# Oxymonad
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{{Short description|Group of flagellated protozoa}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Monocermonoides melolanthae.jpg
| image_upright = 0.4
| image_caption = ''[Monocercomonoides](/source/Monocercomonoides) melolanthae''
| taxon = Oxymonadida
| authority = Grassé 1952 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = * [Oxymonadidae](/source/Oxymonadidae)
* [Polymastigidae](/source/Polymastigidae)
* [Pyrsonymphidae](/source/Pyrsonymphidae)
* [Saccinobaculidae](/source/Saccinobaculidae)
| synonyms = * Oxymonadales
* Polymastigales Engler 1898
* Polymastigida Calkins 1902
* Polymastigina Blochmann 1895
* Polymastigoda Seligo 1886
* Pyrsonymphales
* Pyrsonymphida Grassé 1952
}}
The '''oxymonads''' (or '''Oxymonadida''') are a group of [flagellate](/source/flagellate)d [protist](/source/protist)s found exclusively in the intestines of animals, mostly [termite](/source/termite)s and other [wood-eating](/source/Xylophagy) [insect](/source/insect)s. Along with the similar [parabasalid](/source/parabasalid) flagellates, they harbor the [symbiotic](/source/Symbiosis) [bacteria](/source/bacterium) that are responsible for breaking down [cellulose](/source/cellulose). There is no evidence for presence of [mitochondria](/source/Mitochondrion) (not even anaerobic mitochondrion-like organelles like [hydrogenosome](/source/hydrogenosome)s or [mitosome](/source/mitosome)s) in oxymonads[{{Citation |last=Hampl |first=Vladimir |title=Preaxostyla |date=2016 |work=Handbook of the Protists |pages=1–36 |editor-last=Archibald |editor-first=John M. |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_8-1 |access-date=2024-04-15 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_8-1 |isbn=978-3-319-32669-6 |editor2-last=Simpson |editor2-first=Alastair G.B. |editor3-last=Slamovits |editor3-first=Claudio H. |editor4-last=Margulis |editor4-first=Lynn|url-access=subscription }}] and three species have been shown to completely lack any molecular markers of mitochondria.[{{Cite journal |last1=Novák |first1=Lukáš V. F. |last2=Treitli |first2=Sebastian C. |last3=Pyrih |first3=Jan |last4=Hałakuc |first4=Paweł |last5=Pipaliya |first5=Shweta V. |last6=Vacek |first6=Vojtěch |last7=Brzoň |first7=Ondřej |last8=Soukal |first8=Petr |last9=Eme |first9=Laura |last10=Dacks |first10=Joel B. |last11=Karnkowska |first11=Anna |last12=Eliáš |first12=Marek |last13=Hampl |first13=Vladimír |date=2023-12-07 |editor-last=Dutcher |editor-first=Susan K. |title=Genomics of Preaxostyla Flagellates Illuminates the Path Towards the Loss of Mitochondria |journal=PLOS Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=12 |article-number=e1011050 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1011050 |doi-access=free |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=10703272 |pmid=38060519}}]
It includes e.g. ''[Dinenympha](/source/Dinenympha)'', ''[Pyrsonympha](/source/Pyrsonympha)'', ''[Oxymonas](/source/Oxymonas)'',[{{cite journal |author=Moriya S |title=Molecular phylogeny of three oxymonad genera: Pyrsonympha, Dinenympha and Oxymonas |journal=J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=190–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12836875 |doi= 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00115.x|name-list-style=vanc|author2=Dacks JB |author3=Takagi A |display-authors=3 |last4=Noda |first4=Satoko |last5=Ohkuma |first5=Moriya |last6=Doolittle |first6=W. Ford |last7=Kudo |first7=Toshiaki|s2cid=26831383 |doi-access=free }}] ''[Streblomastix](/source/Streblomastix)'',[{{Cite journal |last1=Treitli |first1=Sebastian C. |last2=Kolisko |first2=Martin |last3=Husník |first3=Filip |last4=Keeling |first4=Patrick J. |last5=Hampl |first5=Vladimír |date=2019-09-24 |title=Revealing the metabolic capacity of Streblomastix strix and its bacterial symbionts using single-cell metagenomics |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=39 |pages=19675–19684 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1910793116 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6765251 |pmid=31492817|bibcode=2019PNAS..11619675T }}] ''[Monocercomonoides](/source/Monocercomonoides)'', and ''[Blattamonas](/source/Blattamonas)''.[{{Cite journal |last1=Treitli |first1=Sebastian C. |last2=Kotyk |first2=Michael |last3=Yubuki |first3=Naoji |last4=Jirounková |first4=Eliška |last5=Vlasáková |first5=Jitka |last6=Smejkalová |first6=Pavla |last7=Šípek |first7=Petr |last8=Čepička |first8=Ivan |last9=Hampl |first9=Vladimír |date=November 2018 |title=Molecular and Morphological Diversity of the Oxymonad Genera Monocercomonoides and Blattamonas gen. nov. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1434461018300683 |journal=Protist |language=en |volume=169 |issue=5 |pages=744–783 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2018.06.005|pmid=30138782 |url-access=subscription }}]
==Characteristics==
Most Oxymonads are around 50 μm in size and have a single [nucleus](/source/cell_nucleus), associated with four [flagella](/source/Flagellum). Their [basal bodies](/source/Basal_body) give rise to several long sheets of [microtubule](/source/microtubule)s, which form an organelle called an [axostyle](/source/axostyle), but different in structure from the axostyles of [parabasalid](/source/parabasalid)s. The cell may use the axostyle to swim, as the sheets slide past one another and cause it to undulate. An associated fiber called the preaxostyle separates the flagella into two pairs. A few oxymonads have multiple nuclei, flagella, and axostyles.
