# Oudh State

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Oudh_State
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Oudh_State.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudh_State
> Source revision: 1355374215
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Polity in the Awadh region of North India (1732–1856)

This article is about the Mughal province and later kingdom. For the natural and historical region in Uttar Pradesh, see [Awadh](/source/Awadh).

"Oudh" redirects here. For the Oudh tree, see [agarwood](/source/Agarwood). For the Arabic musical instrument, see [Oud](/source/Oud).

Oudh Awadh 1572–1856 Flag Coat of arms The Kingdom of Oudh in 1856 (red) Capital Ayodhya (1722–1740) Faizabad (1740–1775) Lucknow (1775–1858) Common languages Persian (official), Awadhi (regional), Hindustani Religion Shia Islam (official), Hinduism (majority), Sunni Islam, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity Government Mughal subah (1572–1722) Feudal absolute monarchy (1722–1816) Feudal absolute monarchy as a British protectorate (1816–1856) Nawab/Padshah • 1722–1739 Saadat Ali Khan I (first) • 1847–1856 Wajid Ali Shah (last) Subedar • 1722 Girdhar Bahadur (last) History • Independence from Mughal Empire 26 January 1722 • Annexation of Oudh 1856 • Siege of Cawnpore 5 – 25 June 1857 • Oudh campaign 3 March 1858 • Merger of Oudh to North-Western Provinces 1859 Area • 1601 26,463[1] sq mi (68,540 km2) Currency Indian Rupee Preceded by Succeeded by Mughal Empire Chero dynasty North-Western Provinces and Oudh Benares State

Nawab [Saadat Ali Khan II](/source/Saadat_Ali_Khan_II).

Nawab [Nasiruddin Haider](/source/Nasiruddin_Haider)

The **Oudh State** (English: [/ˈaʊd/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English), Hindi: [\[ˈəʋədʱ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hi-Awadh.ogg),[2] also **Kingdom of Awadh**, **Kingdom of Oudh**, **Awadh Subah**, **Oudh Subah**, or **Awadh State**) was a [Mughal](/source/Mughal_Empire) [subah](/source/Subah), then an independent kingdom, and lastly a [British protectorate](/source/British_protectorate) in the [Awadh](/source/Awadh) region of [North India](/source/North_India) until its annexation by the [British East India Company](/source/British_East_India_Company) in 1856. The name Oudh, now obsolete, was once the anglicized name of the state, also written historically as **Oudhe.**

As the [Mughal Empire](/source/Mughal_Empire) declined and decentralized, local governors in Oudh began asserting greater autonomy, and eventually Oudh matured into an independent polity governing the fertile lands of the Central and Lower [Doab](/source/Doab).

The capital of Oudh was in [Faizabad](/source/Faizabad), but the company's Political Agents, officially known as "Residents", had their seat in [Lucknow](/source/Lucknow). At par existed a Maratha embassy, in the Oudh court, led by the [Vakil](/source/Vakil) of the [Peshwa](/source/Peshwa), until the [Second Anglo-Maratha War](/source/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War). The Nawab of Oudh, one of the richest princes, paid for and erected a [Residency in Lucknow](/source/The_Residency%2C_Lucknow) as a part of a wider programme of civic improvements.[3]

Oudh joined other Indian states in an upheaval against British rule in 1858 during one of the last series of actions in the [Indian rebellion of 1857](/source/Indian_rebellion_of_1857). In the course of this uprising, detachments of the [Bombay Army](/source/Bombay_Army) of the East India Company overcame the disunited collection of Indian states in a single rapid campaign. Determined rebels continued to wage sporadic guerrilla clashes until the spring of 1859. This rebellion is also historically known as the [Oudh campaign](/source/Oudh_campaign_of_1858-9).[4]

After the British [annexation](/source/Annexation) of Oudh by the [Doctrine of Lapse](/source/Doctrine_of_Lapse), the [North Western Provinces](/source/North_Western_Provinces) became the North Western Provinces and Oudh.[5]

