# Ossein
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{{Short description|Collagen of bones}}
'''Ossein''' is the organic [extracellular matrix](/source/extracellular_matrix) of [bone](/source/bone), which is made of 95% [collagen](/source/collagen). This substance is used in industry for the production of [gelatin](/source/gelatin) and [bone glue](/source/bone_glue).
In the early 20th century, bones were found to consist of three types of proteins: ossein (collagens), osseomucoid ([proteoglycans](/source/proteoglycans)) and osseoalbuminoid ([elastin](/source/elastin)).[{{cite book |last1=Cantarow |first1=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KdqAAAAMAAJ |title=Biochemistry |last2=Schepartz |first2=Bernard |date=1957 |publisher=Saunders |page=711 |language=en}}] Advances in molecular biology rendered these terms [obsolete](/source/archaism).
==Applications==
When processed industrially, 1,000 kg of bones yield 300 kg of ossein, which can be rapidly [degraded](/source/hydrolysis) and partially [denatured](/source/Denaturation_(biochemistry)) by the prolonged action of slightly acidic boiling water, yielding [gelatin](/source/gelatin).[{{cite book |last1=Scaria |first1=K. J. |title=Economics of Animal By-products Utilization |date=1989 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-102695-3 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBY7Kuxkg_MC&pg=PA32 |language=en}}] The product is specifically known as ossein gelatin in contrast to [skin](/source/skin) gelatin, which is generated from animal [hides](/source/Hide_(skin)). Depending on the method of extraction, there are various types of ossein gelatin (acid ossein gelatin, limed ossein gelatin, etc.).[{{cite journal |last1=Cronin |first1=A.C. |last2=Field |first2=D.S. |title=Acid Ossein Gelatin |journal=The Imaging Science Journal |date=8 July 2016 |volume=45 |issue=3–4 |pages=122–127 |doi=10.1080/13682199.1997.11736392}}]
Another prominent use of ossein is the production of [bone glue](/source/Animal_glue), whose yield is 16-20% of the mass of dry bone.[{{cite book |last1=Bender |first1=Arnold E. |title=Dictionary of Nutrition and Food Technology |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4831-0005-0 |page=161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf3KBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 |language=en}}] The process was discovered no later than 15th century but only really spread in the 18th century, after [Glauber](/source/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber)'s publications.[{{Cite journal |last=Reti |first=Ladislao |date=1965 |title=How Old Is Hydrochloric Acid? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757245 |journal=Chymia |volume=10 |pages=11–23 |doi=10.2307/27757245 |issn=0095-9367|url-access=subscription }}] The resulting liquor carrying [calcium chloride](/source/calcium_chloride) and [phosphoric acid](/source/phosphoric_acid) may then be treated with [calcium hydroxide](/source/calcium_hydroxide) to recover [dicalcium phosphate](/source/dicalcium_phosphate) for fertilizers or animal feed supplement.
However, the most popular technique of treating the [bone meal](/source/bone_meal) is steaming or boiling.[{{Cite web |title=Making Bonemeal Fertilizer |url=https://www.echocommunity.org/resources/b14de46e-cfe7-4f1d-9b6c-33e1955c363d |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=ECHOcommunity |language=en}}] This process requires no acid but much more energy and may also produce [tricalcium phosphate](/source/tricalcium_phosphate).[{{Cite web |date=2005-09-21 |title=Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on the “Quantitative risk assessment of the animal BSE risk posed by meat and bone meal with respect to the residual BSE risk” {{!}} EFSA |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/257 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.efsa.europa.eu |language=en |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2005.257}}] As an alternative, the deproteinized bone residue left after the removal of ossein can be used to produce [bone ash](/source/bone_ash) for the manufacture of [bone china](/source/bone_china).