# Overlogging

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Environmental exploitation practice

For the South Park episode, see [Over Logging (South Park episode)](/source/Over_Logging_(South_Park_episode)).

Local villagers float past a pile of illegally logged trees in [Central Kalimantan](/source/Central_Kalimantan), Indonesia

**Overlogging** is a form of [overexploitation](/source/Overexploitation) caused by [legal](/source/Logging) or [illegal](/source/Illegal_logging) logging activities that lead to [unsustainable](/source/Unsustainable) or irrecoverable [deforestation](/source/Deforestation) and permanent [habitat destruction](/source/Habitat_destruction) for forest [wildlife](/source/Wildlife).

## Causes

The use of poor logging practices and heavy machinery leads to overlogged forests.[1] [Norman Myers](/source/Norman_Myers) argued that forms of [environmental degradation](/source/Environmental_degradation) like overlogging are a consequence of "[perverse subsidies](/source/Subsidy)."[2] The production of [disposable](/source/Disposable) [tissues](/source/Tissue_paper) significantly contributes to the effects of overlogging.[3]

In rural China, overlogging is related to the need for firewood as fuel.[4] Overlogging is often associated with attempts at reducing the "[Third world debt](/source/Third_world_debt)," although it is not restricted to developing countries.[5]

In [central Japan](/source/Ch%C5%ABbu_region), forests located closer to power plants were found to be more vulnerable to overlogging.[6]

## Effects

With the developed world's growing demand for [pulp and paper](/source/Pulp_and_paper), overlogging is an imminent threat to Earth's forests.[3]

Overlogging has caused significant damage to [dipterocarp](/source/Dipterocarpaceae) forests in Southeast Asia,[1] including in Vietnam.[7] In the [Philippines](/source/Philippines), overlogging has created brushlands comprising [relict](/source/Relict_(biology)) trees, shrubs, and grasses.[8] As of 1994, overlogging had led to the loss of 1.2 million hectares of Russia's forests.[9]

In China, tropical forests were affected by overlogging prior to the establishment of the [People's Republic](/source/People's_Republic_of_China) in 1949, and they were overlogged during the [Cultural Revolution](/source/Cultural_Revolution) from 1966 to 1976.[10] The process has created post-extraction [secondary forests](/source/Secondary_forest).[10] At the Nature Reserve of Jinyun Mountain in [Chongqing](/source/Chongqing), overlogging affects the growth of [Phyllostachys pubescens](/source/Phyllostachys_edulis) (giant bamboo).[11] It is also a problem in the [Karakoram](/source/Karakoram) and [Kunlun Mountains](/source/Kunlun_Mountains),[12] and it has caused flooding in the [Min River](/source/Min_River_(Fujian)) Area of [Fujian](/source/Fujian).[13]

## Restoration

The restoration of overlogged forests can be important to the conservation of biodiversity or the availability of natural resources like water and carbon for local populations.[1]

The effects of overlogging can be mitigated by setting aside profits for forest rehabilitation, a practice which is also economically profitable.[14] [Enrichment planting](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enrichment_planting&action=edit&redlink=1), or planting trees in degraded forests, is a form of artificial regeneration that has been employed in [East Kalimantan](/source/East_Kalimantan) and [South Kalimantan](/source/South_Kalimantan), Indonesia.[1] A logging quota was established in China in 1987; it has stopped deforestation and degradation but has not led to forest regeneration.[15]

In 1996, in response to activism regarding overlogging by corporations in [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia), the primary industries minister led a forestry mission to see the impact.[16]

## Representations

The works of [Frederic Edwin Church](/source/Frederic_Edwin_Church), a 19th-century American painter who often portrayed the progress of industrialization in his landscapes, indicate that he was "aware that overlogging led to erosion and the pollution of streams."[17]

## See also

- [Environmental impact of paper](/source/Environmental_impact_of_paper)

- [Overfishing](/source/Overfishing)