[[File:2023 Oxymonad.svg|center|thumb|upright=2|{{center|Representation of an oxymonad}}{{ordered list|[Flagella](/source/Flagellum) (two pairs)|
[Basal bodies](/source/Basal_body)|
[Nucleus](/source/Cell_nucleus)|
Motile [axostyle](/source/axostyle)|
[Endoplasmic reticulum](/source/Endoplasmic_reticulum), the transport network for molecules going to specific parts of the cell|
Reduced [Golgi apparatus](/source/Golgi_apparatus); modifies [protein](/source/protein)s and sends them out of the cell|
[Pinocytic](/source/Pinocytosis) pore, for filter feeding|
[Endosome](/source/Endosome), sorts material|
Membrane-bound [granules](/source/Granule_(cell_biology))}}]]
==Relationship to ''Trimastix'' and ''Paratrimastix''==
The free-living flagellates ''[Trimastix](/source/Trimastix)'' and ''[Paratrimastix](/source/Paratrimastix)'' are closely related to the oxymonads.[{{cite journal |author=Dacks JB |title=Oxymonads are closely related to the excavate taxon Trimastix |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1034–44 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11371592 |doi= 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003875|name-list-style=vanc|author2=Silberman JD |author3=Simpson AG |display-authors=3 |last4=Moriya |first4=S |last5=Kudo |first5=T |last6=Ohkuma |first6=M |last7=Redfield |first7=RJ|doi-access=free }}][{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qianqian |last2=Táborský |first2=Petr |last3=Silberman |first3=Jeffrey D. |last4=Pánek |first4=Tomáš |last5=Čepička |first5=Ivan |last6=Simpson |first6=Alastair G.B. |date=September 2015 |title=Marine Isolates of Trimastix marina Form a Plesiomorphic Deep-branching Lineage within Preaxostyla, Separate from Other Known Trimastigids (Paratrimastix n. gen.) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1434461015000462 |journal=Protist |language=en |volume=166 |issue=4 |pages=468–491 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2015.07.003|pmid=26312987 |url-access=subscription }}] They lack aerobic [mitochondria](/source/Mitochondrion) and have four flagella separated by a preaxostyle, but unlike the oxymonads have a feeding groove. This character places the Oxymonads, ''Trimastix'', and ''Paratrimastix'' among the [Excavata](/source/Excavata), and in particular they may belong to the [metamonad](/source/metamonad)s. [Molecular phylogenetic](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) studies indeed place [Preaxostyla](/source/Anaeromonadea) (oxymonads, ''[Trimastix](/source/Trimastix)'', and ''[Paratrimastix](/source/Paratrimastix)'') in [Metamonad](/source/Metamonad)a.[{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qianqian |last2=Táborský |first2=Petr |last3=Silberman |first3=Jeffrey D. |last4=Pánek |first4=Tomáš |last5=Čepička |first5=Ivan |last6=Simpson |first6=Alastair G.B. |date=September 2015 |title=Marine Isolates of Trimastix marina Form a Plesiomorphic Deep-branching Lineage within Preaxostyla, Separate from Other Known Trimastigids (Paratrimastix n. gen.) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1434461015000462 |journal=Protist |language=en |volume=166 |issue=4 |pages=468–491 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2015.07.003|pmid=26312987 |url-access=subscription }}][{{Cite journal |last1=Stairs |first1=Courtney W. |last2=Táborský |first2=Petr |last3=Salomaki |first3=Eric D. |last4=Kolisko |first4=Martin |last5=Pánek |first5=Tomáš |last6=Eme |first6=Laura |last7=Hradilová |first7=Miluše |last8=Vlček |first8=Čestmír |last9=Jerlström-Hultqvist |first9=Jon |last10=Roger |first10=Andrew J. |last11=Čepička |first11=Ivan |date=December 2021 |title=Anaeramoebae are a divergent lineage of eukaryotes that shed light on the transition from anaerobic mitochondria to hydrogenosomes |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982221013646 |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=24 |pages=5605–5612.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.010|pmid=34710348 |bibcode=2021CBio...31E5605S }}]
