# Ophiuchus

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ophiuchus
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ophiuchus.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiuchus
> Source revision: 1352237471
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Constellation straddling the celestial equator

For other uses, see [Ophiuchus (disambiguation)](/source/Ophiuchus_(disambiguation)).

Ophiuchus Constellation List of stars in Ophiuchus Abbreviation Oph Genitive Ophiuchi Pronunciation /ˌɒfiˈjuːkəs/ genitive: /ˌɒfiˈjuːkaɪ/ Symbolism the serpent-bearer Right ascension 17h Declination −8° Quadrant SQ3 Area 948 sq. deg. (11th) Main stars 10 Bayer/Flamsteed stars 65 Stars brighter than 3.00m 5 Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly) 11 Brightest star α Oph (Rasalhague) (2.08m) Nearest star Barnard's Star[1]: 84 Messier objects 7 Meteor showers Ophiuchids Northern May Ophiuchids Southern May Ophiuchids Theta Ophiuchids Bordering constellations Hercules Serpens Cauda Serpens Caput Libra Scorpius Sagittarius Aquila Visible at latitudes between +60° and −75°. Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of July.

**Ophiuchus** ([/ˌɒfiˈjuːkəs/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)) is a large [constellation](/source/Constellation) straddling the [celestial equator](/source/Celestial_equator). Its name comes from the [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) [ὀφιοῦχος](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek) (*ophioûkhos*), meaning "serpent-bearer", and it is commonly represented as a man grasping a snake. The serpent is represented by the constellation [Serpens](/source/Serpens). Ophiuchus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer [Ptolemy](/source/Ptolemy), and it remains one of the [88 modern constellations](/source/IAU_designated_constellations). An old alternative name for the constellation was **Serpentarius**.[2]

## Characteristics

[Rho Ophiuchi](/source/Rho_Ophiuchi), shown with a surrounding bluish cloud slightly above a pentagon of stars in Scorpius, with the main band of the Milky Way much further to the left

Ophiuchus lies between [Aquila](/source/Aquila_(constellation)), [Serpens](/source/Serpens), [Scorpius](/source/Scorpius), [Sagittarius](/source/Sagittarius_(constellation)), and [Hercules](/source/Hercules_(constellation)), northwest of the center of the [Milky Way](/source/Milky_Way). The southern part lies between [Scorpius](/source/Scorpius) to the west and [Sagittarius](/source/Sagittarius_(constellation)) to the east.[3] In the [Northern Hemisphere](/source/Northern_Hemisphere), it is best visible in summer.[4] It is opposite of [Orion](/source/Orion_(constellation)). Ophiuchus is depicted as a man grasping a [serpent](/source/Serpens); the interposition of his body divides the snake constellation Serpens into two parts, [Serpens Caput](/source/Serpens_Caput) and [Serpens Cauda](/source/Serpens_Cauda). Ophiuchus straddles the equator with the majority of its [area](/source/Solid_angle) lying in the Southern Hemisphere. [Rasalhague](/source/Rasalhague), its brightest star, lies near the northern edge of Ophiuchus at about +12° 30′ declination.[5] The constellation extends southward to −30° declination. Segments of the ecliptic within Ophiuchus are south of −20° declination (see chart at right).

In contrast to Orion, from November to January (summer in the Southern Hemisphere, winter in the Northern Hemisphere), Ophiuchus is in the daytime sky and thus not visible at most latitudes. However, for much of the polar region north of the [Arctic Circle](/source/Arctic_Circle) in the Northern Hemisphere's winter months, the Sun is below the horizon even at midday. Stars (and thus parts of Ophiuchus, especially Rasalhague) are then visible at twilight for a few hours around local noon, low in the south. In the Northern Hemisphere's spring and summer months, when Ophiuchus is normally visible in the night sky, the constellation is actually not visible, because the [midnight sun](/source/Midnight_sun) obscures the stars at those times and places in the Arctic. In countries close to the equator, Ophiuchus appears overhead in June around midnight and in the October evening sky.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Features

