# Oregon v. Mitchell

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1970 United States Supreme Court case

Oregon v. Mitchell Supreme Court of the United States Argued October 20, 1970 Decided December 21, 1970 Full case name Oregon v. Mitchell, Attorney General Citations 400 U.S. 112 (more) 91 S. Ct. 260; 27 L. Ed. 2d 272; 1970 U.S. LEXIS 1 Holding 1. Lowering the voting age to 18 years in federal elections under Section 302 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) Amendments of 1970 is constitutional under Section 5 of the 14th Amendment to enforce the Equal Protection Clause; 2. Lowering the voting age to 18 years under Section 302 of the 1970 VRA Amendments in state and local elections is unconstitutional under the 10th Amendment; 3. Section 201 of the 1970 VRA Amendments banning the use of literacy tests as a voter qualification in federal, state, and local elections is constitutional under Section 2 of the 15th Amendment; 4. Section 202 of the 1970 VRA Amendments creating a minimum residency duration requirement for voter registration and a uniform rule for absentee voting in presidential elections is constitutional under Section 5 of the 14th Amendment to enforce the Privileges or Immunities Clause. Court membership Chief Justice Warren E. Burger Associate Justices Hugo Black · William O. Douglas John M. Harlan II · William J. Brennan Jr. Potter Stewart · Byron White Thurgood Marshall · Harry Blackmun Case opinions Plurality Part 1: Brennan, White, and Marshall; Part 2: Stewart, Burger, and Blackmun; Part 3: Brennan, White, and Marshall; Stewart, Burger, and Blackmun; Part 4: Brennan, White, and Marshall Concurrence Part 1: Douglas; Black (in judgment); Part 2: Black; Harlan; Part 3: Harlan; Douglas (in judgment); Black (in judgment); Part 4: Douglas; Stewart, Burger, and Blackmun (in judgment); Black (in judgment) Dissent Part 1: Stewart, Burger, and Blackmun; Harlan; Part 2: Brennan, White, and Marshall; Douglas; Part 4: Harlan Laws applied 10th Amendment, Enforcement Clauses of the 14th and 15th Amendments Superseded by 26th Amendment (Parts 1 and 2)

***Oregon v. Mitchell***, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/) (1970), was a [U.S. Supreme Court](/source/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) case in which the states of [Oregon](/source/Oregon), [Texas](/source/Texas), [Arizona](/source/Arizona), and [Idaho](/source/Idaho) challenged the constitutionality of Sections 201, 202, and 302 of the [Voting Rights Act (VRA) Amendments of 1970](/source/Amendments_to_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965) passed by the [91st United States Congress](/source/91st_United_States_Congress), and where [John Mitchell](/source/John_N._Mitchell) was the respondent in his role as [United States Attorney General](/source/United_States_Attorney_General).[1] The Supreme Court ruled that the [literacy test](/source/Literacy_test) ban under Section 201, the minimum residency duration requirement for [voter registration](/source/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States) and the uniform rule for [absentee voting](/source/Absentee_ballot) in [presidential elections](/source/United_States_presidential_election) under Section 202, and that Congress lowering the [voting age](/source/Voting_age) in federal elections from 21 to 18 under Section 302 were all constitutional, but that Congress lowering the voting age in state and local elections from 21 to 18 under Section 302 was unconstitutional.[1]

## Holdings

### Section 201

Despite the Court upholding Section 201 unanimously, [Potter Stewart](/source/Potter_Stewart), [Warren Burger](/source/Warren_E._Burger), and [Harry Blackmun](/source/Harry_Blackmun) in a single opinion,[2] [William J. Brennan](/source/William_J._Brennan_Jr.), [Byron White](/source/Byron_White), and [Thurgood Marshall](/source/Thurgood_Marshall) in a separate single opinion,[3] and [John Marshall Harlan II](/source/John_Marshall_Harlan_II) in a separate opinion argued the literacy test ban was constitutional under [Section 2 of the 15th Amendment](/source/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution).[4] In separate opinions, [William O. Douglas](/source/William_O._Douglas) argued that it was constitutional under [Section 5 of the 14th Amendment](/source/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_5:_Power_of_enforcement) to [enforce](/source/Congressional_power_of_enforcement) the [Equal Protection Clause](/source/Equal_Protection_Clause),[5] while [Hugo Black](/source/Hugo_Black) argued that it was constitutional under both Section 2 of the 15th Amendment and Section 5 of the 14th Amendment to enforce the Equal Protection Clause.[6][7]

