# Ovation

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{{Short description|Type of Roman celebration of military victory}}
{{other uses}}

The '''ovation''' ({{langx|la|ovatio}} from ''ovare'': to rejoice) was a lesser form<ref>Oxford English Dictionary</ref> of the [Roman triumph](/source/Roman_triumph). Ovations were granted when war was not declared between enemies on the level of nations or states; when an enemy was considered basely inferior (e.g., slaves, pirates); or when the general conflict was resolved with little or no danger to the army itself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maxfield |first=Valerie A.|author-link=Valerie Maxfield|title=The Military Decorations of the Roman Army |year=1981 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-04499-9 |pages=104–105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nuex2PW7QR0C&pg=PA104 |access-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref> The ovation could also be given rather than a triumph when there were extenuating circumstances, such as when [Marcus Marcellus](/source/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus) was given an ovation in lieu of a triumph as his army remained in Sicily and therefore was unable to cross the [pomerium](/source/pomerium).

The general celebrating the ovation did not enter the city on a ''[biga](/source/biga_(chariot))'', a chariot pulled by two white horses, as generals celebrating triumphs did, but instead rode on horseback in the [toga praetexta](/source/toga_praetexta) of a [magistrate](/source/Magistratus).<ref name="Goldsworthy">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3t8hBAAAQBAJ&q=augustus+biography+Thurinus+name|title=Augustus: First Emperor of Rome|last=Goldsworthy|first=Adrian|date= 2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-21666-0|language=en|page=121}}</ref>

The honoured general also wore a wreath of [myrtle](/source/Myrtus) (sacred to [Venus](/source/Venus_(mythology))) upon his brow, rather than the triumphal wreath of [laurel](/source/Bay_laurel). The [Roman Senate](/source/Roman_Senate) did not precede the general, nor did soldiers usually participate in the procession.

Perhaps the most famous ovation in history is that which [Marcus Licinius Crassus](/source/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus) celebrated after his victory of the [Third Servile War](/source/Third_Servile_War).