### Stars

See also: [List of stars in Ophiuchus](/source/List_of_stars_in_Ophiuchus)

The brightest stars in Ophiuchus include [α Ophiuchi](/source/Alpha_Ophiuchi), called Rasalhague ("head of the serpent charmer"), at magnitude 2.07, and [η Ophiuchi](/source/Eta_Ophiuchi), known as Sabik ("the preceding one"), at magnitude 2.43.[6][7] Alpha Ophiuchi is composed of an A-type (bluish-white) giant star[8] and a [K-type main sequence star](/source/K-type_main_sequence_star).[9] The primary is a rapid rotator[10] with an inclined axis of rotation.[11] Eta Ophiuchi is a binary system.[12] Other bright stars in the constellation include [β Ophiuchi](/source/Beta_Ophiuchi), Cebalrai ("dog of the shepherd")[13] and [λ Ophiuchi](/source/Lambda_Ophiuchi), or Marfik ("the elbow").[14] Beta Ophiuchi is an evolved [red giant](/source/Red_giant) star that is slightly more massive than the Sun.[15][16] Lambda Ophiuchi is a binary star system with the primary being more massive and luminous than the Sun.[17][18]

[RS Ophiuchi](/source/RS_Ophiuchi) is part of a class called recurrent [novae](/source/Nova), whose brightness increase at irregular intervals by hundreds of times in a period of just a few days. It is thought to be at the brink of becoming a Type Ia [supernova](/source/Supernova).[19] It erupts around every 15 years and usually has a magnitude of around 5.0 during eruptions, most recently in 2021.[20][21]

[Barnard's Star](/source/Barnard's_Star), one of the [nearest stars](/source/List_of_nearest_stars) to the [Solar System](/source/Solar_System) (the only stars closer are the [Alpha Centauri](/source/Alpha_Centauri) [binary star](/source/Binary_star) system and [Proxima Centauri](/source/Proxima_Centauri)), lies in Ophiuchus. It is located to the left of β and just north of the V-shaped group of stars in an area that was once occupied by the now-obsolete constellation of [Taurus Poniatovii](/source/Taurus_Poniatovii) (Poniatowski's Bull). The star has historically been subject to multiple claims of planets that were later disproven, until a confirmation of four planets in 2025.[22] In 1998, an intense flare was observed.[23][24] The star has also been a target of plans for interstellar travel such as [Project Daedalus](/source/Project_Daedalus).[25][26]

In 2005, astronomers using data from the [Green Bank Telescope](/source/Green_Bank_Telescope) discovered a [superbubble](/source/Superbubble) so large that it extends beyond the plane of the galaxy.[27] It is called the [Ophiuchus Superbubble](/source/Ophiuchus_Superbubble).

In April 2007, [astronomers](/source/Astronomer) announced that the [Swedish](/source/Sweden)-built [Odin satellite](/source/Odin_(satellite)) had made the first detection of clouds of [molecular](/source/Molecule) [oxygen](/source/Oxygen) in space, following observations in the constellation Ophiuchus.[28] The [supernova of 1604](/source/SN_1604) was first observed on 9 October 1604, near θ Ophiuchi. [Johannes Kepler](/source/Johannes_Kepler) saw it first on 16 October and studied it so extensively that the [supernova](/source/Supernova) was subsequently called *Kepler's Supernova*. He published his findings in a book titled *De stella nova in pede Serpentarii* (*On the New Star in Ophiuchus's Foot*). [Galileo](/source/Galileo_Galilei) used its brief appearance to counter the [Aristotelian](/source/Aristotle) [dogma](/source/Dogma) that the heavens are changeless. It was a Type Ia supernova[29] and the most recent Milky Way supernova visible to the unaided eye.[30] In 2009 it was announced that [GJ 1214](/source/GJ_1214), a star in Ophiuchus, undergoes repeated, cyclical dimming with a period of about 1.5 days consistent with the transit of a small orbiting planet.[31] The planet's low density (about 40% that of Earth) suggests that the planet might have a substantial component of low-density gas—possibly [hydrogen](/source/Hydrogen) or [steam](/source/Steam).[32] The proximity of this star to Earth (42 light years) makes it a feasible target for further observations. The host star emits X-rays which could have removed mass from the exoplanet.[33] In April 2010, the naked-eye star [ζ Ophiuchi](/source/Zeta_Ophiuchi) was occulted by the asteroid [824 Anastasia](/source/824_Anastasia).[34][35][36]