## History

See also: [Oudh Bequest](/source/Oudh_Bequest)

Elaborately illustrated map of the Awadh Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770

*Oudh Subah* was one of the initial 12 subahs (later expanded to 15 *subahs* by the end of Akbar's reign) established by [Akbar](/source/Akbar) during his administrative reforms of 1572–1580. A Mughal *[Subah](/source/Subah)* was divided into *[Sarkars](/source/Sarkar_(administrative_division))*, or districts. *Sarkars* were further divided into *[Parganas](/source/Pargana)* or *[Mahals](/source/Mahalla)*. [Saadat Ali Khan I](/source/Saadat_Ali_Khan_I) was appointed [Subahdar](/source/Subahdar) of Oudh Subah on 9 September 1722, succeeding [Girdhar Bahadur](/source/Girdhar_Bahadur). He immediately subdued the autonomous Shaikhzadas of [Lucknow](/source/Lucknow) and Raja Mohan Singh of [Tiloi](/source/Tiloi), consolidating Oudh as a state. In 1728, Oudh further acquired [Varanasi](/source/Varanasi), [Jaunpur](/source/Jaunpur%2C_Uttar_Pradesh) and surrounding lands from the Mughal noble Rustam Ali Khan and established stable revenue collection in that province after quelling the chief of [Azamgarh](/source/Azamgarh), [Mahabat Khan](/source/Mahabat_Khan).[6]: 44 In 1739 Saadat Khan mobilized Oudh to defend against [Nader Shah](/source/Nader_Shah)'s [invasion of India](/source/Nader_Shah's_invasion_of_the_Mughal_Empire), ultimately being captured in the [Battle of Karnal](/source/Battle_of_Karnal). He attempted to negotiate with Nader Shah but died in Delhi.

### Establishment

In 1740, his successor [Safdar Jang](/source/Safdar_Jang) moved the capital of the state from [Ayodhya](/source/Ayodhya) to [Faizabad](/source/Faizabad).[7] Safdar Jang gained recognition from Persia after paying tribute. He continued Saadat Khan's expansionist policy, promising military protection to Bengal in exchange for the forts at [Rohtasgarh](/source/Rohtasgarh) and [Chunar](/source/Chunar), and annexing portions of [Farrukhabad](/source/Farrukhabad) with Mughal military aid which was ruled by [Muhammad Khan Bangash](/source/Muhammad_Khan_Bangash).

As the [Mughal Empire](/source/Mughal_Empire) began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many *subahs* became effectively independent.[8] As regional officials asserted their autonomy in [Bengal](/source/Bengal) and the [Deccan](/source/Deccan) as well as with the rise of the [Maratha Empire](/source/Maratha_Empire), the rulers of Oudh gradually affirmed their own sovereignty. [Safdar Jang](/source/Safdar_Jang) went as far as to control the ruler of Delhi, putting [Ahmad Shah Bahadur](/source/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur) on the Mughal throne with the cooperation of other Mughal nobility. In 1748 he gained the [subah](/source/Subah) of [Allahabad](/source/Allahabad) with Ahmad Shah's official support. This was arguably the zenith of Oudh's territorial span.[9]: 132 [10]: 193

The next nawab, [Shuja-ud-Daula](/source/Shuja-ud-Daula), extended Oudh's control of the Mughal emperor. He was appointed [vazir](/source/Vizier) to [Shah Alam II](/source/Shah_Alam_II) in 1762 and offered him asylum after his failed campaigns against the British in the [Bengal War](/source/Bengal_War).[10]

### British contact and control

Since Oudh was located in a prosperous region, the [British East India Company](/source/British_East_India_Company) soon took notice of the affluence in which the Nawabs of Oudh lived. Primarily, the British sought to protect the frontiers of Bengal and their lucrative trade there; only later did direct expansion occur.