== Ovation holders ==
===Republic===
There were 23 known ovations during the Republic.<ref>G. Rohde. ''Ovatio'', RE XVIII, 1939, pp. 1890–1903</ref>
* 503 BC – [Publius Postumius Tubertus](/source/Publius_Postumius_Tubertus) (over Sabines)<ref>[Pliny the Elder](/source/Pliny_the_Elder), '' Naturalis Historia'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D15%3Achapter%3D38 15:38]</ref>
* 487 BC – [Gaius Aquillius Tuscus](/source/Gaius_Aquillius_Tuscus)<ref>[T. Robert S. Broughton](/source/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton). ''The magistrates of the Roman Republic'' [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009351001;view=1up;seq=45 pp. 19–20]</ref>
* 474 BC – [Gnaeus Manlius Vulso](/source/Gnaeus_Manlius_Vulso_(consul_474_BC))<ref name=fasti_1>[http://www.attalus.org/translate/fasti.html Fasti Triumphales]</ref>
* 462 BC – T. Veturius Geminus Cicurinus<ref name=fasti_1/>
* 421 BC – Cn. Fabius Vibulanus<ref>T. Robert S. Broughton. ''The magistrates of the Roman Republic'' [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009351001;view=1up;seq=95 pp. 69–70]</ref>
* 410 BC – C. Valerius Potitus Volusus<ref>T. Robert S. Broughton. ''The magistrates of the Roman Republic'' [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009351001;view=1up;seq=103 p. 77]</ref>
* 390 BC – [Marcus Manlius Capitolinus](/source/Marcus_Manlius_Capitolinus)<ref>T. Robert S. Broughton. ''The magistrates of the Roman Republic'' [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009351001;view=1up;seq=118 p. 92]</ref>
* 360 BC – [Marcus Fabius Ambustus](/source/Marcus_Fabius_Ambustus_(consul))<ref name=fasti_1/>
* 290 or 289 BC – [M. Curius Dentatus](/source/Marcus_Curius_Dentatus)<ref>T. Robert S. Broughton. ''The magistrates of the Roman Republic'' [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009351001;view=1up;seq=209 pp. 183–184]</ref>
* 211 BC – [M. Claudius Marcellus](/source/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus)<ref>T. Robert S. Broughton. ''The magistrates of the Roman Republic'' [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009351001;view=1up;seq=299 pp. 273–274]</ref>
* 207 BC – [Gaius Claudius Nero](/source/Gaius_Claudius_Nero)<ref>T. Robert S. Broughton. ''The magistrates of the Roman Republic'' [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009351001;view=1up;seq=320 p. 294]</ref>
* 200 BC – [Lucius Cornelius Lentulus](/source/Lucius_Cornelius_Lentulus_(consul_199_BC))<ref>T. Robert S. Broughton. ''The magistrates of the Roman Republic'' [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009351001;view=1up;seq=350 p. 324]</ref>
* 196 BC – Cn. Cornelius Blasius<ref name=fasti_1/>
* 195 BC – M. Helvius<ref name=fasti_1/>
* 191 BC – [Marcus Fulvius Nobilior](/source/Marcus_Fulvius_Nobilior_(consul_189_BC))<ref name=fasti_1/>
* 185 BC – [L. Manlius Acidinus Fulvianus](/source/Lucius_Manlius_Acidinus_Fulvianus)<ref>T. Robert S. Broughton. ''The magistrates of the Roman Republic'' [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009351001;view=1up;seq=399 p. 373]</ref>
* 182 BC – A. Terentius Varro<ref>T. Robert S. Broughton. ''The magistrates of the Roman Republic'' [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009351001;view=1up;seq=409 p. 383]</ref>
* 174 BC – Ap. Claudius Centho<ref name=fasti_1/>
* 132 BC – [M. Perperna](/source/Marcus_Perperna_(consul_130_BC))<ref>[Florus](/source/Publius_Annius_Florus), [''Epitome of Roman History'', book 2:7–8](/source/Wikisource%3AEpitome_of_Roman_History%2FBook_2)</ref>
* 99 BC – [M. Aquilius](/source/Manius_Aquillius_(consul_101_BC))<ref>T. Robert S. Broughton. [http://www.sfb600.uni-trier.de/filebase/A2/mrr2.pdf  ''The magistrates of the Roman Republic'', p. 3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421071841/http://www.sfb600.uni-trier.de/filebase/A2/mrr2.pdf |date=2015-04-21 }}</ref>
* 71 BC – [M. Licinius Crassus](/source/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus)<ref>[Plutarch](/source/Plutarch), ''The Life of Crassus'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html#11 11:8]</ref>
* 44 BC – [Julius Caesar](/source/Julius_Caesar)<ref name=fasti_1/>
* 40 BC – [Augustus](/source/Augustus)<ref name=fasti_1/>
* 40 BC – [Marcus Antonius](/source/Mark_Antony)<ref name=fasti_1/>
* 36 BC – Augustus<ref name=fasti_1/>

===Principate===
* 11 BC – [Nero Claudius Drusus](/source/Nero_Claudius_Drusus)<ref>Lendering, Jona, ''[https://www.livius.org/ro-rz/rome/rome_arch_drusus.html Arch of Drusus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008041310/http://www.livius.org/ro-rz/rome/rome_arch_drusus.html |date=2015-10-08 }}''</ref>
* 9 BC (approved in 11 BC) – [Tiberius](/source/Tiberius)<ref>[Suetonius](/source/Suetonius), ''The Life of Tiberius'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#9 9]</ref>
* 20 – [Drusus Julius Caesar](/source/Drusus_Julius_Caesar)<ref>Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, Andrew Lintott. ''The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. – A.D. 69'', p. 554</ref>
* 40 – [Caligula](/source/Caligula)<ref>Suetonius, ''The Life of Caligula'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#49 49]</ref>
* 47 – [Aulus Plautius](/source/Aulus_Plautius)<ref>Tacitus, "Annales" (xiii. 32)</ref>
* 55 – [Nero](/source/Nero)<ref>Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, Andrew Lintott. ''The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. – A.D. 69'', p. 224</ref>
* 93 – [Domitian](/source/Domitian)<ref>John Donahue, ''[http://www.luc.edu/roman-emperors/domitian.htm Titus Flavius Domitianus (A.D. 81–96)]''</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Ancient Rome}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ovation |volume=20 |short=x}}
* [Roman triumph](/source/Roman_Triumph)
* [Roman triumphal honours](/source/Roman_triumphal_honours)
* [Standing ovation](/source/Standing_ovation)

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

Category:Military awards and decorations of ancient Rome

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Ovation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovation) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovation?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.