### Section 202

The Court upheld Section 202 by an 8–1 ruling with Douglas and Brennan, White, and Marshall arguing the minimum residency duration requirement for voter registration and the uniform rule for absentee voting in presidential elections was constitutional under Section 5 of the 14th Amendment to enforce the [Privileges or Immunities Clause](/source/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause).[8][9] Stewart, Burger, and Blackmun also argued Section 202 was constitutional under Section 5 of the 14th Amendment to enforce the Privileges or Immunities Clause but more broadly under the [Necessary and Proper Clause](/source/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause) of [Article I, Section VIII](/source/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress) to protect constitutional provisions related to [freedom of movement](/source/Freedom_of_movement_under_United_States_law) in general and under the [Privileges and Immunities Clause](/source/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause) of [Article IV, Section II](/source/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_2:_Rights_of_state_citizens;_rights_of_extradition) specifically.[10] Black argued Section 202 was constitutional under the [Congressional Elections Clause of Article I, Section IV](/source/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Time,_place,_and_manner_of_holding_elections) and the Necessary and Proper Clause.[6][11] Harlan dissented and argued Section 202 was unconstitutional under the [10th Amendment](/source/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) by the [delegation of powers](/source/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)) under the [Presidential Electors Clause](/source/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Method_of_choosing_electors) and the [Electoral College Meetings Clause of Article II, Section I](/source/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_4:_Election_day).[12]

### Section 302

The Court upheld Section 302 lowering the voting age in federal elections by a 5–4 ruling with Douglas and Brennan, White, and Marshall arguing it was constitutional under Section 5 of the 14th Amendment to enforce the Equal Protection Clause,[13][14] and Black arguing it was constitutional under the Congressional Elections Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause.[15][16] Harlan and Stewart, Burger, and Blackmun dissented and argued that Section 302 as applied to federal elections was unconstitutional under the 10th Amendment by the delegation of powers under the [House Electors Qualifications Clause of Article I, Section II](/source/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Composition_and_election_of_Members), the Congressional Elections Clause, the [17th Amendment](/source/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution), and the Presidential Electors Clause and the Electoral College Meetings Clause of Article II, Section I.[12][17] In a separate 5–4 ruling where Black joined Harlan and Stewart, Burger, and Blackmun to form the majority, the Court held that Section 302 lowering the voting age in state and local elections was unconstitutional under the 10th Amendment by the delegation of powers under the House Electors Qualifications Clause and the 17th Amendment,[6][18][12][17] while Douglas and Brennan, White, and Marshall argued it was also constitutional under Section 5 of the 14th Amendment to enforce the Equal Protection Clause.[13][14]

## 26th Amendment

Less than seven months after *Oregon v. Mitchell* was decided, the Court's Section 302 holdings with respect to minimum age requirements as voter qualifications were superseded by the ratification of the [26th Amendment](/source/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution).[19]

## Subsequent cases

In *[Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc.](/source/Arizona_v._Inter_Tribal_Council_of_Arizona%2C_Inc.)* (2013), the Court concluded that the Section 302 holding that permitted Congress to preempt state voter qualifications for minimum voting age in federal elections under the Equal Protection Clause was of minimal precedential value to that decision.[20]

## See also

- [List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400)

- *[United States v. Butler](/source/United_States_v._Butler)*, [297](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_297) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [1](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/297/1/) (1936)

- *[Carter v. Carter Coal Co.](/source/Carter_v._Carter_Coal_Co.)*, [298](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_298) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [238](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/298/238/) (1936)