#### Shuja-ud-Daula

See also: [Shuja-ud-Daula](/source/Shuja-ud-Daula)

British dominance was established at the [Battle of Buxar](/source/Battle_of_Buxar) of 1764, when the East India Company defeated the alliance between the nawab of Oudh [Shuja-ud-Daula](/source/Shuja-ud-Daula) and the deposed nawab of Bengal [Mir Kasim](/source/Mir_Kasim).[11]: 25 The battle was a turning point for the once rising star of Oudh. The immediate effect was the British occupation of the fort at [Chunar](/source/Chunar) and the cession of the provinces of Kora and [Allahabad](/source/Allahabad) to Mughal ruler [Shah Alam II](/source/Shah_Alam_II) under the Treaty of Benares (1765). Shaja-ud-Daula further had to pay 5 million rupees as an indemnity, which was paid off in one year.[12]: 158[10]: 252 The long-term result would be direct British interference in the internal state matters of Oudh, useful as a buffer state against the [Marathas](/source/Marathas). The treaty also granted British traders special privileges and exemptions from many customs duties, which led to tensions as British monopolies were established.

Shuja-ud-Daula bought the Mughal provinces of Kora and Allahabad in the Treaty of Benares (1773) with the British (who held *de facto* control over the area) for 50 lakh rupees, increased the cost of Company mercenaries, and military aid in the [First Rohilla War](/source/First_Rohilla_War) to expand Oudh as a buffer state against Maratha interests.[11]: 65[12]: 75 Done by [Warren Hastings](/source/Warren_Hastings), this move was unpopular among the rest of Company leadership, but Hastings continued a harsh policy on Oudh, justifying the military aid as a bid to strengthen Oudh's status as a buffer state against the Marathas. To shape the policy of Oudh and direct its internal affairs Hastings appointed the resident [Nathaniel Middleton](/source/Nathaniel_Middleton) in Lucknow that year as well. At the conclusion of the First Rohilla War in 1774, Oudh gained the entirety of [Rohilkhand](/source/Rohilkhand) and the Middle [Doab](/source/Doab) region, only leaving the independent [Rampur State](/source/Rampur_State) as a Rohilla enclave.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

#### Asaf-ud-Daula

See also: [Asaf-ud-Daula](/source/Asaf-ud-Daula)

Asaf-ud-Daula acceded to the nawabship of Oudh with British aid in exchange for the Treaty of Benares (1775) which further increased the cost of mercenaries and ceded the *sarkars* of [Benares](/source/Benares), [Ghazipur](/source/Ghazipur), [Chunar](/source/Chunar), and [Jaunpur](/source/Jaunpur%2C_Uttar_Pradesh). From this time onwards, Oudh consistently complied with the company's demands, which continued to demand more land and economic control over the state.[13]

The Treaty of Chunar (1781) sought to reduce the number of British troops in Oudh's service to cut costs, but failed in this measure due to the instability of Asaf-ud-Daula's rule and thus his reliance on British aid essentially as a puppet regime.[14]

#### Later rulers

[Saadat Ali Khan II](/source/Saadat_Ali_Khan_II) acceded to the throne of Oudh in 1798, owing his seat to British intervention including Governor-General of Bengal [Sir John Shore](/source/John_Shore%2C_1st_Baron_Teignmouth)'s personal proclamation in Lucknow of his rule. A treaty signed on 21 February 1798 increased the subsidy paid to the British to 70 lakh rupees per year.[13]

In light of the [Napoleonic Wars](/source/Napoleonic_Wars) and British demands for greater revenue from the company, in 1801, [Saadat Ali Khan II](/source/Saadat_Ali_Khan_II) ceded the entire [Rohilkhand](/source/Rohilkhand) and [Lower Doab](/source/Lower_Doab) as well as the *sarkar* of [Gorakhpur](/source/Gorakhpur) under the pressure of [Lord Wellesley](/source/Lord_Wellesley) to the British in lieu of the annual tribute.[15] The cession halved the size of the polity, reducing it to the original Mughal [subah](/source/Subah) of Awadh (excepting Gorakhpur which was ceded) and surrounded it by directly administered British territory, rendering it useless as a buffer. The treaty also mandated a government to be put in place that primarily served the citizens of Oudh. It was on the basis of the failure to meet this demand that the British later justified the annexation of Oudh.