		- The constellation Ophiuchus as it can be seen by naked eye.[37]

		- Illustration of [Serpens](/source/Serpens), Ophiuchus and [Scorpius](/source/Scorpius) in the [Leiden Aratea](/source/Leiden_Aratea) manuscript, around 830 - 840.

		- Hercules and Ophiuchus, 1602, by [Willem Blaeu](/source/Willem_Blaeu).

		- [Johannes Kepler](/source/Johannes_Kepler)'s 1606 book *De Stella Nova in Pede Serpentarii* (On the New Star in Ophiuchus's Foot) opened at the page for Ophiuchus.

		- Detail showing the *stella nova* marked "N" in the right foot of Ophiuchus.

### Deep-sky objects

Infrared light view of [Rho Ophiuchi](/source/Rho_Ophiuchi_cloud_complex) [molecular cloud](/source/Molecular_cloud) complex from [NASA](/source/NASA)

Photo from Rogelio Bernal Andreo of the [Rho Ophiuchi](/source/Rho_Ophiuchi_cloud_complex) [molecular cloud](/source/Molecular_cloud) complex

Ophiuchus contains several [star clusters](/source/Star_cluster), such as [IC 4665](/source/Open_Cluster_IC_4665), [NGC 6633](/source/NGC_6633), [M9](/source/Globular_Cluster_M9), [M10](/source/Globular_Cluster_M10), [M12](/source/Globular_Cluster_M12), [M14](/source/Globular_Cluster_M14), [M19](/source/Globular_Cluster_M19), [M62](/source/Globular_Cluster_M62), and [M107](/source/Globular_Cluster_M107), as well as the [nebula](/source/Nebula) IC 4603-4604.

[M9](/source/Messier_9) is a globular cluster which may have an extra-galactic origin.[38] [M10](/source/Messier_10) is a fairly close [globular cluster](/source/Globular_cluster), only 20,000 light-years from Earth. It has a magnitude of 6.6 and is a Shapley class VII cluster. This means that it has "intermediate" concentration; it is only somewhat concentrated towards its center.[39] M12 is a globular cluster which is around 5 kiloparsecs from the Solar System.[40] [M14](/source/Messier_14) is another globular cluster which is somewhat farther away.[41] Globular cluster M19 is [oblate-shaped](/source/Spheroid)[42] with multiple different types of variable stars.[43] M62 is a globular cluster rich in [variable stars](/source/Variable_star) such as [RR Lyrae variables](/source/RR_Lyrae_variables)[44] and has two generations of stars with different element abundances.[45] M107 is also rich in variable stars.[46]

The unusual [galaxy](/source/Galaxy) merger remnant and [starburst galaxy](/source/Starburst_galaxy) [NGC 6240](/source/NGC_6240) is also in Ophiuchus. At a distance of 400 million light-years, this "butterfly-shaped" galaxy has two [supermassive black holes](/source/Supermassive_black_hole) 3,000 light-years apart. Confirmation of the fact that both [nuclei](/source/Active_galactic_nucleus) contain black holes was obtained by [spectra](/source/Electromagnetic_spectrum) from the [Chandra X-ray Observatory](/source/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory). Astronomers estimate that the black holes will [merge](/source/Binary_black_hole) in another billion years. NGC 6240 also has an unusually high rate of [star formation](/source/Star_formation), classifying it as a [starburst galaxy](/source/Starburst_galaxy). This is likely due to the heat generated by the orbiting black holes and the aftermath of the [collision](/source/Galactic_merger).[47] Both have [active galactic nuclei](/source/Active_galactic_nuclei).[48]

