# PAL-11R

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**PAL-11R** is an assembly language, and an assembler, for the [PDP-11](/source/PDP-11)'s [disk operating system](/source/Disk_operating_system), [DOS-11](/source/DEC_BATCH-11/DOS-11).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] It was the precursor to [MACRO-11](/source/MACRO-11).[citation needed]

The original assembler for Unix, **[as](/source/As_(Unix))**, was based on PAL-11R.[9]

## References

1. ["dec :: pdp11 :: dos-batch :: DEC-11-ASDB-D PAL-11R Assembler Programmers Manual May71"](https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_decpdp11do11RAssemblerProgrammersManualMay71_2572677). 1 May 1971. Retrieved 31 December 2018. – via Internet Archive.

1. Grayson, Lawrence P. & Biedenbach, Joseph M. (1984). ["Proceedings 1984 Frontiers in Education Conference: October 3-5, 1984, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"](https://books.google.com/books?id=Sg5DAQAAIAAJ&q=(%22pal-11%22+OR+%22pal-11r%22)+(%22dec%22+OR+%22digital+equipment%22+OR+%22pdp%22)). *Booksgoogle.co.uk*. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

1. ["CERN., Issues 23-24"](https://books.google.com/books?id=W3hGAAAAYAAJ&q=(%22pal-11%22+OR+%22pal-11r%22)+(%22dec%22+OR+%22digital+equipment%22+OR+%22pdp%22)). *Booksgoogle.co.uk*. 1974. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

1. ["DP-11/20/15/r20 Processor Handbook"](https://books.google.com/books?id=6-QmAAAAMAAJ&q=(%22pal-11%22+OR+%22pal-11r%22)+(%22dec%22+OR+%22digital+equipment%22+OR+%22pdp%22)). *Booksgoogle.co.uk*. 1971. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

1. ["J.P.L. Quarterly Technical Review, Volume 2"](https://books.google.com/books?id=gzc1AAAAMAAJ&q=(%22pal-11%22+OR+%22pal-11r%22)+(%22dec%22+OR+%22digital+equipment%22+OR+%22pdp%22)). *Booksgoogle.co.uk*. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (U. S.). 1972. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

1. Kapps, Charles A. (1987). ["Assembly Language for the PDP-11: RT-RSX-UNIX"](https://books.google.com/books?id=THshAQAAIAAJ&q=(%22pal-11%22+OR+%22pal-11r%22)+(%22dec%22+OR+%22digital+equipment%22+OR+%22pdp%22)). *Booksgoogle.co.uk*. PWS Computer Science. ISBN 9780871500724. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

1. ["Proceedings, Volume 1"](https://books.google.com/books?id=oqkwAQAAIAAJ&q=(%22pal-11%22+OR+%22pal-11r%22)+(%22dec%22+OR+%22digital+equipment%22+OR+%22pdp%22)). *Booksgoogle.co.uk*. 1990. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

1. ["International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, Volume 15"](https://books.google.com/books?id=zHgvAQAAIAAJ&q=(%22pal-11%22+OR+%22pal-11r%22)+(%22dec%22+OR+%22digital+equipment%22+OR+%22pdp%22)). *Booksgoogle.co.uk*. 1978. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

1. ["Manual Introduction"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190124182634/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/bellLabs/unix/UNIX_ProgrammersManual_Nov71.pdf). *Bitsavers.org*. Archived from [the original](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bellLabs/unix/UNIX_ProgrammersManual_Nov71.pdf) on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [PAL-11R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL-11R) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL-11R?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.