[Farrukhabad](/source/Farrukhabad) and [Rampur](/source/Rampur_State) was not annexed by the British yet; instead, they served as separate princely states for the moment.[13]

The kingdom became a British [protectorate](/source/Protectorate) in May 1816. Three years later, in 1819, the [Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah](/source/Ghazi-ud-Din_Haidar_Shah) took the title of *Badshah* (king), signaling formal independence from the Mughal Empire under the advice of the [Marquis of Hastings](/source/Marquis_of_Hastings).

Throughout the early 1800s until annexation, several areas were gradually ceded to the British.

### British annexation

Mutineer's Cavalry at Alam Bagh, Lucknow

On 7 February 1856, by order of [Governor-General](/source/Governor-General_of_India) [Lord Dalhousie](/source/James_Broun-Ramsay%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie), the [Nawab of Oudh](/source/Nawab_of_Awadh), [Wajid Ali Shah](/source/Wajid_Ali_Shah), was deposed, and Oudh State was annexed to the territories of the [British East India Company](/source/British_East_India_Company) under the terms of the [Doctrine of lapse](/source/Doctrine_of_lapse) on the grounds of alleged internal misrule.[16]

### Indian Rebellion of 1857

Between 5 July 1857 and 3 March 1858, during the [Indian Rebellion of 1857](/source/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857), [Begum Hazrat Mahal](/source/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal), the wife of Wajid Ali Shah proclaimed their son [Birjis Qadr](/source/Birjis_Qadr) the *Wali* of Awadh and ruled as regent. At the time of the rebellion, the British lost control of the territory; they reestablished their rule over the next eighteen months, during which time there were massacres such as those that had occurred in the course of the [Siege of Cawnpore](/source/Siege_of_Cawnpore).[17][18]

After the rebellion, Oudh's territory was merged with the [North Western Provinces](/source/North_Western_Provinces), forming the larger province of *North-Western Provinces and Oudh*. In 1902, the latter was renamed the [United Provinces of Agra and Oudh](/source/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh). In 1921, it became the [United Provinces of British India](/source/United_Provinces_of_British_India). In 1937, it became the [United Provinces](/source/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)) and continued as a province in independent [India](/source/India) until finally becoming the state of [Uttar Pradesh](/source/Uttar_Pradesh) in 1950.[16]

## Government

The fully-fledged state of Awadh

### Feudatory states

The following were feudatory estates —[taluqdaris](/source/Taluqdari)[19] or [parganas](/source/Pargana)— of Oudh:

- Amethi Estate[20]

- Balrampur Estate[21]

- [Benares State](/source/Benares_State) until 1740[22]

- [Bhadri Estate](/source/Bhadri_Estate)[23]

- Itaunja Estate[24]

- [Jahangirabad Estate](/source/Jahangirabad_Estate)

- [Kohra Estate](/source/Kohra_Estate)[25]

- [Mahmudabad Estate](/source/Mahmudabad_Estate)

- [Nanpara Taluqdari](/source/Nanpara_Taluqdari)[26]

- [Pratapgarh Estate](/source/Pratapgarh_Estate)[27]

- [Sarosi Estate](/source/Sarosi_estate)

- [Tulsipur State](/source/Tulsipur_State)

### Subdvisions

At the time of its creation by [Akbar](/source/Akbar), the Subah of Oudh consisted of 5 [*sarkars*](/source/Sarkar_(administrative_division)), further subdivided into 38 [*parganas*](/source/Pargana):[28]