- *[Marks v. United States](/source/Marks_v._United_States)*, [430](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_430) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [188](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/188/) (1977)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_p._112_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_p._112_1-1) *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 112](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#112) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 282–284](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#282–284) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 231–236](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#231–236) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 216–217](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#216–217) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 144–147](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#144–147) (1970)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_p._118_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_p._118_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_p._118_6-2) *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 118](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#118) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 131–134](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#131–134) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 147–150](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#147–150) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 236–239](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#236–239) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 285–292](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#285–292) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 134](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#134) (1970)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_pp._154–213_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_pp._154–213_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_pp._154–213_12-2) *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 154–213](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#154–213) (1970)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_pp._135–144_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_pp._135–144_13-1) *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 135–144](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#135–144) (1970)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_pp._239–281_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_pp._239–281_14-1) *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 239–281](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#239–281) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 117](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#117) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 119–124](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#119–124) (1970)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_pp._293–296_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Oregon_v._Mitchell_pp._293–296_17-1) *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 293–296](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#293–296) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [112, 124–131](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/#124–131) (1970)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CUSA_19-0)** ["The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013"](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CONAN-2013/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2013.pdf) (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. pp. 44, 2273. Retrieved April 13, 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** *[Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Ariz., Inc.](/source/Arizona_v._Inter_Tribal_Council_of_Ariz.%2C_Inc.)*, [570](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_570) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) [1, 13–15](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/1/#13–15) (2013)

## Further reading

- Cohen, William (1975). "Congressional Power to Interpret Due Process and Equal Protection". *Stanford Law Review*. **27** (3). Stanford Law Review, Vol. 27, No. 3: 603–620. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/1228329](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1228329). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [1228329](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1228329).

- Greene, Richard S. (1972). "Congressional Power over the Elective Franchise: The Unconstitutional Phases of *Oregon v. Mitchell*". *Boston University Law Review*. **52**: 505. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0006-8047](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8047).

## External links

- Works related to [*Oregon v. Mitchell*](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Oregon_v._Mitchell) at Wikisource

- Text of *Oregon v. Mitchell*, [400](/source/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_400) [U.S.](/source/United_States_Reports) 112 (1970) is available from: [Internet Archive (docket files)](https://archive.org/details/micro_IA40386413_0216) [Justia](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/400/112/) [Library of Congress](https://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep400/usrep400112/usrep400112.pdf) [Oyez (oral argument audio)](https://www.oyez.org/cases/1970/43-orig)

v t e United States 10th Amendment case law Forced participation or commandeering Hunter v. City of Pittsburgh (1907) Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) Missouri v. Holland (1920) United States v. Butler (1936) Ashwander v. TVA (1936) Helvering v. Davis (1937) Steward Machine Co. v. Davis (1937) South Dakota v. Dole (1987) New York v. United States (1992) Printz v. United States (1997) Massachusetts v. U.S. Dep't of Health & Hum. Servs. (1st Cir. 2012) Bond v. United States 2011 2014 Murphy v. NCAA (2018) Haaland v. Brackeen (2023) Commerce Clause Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Smith v. Turner and Norris v. Boston (1849) Paul v. Virginia (1869) Kidd v. Pearson (1888) In re Debs (1895) Champion v. Ames (1903) Southern Railway Co. v. United States (1911) Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States (1914) Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen (1923) Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan (1935) A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935) Carter v. Carter Coal Co. (1936) NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. (1937) United States v. Carolene Products Co. (1938) McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. (1940) United States v. Darby Lumber Co. (1941) Wickard v. Filburn (1942) United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Association (1944) North American Co. v. SEC (1946) H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond (1949) Boynton v. Virginia (1960) Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964) Katzenbach v. McClung (1964) National League of Cities v. Usery (1976) Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady (1977) Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Association (1981) Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana (1981) Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985) South Carolina v. Baker (1988) Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co. (1989) United States v. Lopez (1995) United States v. Rybar (1996) Reno v. Condon (2000) United States v. Locke (2000) United States v. Morrison (2000) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers (2001) United States v. Stewart (2003) Gonzalez v. Raich (2005) NFIB v. Sebelius (2012) Taylor v. United States (2016) Others Oregon v. Mitchell (1970)

