# Orvietan

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{{onesource|date=November 2024}}'''Orvietan''' or '''orviétan''' was a medical concoction popular during the 17th and 18th centuries. It was used as a [panacea](/source/Panacea_(medicine)) against poisonings with criminal intent, as well as against [mushroom poisoning](/source/mushroom_poisoning)s, [snakebite](/source/snakebite), [scorpion](/source/scorpion) stings, bites by [rabid](/source/rabid) animals, and the [plague](/source/Bubonic_plague).

== Origins ==
[Gerolamo Ferranti](/source/Gerolamo_Ferranti) started producing and selling ''orviétan'' in early 17th-century [Paris](/source/Paris). He was a fairground attraction, asking onlookers to give him unknown poisons to swallow and watch him cure himself with the remedy. Other [charlatan](/source/charlatan)s in the business were Jean Vitrario, Desiderio Descombes, and Cristoforo Contugi. Though most physicians and pharmacists were skeptical, the reputed medical doctor [Johann Schröder](/source/Johann_Schr%C3%B6der_(physician)) published his own recipe in ''Pharmacopeia Medico-Chymica'' in 1655. The first pharmacist to include ''orviétan'' in his compendium was [Moyse Charas](/source/Moyse_Charas) in ''Pharmacopée Royale Galénique et Chymique'', 1676.

== Ingredients ==
Orvietan was a concoction of partially toxic herbs, wine, and dissolved honey, but existed in powdered form too (sold in lead boxes). Patrizia Catellani and Renzo Console analyzed 35 different recipes for mixing ''orvietan'', published between 1655 and 1857. The number of ingredients varies from 9 to 57. The most frequent 26 ingredients are: [garden angelica](/source/garden_angelica), [healing wolfsbane](/source/Aconitum_anthora), [birthwort](/source/birthwort), [bistort](/source/Bistorta_officinalis), [sweet flag](/source/sweet_flag), [Carline thistle](/source/Carlina_acaulis), [dittany](/source/Dictamnus_albus), [gentian](/source/gentian), [masterwort](/source/Peucedanum_ostruthium), [black salsify](/source/black_salsify), [tormentil](/source/tormentil), [valerian](/source/Valeriana_officinalis), [blessed thistle](/source/blessed_thistle), [dittany of Crete](/source/dittany_of_Crete), [rue](/source/rue), [germander](/source/germander), [laurel berries](/source/Bay_laurel), [juniper berries](/source/Juniper), [cinnamon](/source/cinnamon), [cloves](/source/cloves), [viper meat](/source/viperidae), and the two concoctions [mithridate](/source/mithridate) and [theriac](/source/theriac), as well as [white wine](/source/white_wine) and [honey](/source/honey).

== Literary references ==
Literary works mentioning orvietan include:
* [Tabarin](/source/Tabarin)'s ''Inventaire Universel des Œuvres de Tabarin'' (1622), 
* [Molière](/source/Moli%C3%A8re)'s ''L'Amour médecin'' (1665), 
* [Voltaire](/source/Voltaire)'s ''Pot-pourri'' (1765),
* [Mme de Sevigne](/source/Marie_de_Rabutin-Chantal%2C_marquise_de_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9)'s correspondence,
* [Balzac](/source/Balzac)'s [Le Père Goriot](/source/Le_P%C3%A8re_Goriot),
* [Alexander Dumas](/source/Alexander_Dumas) père's [Marquise de Ganges](/source/Marquise_de_Ganges),
* [Victor Hugo](/source/Victor_Hugo)'s ''L'homme qui rit''
* [Walter Scott](/source/Walter_Scott)'s [''Kenilworth''](/source/Kenilworth_(novel)) (1821), though Scott translates it as [Venice treacle](/source/Venice_treacle)
* Walter Scott's [''The Talisman''](/source/The_Talisman_(Scott_novel)) (1825), in Chapter XXI<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Walter |title=The Talisman, Chapter XXI |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1377/1377-h/1377-h.htm |website=Project Gutenberg |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> King Richard notes "I have but to take a drachm of orvietan by way of precaution, though it is needless" after sucking poison from a wound. 
* [Francis Parkman](/source/Francis_Parkman), in his ''La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West'' (1869), notes the explorer [Louis Hennepin](/source/Louis_Hennepin)'s devotion to the use of orvietan, "the famous panacea of his time", as an antidote to the toxic effects of various plants eaten while a captive of the [Sioux](/source/Sioux) in 1680
* La Salle's [Tonty](/source/Tonty) also used orvietan as he noted in ''Relation of Henri de Tonty Concerning the Explorations of La Salle from 1678 to 1683'', Melvin B. Anderson, translator.

== See also ==
*[Snake oil](/source/Snake_oil)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://chifar.unipv.it/museo/storia-vasi/orvietano/Orv.htm ''L’Orvietano, una Panacea Popolare e Controversa'']

Category:Patent medicines

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Orvietan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvietan) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvietan?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.