Sarkar Oudh Gorakhpur Bahraich Khairabad Lucknow

### Rulers

Main article: [Nawabs of Oudh](/source/Nawab_of_Awadh)

The first ruler of Oudh State belonged to the [Shia](/source/Shia) Muslim Sayyid Family and descended of [Musa al-Kadhim](/source/Musa_al-Kadhim) originated from [Nishapur](/source/Nishapur). But the dynasty also belonged from the paternal line to the [Kara Koyunlu](/source/Kara_Koyunlu) through [Qara Yusuf](/source/Qara_Yusuf). They were renowned for their [secularism](/source/Secularism) and broad outlook.[29]

All rulers used the title of '[Nawab](/source/Nawab)'.[30]

Title Reign Start Reign End Name Subadar Nawab 26 January 1722 19 March 1739 Borhan al-Molk Mir Mohammad Amin Musawi Saʾadat ʾAli Khan I 19 March 1739 28 April 1748 Abu'l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik 28 April 1748 13 May 1753 Subadar Nawab 5 November 1753 5 October 1754 5 October 1754 15 February 1762 Jalal ad-Din Shojaʾ ad-Dowla Haydar Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik 15 February 1762 26 January 1775 26 January 1775 21 September 1797 Asaf ad-Dowla Amani 21 September 1797 21 January 1798 Mirza Wazir ʾAli Khan 21 Jan 1798 11 Jul 1814 Yamin ad-Dowla Nazem al-Molk Saʾadat ʾAli Khan II Bahadur 11 July 1814 19 October 1818 Ghazi ad-Din Rafaʾat ad-Dowla Abul-Mozaffar Haydar Khan King (Padshah-e Awadh, Shah-e Zaman) 19 October 1818 19 October 1827 19 October 1827 7 July 1837 Naser ad-Din Haydar Solayman Jah Shah 7 July 1837 17 May 1842 Moʾin ad-Din Abu'l-Fath Mohammad ʾAli Shah 17 May 1842 13 February 1847 Naser ad-Dowla Amjad ʾAli Thorayya Jah Shah 13 February 1847 7 February 1856 Naser ad-Din ʾAbd al-Mansur Mohammad Wajed ʾAli Shah 5 July 1857 3 March 1858 Berjis Qadr (in rebellion)

### Residents

Name Start End Nathaniel Middleton 1773 1774 John Bristow 1774 1776 Nathaniel Middleton 1776 1779 (second time) C. Purling 1779 1780 John Bristow 1780 1781 (second time) Nathaniel Middleton 1781 1782 (third time) John Bristow 1782 1783 (third time) William Palmer 1783 1784 Gabriel Harper 1784 1785 Edward Otto Ives 1785 1794 George Frederick Cherry 1794 1796 James Lumsden 1796 1799 William Scott 1799 1804 John Ulrich Collins 1804 1807 John Baillie 1807 1815 Richard Charles Strachey 1815 1817 John.R. Monckton 1818 1820 Felix Vincent Raper 1820 1823 Mordaunt Ricketts 1823 1827 Thomas Herbert Maddock 1829 1831 John Low 1831 1842 James Caulfield (interí) 1839 1841 William Nott 1841 1843 George Pollock 1843 1844 J. D. Shakespear 1844 1845 T. Reid Davidson 1845 1847 Archibald Richmond 1847 1849 Sir William Henry Sleeman 1849 1854 Sir James Outram 1854 1856

## Demographics

In the early eighteenth century, the population of Oudh was estimated to be 3 million. Oudh underwent a demographic shift in which [Lucknow](/source/Lucknow) and [Varanasi](/source/Varanasi) expanded to become metropolises of over 200,000 people over the course of the 18th century at the expense of [Agra](/source/Agra) and [Delhi](/source/Delhi). During this period the land on the banks of the [Yamuna](/source/Yamuna) suffered frequent dry spells, while the [Baiswara](/source/Baiswara) did not.[31]: 38