v t e United States Fourteenth Amendment case law Citizenship Clause Slaughter-House Cases (1873) Minor v. Happersett (1875) Elk v. Wilkins (1884) United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) Mackenzie v. Hare (1915) Perez v. Brownell (1958) Afroyim v. Rusk (1967) Rogers v. Bellei (1971) Vance v. Terrazas (1980) Saenz v. Roe (1999) Trump v. Barbara (2026) Due Process Clause Economic substantive due process Mugler v. Kansas (1887) Allgeyer v. Louisiana (1897) Holden v. Hardy (1898) Lochner v. New York (1905) Muller v. Oregon (1908) Coppage v. Kansas (1915) Buchanan v. Warley (1917) Adams v. Tanner (1917) O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co. (1931) West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937) Abortion jurisprudence United States v. Vuitch (1971) Roe v. Wade (1973) Doe v. Bolton (1973) Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth (1976) Bellotti v. Baird I (1976) Colautti v. Franklin (1979) Bellotti v. Baird II (1979) H. L. v. Matheson (1981) City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (1983) Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists (1986) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) Hodgson v. Minnesota (1990) Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) Mazurek v. Armstrong (1997) Stenberg v. Carhart (2000) Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England (2006) Gonzales v. Carhart (2007) Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (2016) Azar v. Garza (2018) Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc. (2019) June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo (2020) Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022) Right to privacy Meyer v. Nebraska (1923) Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Roe v. Wade (1973) Doe v. Bolton (1973) Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) Lawrence v. Texas (2003) Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022) Litigation under R.S. § 1979 (42 U.S.C. 1983) Monroe v. Pape (1961) McNeese v. Board of Education (1963) Pierson v. Ray (1967) Jenkins v. McKeithen (1969) Scheuer v. Rhodes (1974) Wood v. Strickland (1975) O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975) Paul v. Davis (1976) Imbler v. Pachtman (1976) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York (1978) Procunier v. Navarette (1978) Owen v. City of Independence (1980) Harlow v. Fitzgerald (1982) Felder v. Casey (1988) Will v. Michigan Department of State Police (1989) Gonzaga University v. Doe (2002) Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community (2003) City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams (2005) Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee (2009) Ashcroft v. Iqbal (2009) Los Angeles County v. Humphries (2010) Connick v. Thompson (2011) Other Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905) Zucht v. King (1922) Buck v. Bell (1927) Powell v. Alabama (1932) Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co. (1950) NAACP v. Alabama (1958) Hoyt v. Florida (1961) Oyler v. Boles (1962) Loving v. Virginia (1967) Epperson v. Arkansas (1968) In re Winship (1971) Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur (1974) Arnett v. Kennedy (1974) Taylor v. Louisiana (1975) Goss v. Lopez (1975) Mathews v. Eldridge (1976) Moore v. City of East Cleveland (1977) Duren v. Missouri (1979) Parham v. J.R. (1979) Parratt v. Taylor (1981) Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co. (1982) Kolender v. Lawson (1983) Hudson v. Palmer (1984) Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill (1985) Edwards v. Aguillard (1987) Turner v. Safley (1987) DeShaney v. Winnebago County (1989) Michael H. v. Gerald D. (1989) Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990) Washington v. Glucksberg (1997) Troxel v. Granville (2000) Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. (2009) Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Williams v. Pennsylvania (2016) Equal Protection Clause Race Pace v. Alabama (1883) Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education (1899) Lum v. Rice (1927) Smith v. Texas (1940) Hirabayashi v. United States (1943) Korematsu v. United States (1944) Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma (1948) Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) Perez v. Sharp (Cal. 1948) Sweatt v. Painter (1950) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Lucy v. Adams (1955) Browder v. Gayle (M.D. Ala. 1956) Anderson v. Martin (1964) Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County (1964) McLaughlin v. Florida (1964) Reitman v. Mulkey (1967) Loving v. Virginia (1967) Lee v. Washington (1968) Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968) Hunter v. Erickson (1969) Hadnott v. Amos (1969) United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education (1969) Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education (1969) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) McDaniel v. Barresi (1971) Palmer