981: Detection of Persistent VHE emission from PKS 1222+216 (4C +21.35) with VERITAS"](https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=5981). *The Astronomer's Telegram*. Retrieved 2025-09-07.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Nowakowski, Tomasz; Phys.org. ["Astronomers investigate jet kinematics of the blazar 4C+21.35"](https://phys.org/news/2019-04-astronomers-jet-kinematics-blazar-4c2135.html). *phys.org*. Retrieved 2025-09-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["ATel #2021: Fermi LAT detection of increasing gamma-ray activity of blazar PKS 1222+216"](https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=2021). *The Astronomer's Telegram*. Retrieved 2025-09-06.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["ATel #2349: Fermi LAT confirmation of a strong GeV flare from 4C 21.35 (PKS 1222+21)"](https://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=2349). *The Astronomer's Telegram*. Retrieved 2025-09-06.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Lei, Maichang; Wang, Jiancheng (2015-07-02). ["Location of gamma-ray flaring region in quasar 4C +21.35"](https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psv055). *Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan*. **67** (4) 79. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1505.08056](https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.08056). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/pasj/psv055](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpasj%2Fpsv055). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2053-051X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2053-051X).

v t e Constellation of Coma Berenices List of stars in Coma Berenices Coma Berenices in Chinese astronomy Stars Bayer α (Diadem) β γ Flamsteed 7 11 12 13 14 16 17 21 23 (Phyllon Kissinou) 24 31 35 36 37 41 Variable FK GP IN LW HR 4668 HD 107146 108863 108874 110067 114762 b 115404 116029 Other 2MASS J12195156+3128497 KELT-6 WASP-56 WISE 1217+1626 Exoplanets HD 108874 b c KELT-6b Star clusters Coma Star Cluster Messier 53 NGC 4147 NGC 5053 Nebulae LoTr 5 Galaxies Messier 64 (Black Eye Galaxy) 85 88 91 98 99 100 NGC 4014 4015 4017 4053 4056 4060 4061 4065 4066 4070 4072 4074 4076 4084 4086 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4095 4098 4136 4146 4150 4162 4185 4189 4203 4211 4212 4213 4222 4237 4245 4253 4262 4274 4278 4293 4298 4302 4308 4310 4312 4314 4323 4328 4340 4359 4375 4383 4393 4394 4414 4419 4448 4450 4455 4459 4468 4473 4474 4475 4477 4479 4489 4494 4495 4498 4502 4506 4515 4516 4523 4525 4540 4555 4556 4558 4559 4561 4565 4571 4585 4595 4611 4614 4615 4633 4634 4651 4659 4670 4673 4676 (Mice Galaxies) 4689 4692 4710 4712 4725 4747 4839 4848 4860 4869 4871 4872 4873 4874 4875 4876 4881 4883 4886 4889 4892 4895 4907 4911 4919 4921 4944 5000 5004 5012 5032 5056 5172 Other 3C 275.1 3C 287 Arp 60 Coma Berenices Dragonfly 44 IC 755 (NGC 4019) IC 831 IC 860 IC 3505 IC 3528 IC 4040 IC 4051 IOK-1 IRAS F12032+1707 LEDA 83677 M85-HCC1 Malin 1 PGC 44691 PKS 1155+251 PKS 1222+216 VIRGOHI21 ZwCl 1305.4+2941 BCG Galaxy clusters Abell 1413 Coma I Coma Cluster Coma Supercluster M94 Group NGC 4065 Group NGC 4631 Group Astronomical events GRB 050509B iPTF14atg SN 1940B SN 1979C SN 2005ap SN 2006X SN 2020oi Category

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [PKS 1222+216](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS_1222%2B216) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS_1222%2B216?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.