Although it was ruled by Muslims, a majority, roughly four fifths, of Oudh's population were [Hindus](/source/Hindus).[9]: 155[32]

## Culture

The Nawabs of Oudh were descended from a [Sayyid](/source/Sayyid) line from [Nishapur](/source/Nishapur) in Persia. They were [Shia Muslims](/source/Shia_Islam), and promoted Shia as the state religion.[14] [Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah](/source/Ghazi-ud-Din_Haidar_Shah) instituted the [Oudh Bequest](/source/Oudh_Bequest), a system of fixed payments by the British paid to the Shia holy cities of [Najaf](/source/Najaf) and [Karbala](/source/Karbala). These payments, along with lifelong stipends to the wives and mother of Ghazi-ud-Din served as interest on the [Third Oudh Loan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Oudh_Loan&action=edit&redlink=1) taken in 1825.[33]

The cities of [Allahabad](/source/Allahabad), [Varanasi](/source/Varanasi), and [Ayodhya](/source/Ayodhya) were important pilgrimage sites for followers of [Hinduism](/source/Hinduism) and other Dharmic [religions](/source/Religion). The town of [Bahraich](/source/Bahraich) was also revered by some [Muslims](/source/Muslim).[34]

## See also

- [Awadh region](/source/Awadh)

- [Wajid Ali Shah](/source/Wajid_Ali_Shah)

- [Begum Hazrat Mahal](/source/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal)

- [List of Indian monarchs](/source/List_of_Indian_monarchs#Nawabs_of_Oudh_(1719_–_1858_CE))[*[broken anchor](/source/MOS%3ABROKENSECTIONLINKS)*]

- [Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway](/source/Oudh_and_Rohilkhand_Railway)

- [Oudh and Tirhut Railway](/source/Oudh_and_Tirhut_Railway)

- [Oudh Bequest](/source/Oudh_Bequest)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Habib, Irfan](/source/Irfan_Habib) (1986). "Table I: Area and *ʽJama* of the Mughal Empire, c. 1601". *An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detained Notes, Bibliography and Index*. Oxford University Press. pp. xii–xiii. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-560379-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-560379-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Oudh – definition of Oudh in English from the Oxford dictionary"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150909123759/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Oudh). Archived from [the original](http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Oudh) on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Davies, Philip, *Splendours of the Raj: British Architecture in India, 1660–1947.* New York: Penguin Books, 1987

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Michael Edwardes, *Battles of the Indian Mutiny,* Pan, 1963, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-330-02524-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-02524-4)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Ashutosh Joshi (1 January 2008). [*Town Planning Regeneration of Cities*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151). New India Publishing. p. 237. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8189422820](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8189422820). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145638/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151) from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1933). [*The First Two Nawabs Of Oudh (a Critical Study Based On Original Sources)*](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49871/page/n1). Lucknow: The Upper India Publishing House, Ltd.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gopal1993_7-0)** Sarvepalli Gopal (15 October 1993). [*Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India*](https://books.google.com/books?id=47AARF595dUC&pg=PA39). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 39–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85649-050-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-050-4). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=47AARF595dUC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Whitworth1885_8-0)** Whitworth, George Clifford (1885). ["Subah"](https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301). *An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India*. K. Paul, Trench. pp. 301–. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-lal_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-lal_9-1) Jaswant Lal, Mehta (2005). *Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707-1813*. Sterling Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781932705546](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932705546).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-markovits_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-markovits_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-markovits_10-2) Markovits, Claude, ed. (2005). *A History of Modern India 1480–1950 (Anthem South Asian Studies)*. Anthem Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-84331-152-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84331-152-6).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ramusack_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ramusack_11-1) Ramusack, Barbara N. (2004). *The Indian Princes and their States*. Cambridge University Press.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-grover_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-grover_12-1) Grover, B.L.; Mehta, Alka (2018). *A New Look at Modern Indian History (From 1707 to the Modern Times)* (32 ed.). S. Chand Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789352534340](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352534340).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-habib_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-habib_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-habib_13-2) Habib, Irfan; Habib, Faiz (2014). "Mapping the Dismemberment of Awadh 1775-1801". *Proceedings of the Indian History Congress*. **75** (455–460).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-EI_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-EI_14-1) Davies, C. Collin (1960–2005). ["Awadh"](https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Awadh&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo). *[The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition](/source/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2) (12 vols.)*. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Treaty with the Nawab of Oudh for the cession of Territory in commutation of Subsidy, concluded by Henry Wellesley and Lieut.-Col. William Scott 10th Nov. 1801