==Taxonomy==
{{cladogram
|title=Cladogram of Oxymonadida[{{Cite journal |last1=Treitlia |first1=Sebastian C. |last2=Kotykb |first2=Michael |last3=Yubukia |first3=Naoji |last4=Jirounkováa |first4=Eliska |last5=Vlasáková |first5=Jitka |last6=Smejkalováa |first6=Pavla |last7=Sípek |first7=Petr |last8=Cepicka |first8=Ivan |last9=Hampl |first9=Vladimír |title=Molecular and Morphological Diversity of the Oxymonad Genera Monocercomonoides and Blattamonas gen. nov. |journal=Protist |volume=169 |issue=5 |year=2018 |pages=744–783 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2018.06.005|pmid=30138782 }}]
|{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{Clade
|1=[Polymastigidae](/source/Polymastigidae)
|2={{Clade
|1=[Saccinobaculidae](/source/Saccinobaculidae)
|2={{Clade
|1=[Oxymonadidae](/source/Oxymonadidae)
|2={{Clade
|1=''[Opisthomitus](/source/Opisthomitus)''
|2=[Pyrsonymphidae](/source/Pyrsonymphidae)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
* Order '''Oxymonadida''' Grassé 1952 emend. [Cavalier-Smith](/source/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith) 2003[{{cite journal | website=Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement | title=Part 1- Virae, Prokarya, Protists, Fungi | url=http://mave.tweakdsl.nl/tn/genera1.html | display-authors=etal | access-date=30 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814234049/http://mave.tweakdsl.nl/tn/genera1.html | archive-date=14 August 2016 }}]
** Family [Oxymonadidae](/source/Oxymonadidae) Kirby 1928 [Oxymonadaceae; Oxymonadinae Cleveland 1934]
*** Genus ?''[Metasaccinobaculus](/source/Metasaccinobaculus)'' Freitas 1945
*** Genus ''[Barroella](/source/Barroella)'' Zeliff 1944 [''Kirbyella'' Zeliff 1930 non Kirkaldy 1906 non Bolivar 1909]
*** Genus ''[Microrhopalodina](/source/Microrhopalodina)'' Grassé & Foa 1911 [''Proboscidiella'' [Kofoid](/source/Charles_Atwood_Kofoid) & [Swezy](/source/Olive_Swezy) 1926]
*** Genus ''[Opisthomitus](/source/Opisthomitus)'' Grassé 1952 non Duboscq & Grassé 1934
*** Genus ''[Oxymonas](/source/Oxymonas)'' Janicki 1915
*** Genus ''[Sauromonas](/source/Sauromonas)'' Grassé & Hollande 1952
** Family [Polymastigidae](/source/Polymastigidae) Bütschli 1884 [Polymastiginae Kirby 1931; Polymastigaceae; Streblomastigaceae; Streblomastigidae Kofoid & Swezy 1919]
*** Genus ?''[Paranotila](/source/Paranotila)'' Cleveland 1966
*** Genus ?''[Tubulimonoides](/source/Tubulimonoides)'' Krishnamurthy & Sultana 1976
*** Genus ''[Blattamonas](/source/Blattamonas)'' Treitli et al. 2018
*** Genus ''Brachymonas'' (Grassé 1952) Treitli et al. 2018 non Hiraishi et al. 1995
*** Genus ''[Monocercomonoides](/source/Monocercomonoides)'' Travis 1932
*** Genus ''[Polymastix](/source/Polymastix)'' Bütschli 1884 non Gruber 1884
*** Genus ''[Streblomastix](/source/Streblomastix)'' Kofoid & Swezy 1920
** Family [Pyrsonymphidae](/source/Pyrsonymphidae) Grassé 1892 [Pyrsonymphaceae; Pyrsonymphinae Kirby 1937 nom. nud.; Dinenymphidae Grassé 1911; Dinenymphinae Cleveland et al. 1934; Dinenymphaceae]
*** Genus ''[Dinenympha](/source/Dinenympha)'' Leidy 1877 [''Pyrsonympha'' (''Dinenympha'') (Leidy 1877) Koidzumi 1921]
*** Genus ''[Pyrsonympha](/source/Pyrsonympha)'' Leidy 1877 [''Pyrsonema'' Kent 1881; ''Lophophora'' Comes 1910 non Coulter 1894 non Kraatz 1895 non Moeschler 1890]
** Family [Saccinobaculidae](/source/Saccinobaculidae) Brugerolle & Lee 2002 ex Cavalier-Smith 2012 [Saccinobaculinae Cleveland et al. 1934]
*** Genus ''[Notila](/source/Notila)'' Cleveland 1950
*** Genus ''[Saccinobaculus](/source/Saccinobaculus)'' Cleveland-Hall & Sanders & Collier 1934
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Metamonada}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q618894}}
Category:Flagellates
Category:Metamonads
Category:Anaerobes
---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Oxymonad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymonad) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymonad?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.