In 2006, a new nearby [star cluster](/source/Star_cluster) was discovered associated with the 4th magnitude star [Mu Ophiuchi](/source/Mu_Ophiuchi).[49] The [Mamajek 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamajek_2&action=edit&redlink=1) cluster appears to be a poor cluster remnant analogous to the [Ursa Major Moving Group](/source/Ursa_Major_Moving_Group), but 7 times more distant (approximately 170 parsecs away). Mamajek 2 appears to have formed in the same star-forming complex as the [NGC 2516](/source/NGC_2516) cluster roughly 135 million years ago.[50]

[Barnard 68](/source/Barnard_68) is a large [dark nebula](/source/Dark_nebula), located 410 light-years from Earth. Despite its diameter of 0.4 light-years, Barnard 68 only has twice the mass of the Sun, making it both very diffuse and very cold, with a temperature of about 16 [kelvins](/source/Kelvin). Though it is currently stable, Barnard 68 will eventually collapse, inciting the process of [star formation](/source/Star_formation). One unusual feature of Barnard 68 is its vibrations, which have a period of 250,000 years. Astronomers speculate that this phenomenon is caused by the [shock wave](/source/Shock_wave) from a [supernova](/source/Supernova).[47] Barnard 68 has blocked thousands of stars visible at other wavelengths[51] and the distribution of dust in Barnard 68 has been mapped.[52][53]

The space probe [Voyager 1](/source/Voyager_1), the furthest man-made object from earth, is traveling in the direction of Ophiuchus. It is located between [α Herculis](/source/%CE%91_Herculis), [α Ophiuchi](/source/%CE%91_Ophiuchi) and [κ Ophiuchi](/source/%CE%9A_Ophiuchi) at right ascension 17h 13m and declination +12° 25’ (July 2020).[54]

In November 2022, the USA's [NSF](/source/National_Science_Foundation) NOIRLab ([National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory](/source/National_Optical-Infrared_Astronomy_Research_Laboratory)) announced the unambiguous identification of the nearest [stellar black hole](/source/Stellar_black_hole) orbited by a [G-type main-sequence star](/source/G-type_main-sequence_star), the system identified as [Gaia BH1](/source/Gaia_BH1) at around 1,560 [light years](/source/Light_year) from the Sun.[55]

## History and mythology

There is no evidence of the constellation preceding the [classical era](/source/Classical_Greece), and in [Babylonian astronomy](/source/Babylonian_astronomy), a "Sitting Gods" constellation seems to have been located in the general area of Ophiuchus. However, Gavin White proposes that Ophiuchus may in fact be remotely descended from this Babylonian constellation, representing [Nirah](/source/Nirah), a serpent-god who was sometimes depicted with his upper half human but with serpents for legs.[56]

The earliest mention of the constellation is in [Aratus](/source/Aratus), informed by the lost catalogue of [Eudoxus of Cnidus](/source/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus) (4th century BC):[57]

To the [Phantom](/source/Hercules_(constellation))'s back the [Crown](/source/Corona_Borealis) is near, but by his head mark near at hand the head of Ophiuchus, and then from it you can trace the starlit Ophiuchus himself: so brightly set beneath his head appear his gleaming shoulders. They would be clear to mark even at the midmonth moon, but his hands are not at all so bright; for faint runs the gleam of stars along on this side and on that. Yet they too can be seen, for they are not feeble. Both firmly clutch the [Serpent](/source/Serpens), which encircles the waist of Ophiuchus, but he, steadfast with both his feet well set, tramples a huge monster, even the [Scorpion](/source/Scorpio_(astrology)), standing upright on his eye and breast. Now the Serpent is wreathed about his two hands – a little above his right hand, but in many folds high above his left.[58]

