# Oti language
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{{Short description|Extinct language isolate of Brazil}}
{{distinguish|Xavante language|Hodï language}}
{{Expand Portuguese|Língua otí|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Otí
| nativename = {{lang|oti|Otí}}[Lyle Campbell, 1997. ''American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0195094271}}] The language became extinct at the beginning of the 20th century. Only a few wordlists are preserved, totaling 110 words.
== Classification ==
Oti is left unclassified by [Lyle Campbell](/source/Lyle_Campbell) due to a paucity of information.[{{Citation |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |title=Classification of the indigenous languages of South America |date=2012-01-13 |work=The Indigenous Languages of South America |pages=59–166 |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Lyle |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110258035.59/html |access-date=2025-03-31 |publisher=DE GRUYTER |doi=10.1515/9783110258035.59 |isbn=978-3-11-025513-3 |editor2-last=Grondona |editor2-first=Verónica|url-access=subscription }}] Greenberg classified Oti as a [Macro-Jê language](/source/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages), but he provided almost no supporting data and has not been followed by other researchers.[{{Cite book |last=Rodrigues |first=Aryon D. |author-link=Aryon Rodrigues |url=https://ribeiro.wdfiles.com/local--files/temp%3A1/The_Amazonian_Languages__Cambridge_Language_Surveys.pdf |title=The Amazonian languages |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-57021-3 |editor-last=Dixon |editor-first=Robert M. W. |series=Cambridge language surveys |location=Cambridge, UK ; New York |chapter=Macro-Jê |editor-last2=Aĭkhenvalʹd |editor-first2=A. I︠U︡}}][{{Cite thesis |last=Ribeiro |first=Eduardo Rivail |title=A grammar of Karajá |date=2012 |degree=phd |publisher=University of Chicago |place=Chicago}}] ''[Glottolog](/source/Glottolog)'' classifies it as a [language isolate](/source/language_isolate).[{{Glottolog|otii1244|Oti|5.3|2026}}]
==History==
The Oti were largely exterminated in the late 19th century out of fear that they were [Kaingang](/source/Kaingang).[Ute Ritz-Deutch, 2008. ''Alberto Vojtech Fric, the German Diaspora, and Indian Protection in Southern Brazil, 1900–1920''] Nimuendajú estimated that there were some 50 Oti in 1890.[Nimuendajú, Curt 1942. ''The Šerente.'' Los Angeles.] By 1903, there were only 8, divided between two locations, one a few kilometers east of [Indiana](/source/Indiana%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) and east of [Presidente Prudente](/source/Presidente_Prudente%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo), between the Peixe and [Paranapanema](/source/Paranapanema_River) rivers, and one in [Platina](/source/Platina), some 50 km northwest of [Ourinhos](/source/Ourinhos). The traditional Oti lands up to 1870 had been located between these two places.[{{Cite book |last=Fabre |first=Alain |url=http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Oti.pdf |title=Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos. Edición electrónica |date=2005}}] In 1910, three Oti people remained.[{{Cite journal |last=Nimuendajú |first=Curt |date=1993 |orig-date=1910 |title=O fim da tribo Oti |url=https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Animuendaju-1993-oti/nimuendaju_1993_oti.pdf |journal=Carta': falas, reflexões, memórias / informe de distribuição restrita do Senador Darcy Ribeiro |volume=9 |pages=205–211}}] In 1988, the last Oti died.[CEDI 1991. ''Oti-Xavante.'' CEDI 1991: 580–581.]
==Vocabulary==
Only 110 words of Oti were preserved, in a total of three wordlists.[{{Citation |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |title=Unclassified and Spurious Languages |date=2024-06-25 |work=The Indigenous Languages of the Americas |pages=280–338 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/57386/chapter/464721551 |access-date=2026-05-10 |edition=1 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-767346-1|url-access=subscription }}]
=== Nikulin (2020) ===
Some Otí words given by Nikulin (2020),[Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. ''[http://etnolinguistica.org/local--files/tese%3Anikulin-2020/Nikulin_2020_Proto-Macro-Je.pdf Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo]''. Tese de Doutorado em Linguística, Universidade de Brasília.]{{rp|78–79}} cited from Quadros (1892),[Quadros, F. R. E. [http://www.etnolinguistica.org/local--files/biblio:quadros-1892-memoria/quadros_1892_memoria.pdf Memoria sobre os trabalhos de exploração e observação efetuada pela secção da comissão militar encarregada da linha telegráfica de Uberaba a Cuiabá, de fevereiro a junho de 1889]. ''Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro'', Rio de Janeiro, v. 55, n. 1, p. 233–260, 1892.] Borba (1908: 73–76),[Borba, T. [http://www.etnolinguistica.org/local--files/biblio:borba-1908-actualidade/borba_1908_actualidade_google.pdf ''Actualidade Indígena (Paraná, Brazil)''.] Curitiba: Impressora Paranaense, 1908. 171 pp.] and Nimuendajú in Ihering (1912: 8).[Ihering, H. von. [http://www.etnolinguistica.org/local--files/biblio:ihering-1912-a-ethnographia/ihering_1912_a_ethnographia.pdf A ethnographia do Brazil meridional.] Extracto de las ''Actas del XVII° Congreso Internacional de Americanistas'', pág. 250 y siguientes. Buenos Aires: Imprenta de Coni Hermanos, 1912.] For the original word lists by Quadros (1892) and Borba (1908), see the corresponding [Portuguese article](/source/%3Apt%3AL%C3%ADngua_ot%C3%AD).
:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Portuguese gloss
(original) !! English gloss
(translated) !! Otí
|-
| cabeça || head || ursube; ufúbe
|-
| cabelo || hair || eteche; naôdj
|-
| olho || eye || acli, athli
|-
| orelha || ear || aconxe; acóti; kō's(h)a
|-
| nariz || nose || assondlaibe; sonduái
|-
| dente || tooth || vê; ûa
|-
| boca || mouth || afót
|-
| peito || chest || instúa
|-
| mão || hand || insua
|-
| pé || foot || jube; fum
|-
| sangue || blood || astaete
|-
| água || water || ocochia; kos(h)îa; diélsede
|-
| fogo || fire || iná; achô; úgide
|-
| árvore || tree || tajane
|-
| terra || earth || biroa
|-
| pedra || stone || rátcha
|-
| chuva || rain || chanin; béia
|-
| sente-se! || sit down! || roiábe
|-
| deite fora! (?) || throw it away! (?) || bója
|}These wordlists are also reproduced in Ihering (1903).[{{Cite book |last=von Ihering |first=Hermann |url=https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Aihering-1906-anthropology/Ihering_1906_The_Anthropology_of_Sao_Paulo_2ed.pdf |title=The Anthropology of the State of São Paulo, Brazil |date=1903 |publisher=Duprat & Comp. |location=São Paulo}}]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[Wiktionary](/source/Wiktionary) has a word list at '''''[Appendix:Oti word list](/source/Wiktionary%3AAppendix%3AOti_word_list)'''''}}{{Languages of Brazil}}
{{South American languages}}{{Language families}}
Category:Languages of Brazil
Category:Indigenous languages of South America (Central)
Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Oti language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oti_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oti_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.