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-igi-V-72_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-igi-V-72_16-1) [Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V 1908](#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._V1908), p. 72 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._V1908 ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Ben Cahoon. ["Princely States of India – Oudh"](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#oudh). Worldstatesmen.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130113065437/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#oudh) from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** William Barton, *The princes of India*. Delhi 1983

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [*The Feudatory and zemindari India, Volume 17, Issue 2*](https://books.google.com/books?id=BBYnAQAAIAAJ&q=nanpara). 1937. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240209113504/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBYnAQAAIAAJ&q=nanpara) from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Amethi (Taluk)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180814153603/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/a/amethi.html). Archived from [the original](http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/a/amethi.html) on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Balrampur (Taluqdari)"](http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/balrampur.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133300/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/balrampur.html) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Bayly, C. A. (19 May 1988). [*Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17). CUP Archive. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-31054-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Bhadri (Taluq)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131129144934/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bhadri.html). Archived from [the original](http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bhadri.html) on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Itaunja – Raipur Ekdaria (Taluq)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150710154445/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/itaunja.html). Archived from [the original](http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/itaunja.html) on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Rathore, Abhinay. ["Kohra (Taluk)"](https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kohra). *Rajput Provinces of India*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230320120857/https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kohra) from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** [*The Indian Year Book, Volume 29*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HV8dAQAAMAAJ&q=nanpara). Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1942. p. 1286. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240209113509/https://books.google.com/books?id=HV8dAQAAMAAJ&q=nanpara) from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Pratapgarh (Taluq)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141031014806/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pratapgarh_up.html). Archived from [the original](http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pratapgarh_up.html) on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Abul Fazl-i-Allami (1949, reprint 1993). *Ain-i-Akbari* Vol. II (tr. H.S. Jarrett, rev. J.N. Sarkar), Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, pp.184-190

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** B. S. Saxena (1974). ["Repertoire On Wajid Ali Shah & Monuments of Avadh – Nawabs of Oudh & their Secularism"](http://oudh.tripod.com/misc/noosec.htm). Avadh Cultural Club (Lucknow). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180827010208/http://oudh.tripod.com/misc/noosec.htm) from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Ben Cahoon. ["List of rulers of Oudh"](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Oudh). Worldstatesmen.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130113065437/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Oudh) from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Cole, J. R. I. (1989). *Roots of North Indian Shīʾism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859*. Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies. University of California Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780520056411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520056411).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** *Defence Journal, Volume 5, Issues 2-4*. p. 88. On the contrary the annexation of Oudh in 1856 was viewed by the Muslim elite and the Hindu majority population of Oudh

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Litvak, Meir (February 2001). "Money, religion, and politics: The Oudh Bequest in Najaf and Karbala, 1850-1903". *International Journal of Middle East Studies*. **33** (1): 1–21. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0020743801001015](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743801001015). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [155865344](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155865344).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Surya Narain Singh (2003). *The Kingdom of Awadh*. Mittal Publications.

## External links

- Media related to [Oudh State](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oudh_State) at Wikimedia Commons

- [Heraldry of Oudh State](http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaAwadh.htm)

[26°47′N 82°08′E / 26.78°N 82.13°E / 26.78; 82.13](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oudh_State&params=26.78_N_82.13_E_region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki)

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Oudh State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudh_State) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudh_State?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.