v. Thompson (1971) Coit v. Green (1971) Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson (1971) Jefferson v. Hackney (1972) Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver (1973) Norwood v. Harrison (1973) Milliken v. Bradley (1974) Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. (1977) Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman (1977) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 (1982) Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education (1982) Palmore v. Sidoti (1984) Hunter v. Underwood (1985) Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education (1986) City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. (1989) Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell (1991) Freeman v. Pitts (1992) United States v. Fordice (1992) Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville (1993) Missouri v. Jenkins (1995) Texas v. Lesage (1999) Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Johnson v. California (2005) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) Fisher v. University of Texas I (2013) Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action (2014) Fisher v. University of Texas II (2016) Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College (2023) Sex Breedlove v. Suttles (1937) Goesaert v. Cleary (1948) Reed v. Reed (1971) Moritz v. Commissioner (1972) Kahn v. Shevin (1974) Geduldig v. Aiello (1974) Stanton v. Stanton (1975) Edwards v. Healy (1975) Craig v. Boren (1976) Orr v. Orr (1979) Parham v. Hughes (1979) Caban v. Mohammed (1979) Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney (1979) Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co. (1980) Kirchberg v. Feenstra (1981) Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County (1981) Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan (1982) Lehr v. Robertson (1983) J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B. (1994) United States v. Virginia (1996) United States v. Skrmetti (2025) West Virginia v. B. P. J. (2026) Sexual orientation Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) Romer v. Evans (1996) Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Alienage Patsone v. Pennsylvania (1914) Truax v. Raich (1915) Heim v. McCall (1915) Crane v. New York (1915) Terrace v. Thompson (1923) Porterfield v. Webb (1923) Webb v. O'Brien (1923) Frick v. Webb (1923) Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach (1927) Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n (1948) Hernandez v. Texas (1954) Graham v. Richardson (1971) Sugarman v. Dougall (1973) In re Griffiths (1973) Examining Board v. Flores de Otero (1976) Nyquist v. Mauclet (1977) Foley v. Connelie (1978) Ambach v. Norwick (1979) Cabell v. Chavez-Salido (1982) Plyler v. Doe (1982) Bernal v. Fainter (1984) Residency Shapiro v. Thompson (1969) Arlington County Board v. Richards (1977) Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward (1985) Other United States v. Cruikshank (1876) Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co. (1886) Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth (1928) Breedlove v. Suttles (1937) Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942) Oyama v. California (1948) Oyler v. Boles (1962) Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966) Rinaldi v. Yeager (1966) Levy v. Louisiana (1968) Williams v. Rhodes (1968) Oregon v. Mitchell (1970) Boddie v. Connecticut (1971) Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972) Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co. (1973) San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973) Richardson v. Ramirez (1974) Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas (1974) Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia (1976) Trimble v. Gordon (1977) Zablocki v. Redhail (1978) New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer (1979) Mills v. Habluetzel (1982) City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc. (1985) Clark v. Jeter (1988) Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools (1988) Gregory v. Ashcroft (1991) Vacco v. Quill (1997) Bush v. Gore (2000) Armour v. Indianapolis (2012) Enforcement Clause Civil Rights Cases (1883) Katzenbach v. Morgan (1966) Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer (1976) Dellmuth v. Muth (1989) City of Boerne v. Flores (1997) Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank (1999) Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000) United States v. Morrison (2000) Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett (2001) Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs (2003) Tennessee v. Lane (2004) United States v. Georgia (2006) Shelby County v. Holder (2013) Other Gold Clause Cases (1935) Trump v. Anderson (2024)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Oregon v. Mitchell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_v._Mitchell) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_v._Mitchell?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.