- [Overgrazing](/source/Overgrazing)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:1_1-3) Sabogal, Cesar; Nasi, Robert (2005), "Restoring Overlogged Tropical Forests", *Forest Restoration in Landscapes*, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 361–369, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/0-387-29112-1_52](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-29112-1_52), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-387-25525-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-25525-7){{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Myers, Norman. [*Perverse Subsidies*](https://www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/inc/cs-inc-iucn-05-en.pdf) (PDF).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_3-1) ["Pulp and paper"](http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/deforestation/forest_sector_transformation/pulp_and_paper/). WWF. Paper products are crucial to society, as they have enabled literacy and cultural development. However, without changing current paper production and consumption practices, growing demand for paper adds pressure on the Earth's last remaining natural forests and endangered wildlife.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Yong'an, Shen Fengge Wang. "On Strategic Choice of Energy in Rural Sustainable Development." *Journal of Beijing Forestry Management Staff College* (2002).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Elliott, Lorraine (August 2004). ["Strategies for sustainable development – Debt and the environment"](https://books.google.com/books?id=Iuc8DAAAQBAJ&q=overlogging+overgrazing&pg=PA186). *The Global Politics of the Environment*. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8147-2218-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2218-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Nakata, Chisa; Itaya, Akemi (2020-10-22). "Exploring forests vulnerable to over-logging to supply woody biomass to power plants in Mie, Central Japan". *Spatial Information Research*. **29** (4): 569–576. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s41324-020-00365-3](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41324-020-00365-3). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2366-3286](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2366-3286). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [224826541](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224826541).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Ut, Ngo, and Tran Van Con. "The evaluation and classification of rehabilitated forest site after over logging in east-southern Vietnam." *Science and Technology Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development* (2009).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Lasco, R. D.; Visco, R. G.; Pulhin, J. M. (2001). "Secondary Forests in the Philippines: Formation and Transformation in the 20Th Century". *Journal of Tropical Forest Science*. **13** (4): 652–670. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0128-1283](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0128-1283). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [43582365](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43582365).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Speranskaya, O A. *The Russian forest as an element in stabilizing global climatic change*. United States: N. p., 1994. Web.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_10-1) Zaizhi, Z. (2001). "Status and Perspectives on Secondary Forests in Tropical China". *Journal of Tropical Forest Science*. **13** (4): 639–651. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0128-1283](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0128-1283). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [43582364](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43582364).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Li, R., Werger, M.J.A., During, H.J. *et al.* Biennial variation in production of new shoots in groves of the giant bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens in Sichuan, China. *Plant Ecology* **135,** 103–112 (1998). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1023/A:1009761428401](https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1009761428401)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["A STUDY ON THE ALTITUDINAL BELTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE KARAKORAM AND WEST KUNLUN MOUNTAINS--《Journal of Natural Resources》1989年03期"](https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZRZX198903009.htm). *en.cnki.com.cn*. Retrieved 2021-07-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Wang, Guangyu; Innes, John L.; Hajjar, Reem; Zhang, Xiaoping; Wang, Jingxin (2013-05-01). "Public Awareness and Perceptions of Watershed Management in the Min River Area, Fujian, China". *Society & Natural Resources*. **26** (5): 586–604. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/08941920.2012.718411](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08941920.2012.718411). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0894-1920](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-1920). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [154237219](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154237219).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Korpelainen, Heikki; Ådjers, Göran; Kuusipalo, Jussi; Nuryanto, Koerdi; Otsamo, Antti (1995-12-01). ["Profitability of rehabilitation of overlogged dipterocarp forest: A case study from South Kalimantan, Indonesia"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0378112795036008). *Forest Ecology and Management*. **79** (3): 207–215. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0378-1127(95)03600-8](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1127%2895%2903600-8). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0378-1127](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1127).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Liu, Shilei; Xia, Jun (August 2021). "Forest harvesting restriction and forest restoration in China". *Forest Policy and Economics*. **129** 102516. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102516](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forpol.2021.102516). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1389-9341](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1389-9341). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [236298298](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236298298).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Choong, Alex (1996-11-01). ["Melanesia irks Malaysia"](https://doi.org/10.24135%2Fpjr.v3i2.597). *Pacific Journalism Review: Te Koakoa*. **3** (2): 133–136. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.24135/pjr.v3i2.597](https://doi.org/10.24135%2Fpjr.v3i2.597). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2324-2035](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2324-2035).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Anderson, Dennis (1990). "Review of Frederic Edwin Church and the National Landscape". *The New England Quarterly*. **63** (1): 171–173. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/366075](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F366075). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0028-4866](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4866). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [366075](https://www.jstor.org/stable/366075).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Overlogging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlogging) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlogging?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.