To the [ancient Greeks](/source/Ancient_Greece), the constellation represented the god [Apollo](/source/Apollo) struggling with a huge snake that guarded the [Oracle of Delphi](/source/Oracle_of_Delphi).[59]

Later myths identified Ophiuchus with [Laocoön](/source/Laoco%C3%B6n), the [Trojan](/source/Troy) priest of [Poseidon](/source/Poseidon), who warned his fellow Trojans about the [Trojan Horse](/source/Trojan_Horse) and was later slain by a pair of sea serpents sent by the gods to punish him.[59] According to [Roman era](/source/Roman_era) mythography,[60] the figure represents the healer [Asclepius](/source/Asclepius), who learned the secrets of keeping death at bay after observing one serpent bringing another healing herbs. To prevent the entire human race from becoming [immortal](/source/Immortality) under Asclepius' care, [Jupiter](/source/Jupiter_(mythology)) killed him with a bolt of [lightning](/source/Lightning), but later placed his image in the heavens to honor his good works.[61]

[Aratus](/source/Aratus) describes Ophiuchus as trampling on [Scorpius](/source/Scorpius) with his feet. This is depicted in Renaissance to Early Modern [star charts](/source/Star_chart), beginning with [Albrecht Dürer](/source/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer) in 1515; in some depictions (such as that of [Johannes Kepler](/source/Johannes_Kepler) in *[De Stella Nova](/source/De_Stella_Nova)*, 1606), Scorpius also seems to threaten to sting Serpentarius in the foot. This is consistent with [Azophi](/source/Azophi), who already included [ψ Oph](/source/Psi_Ophiuchi) and [ω Oph](/source/Omega_Ophiuchi) as the snake-charmer's "left foot", and [θ Oph](/source/Theta_Ophiuchi) and [ο Oph](/source/Omicron_Ophiuchi) as his "right foot", making Ophiuchus a [zodiacal constellation](/source/Zodiacal_constellation) at least as regards his feet.[62] This arrangement has been taken as symbolic in later literature and placed in relation to the words spoken by God to the serpent in the [Garden of Eden](/source/Garden_of_Eden) (Genesis 3:15).[63]

		- Ophiuchus in a manuscript copy of [Azophi](/source/Azophi)'s [*Uranometry*](/source/Book_of_Fixed_Stars), 18th century copy of a manuscript prepared for [Ulugh Beg](/source/Ulugh_Beg) in 1417 (note that as in all pre-modern [star charts](/source/Star_chart), the constellation is mirrored, with [Serpens Caput](/source/Serpens_Caput) on the left and [Serpens Cauda](/source/Serpens_Cauda) on the right).

		- Ophiuchus holding the serpent, Serpens, as depicted in *[Urania's Mirror](/source/Urania's_Mirror)*, a set of constellation cards published in London c. 1825. Above the tail of the serpent is the now-obsolete constellation [Taurus Poniatovii](/source/Taurus_Poniatovii) while below it is [Scutum](/source/Scutum_(constellation)).

## Zodiac

Main article: [Ophiuchus (astrology)](/source/Ophiuchus_(astrology))

Ophiuchus is one of the 13 constellations that cross the [ecliptic](/source/Ecliptic).[64] It has sometimes been suggested as the "13th sign of the [zodiac](/source/Zodiac)". However, this confuses [zodiac or astrological signs](/source/Zodiac_sign) with [constellations](/source/Constellations).[65] The signs of the zodiac are a 12-fold division of the ecliptic, so that each sign spans 30° of celestial longitude, approximately the distance the Sun travels in a month, and (in the Western tradition) are aligned with the seasons so that the [March equinox](/source/March_equinox) always falls on the boundary between Pisces and Aries.[66][67] Constellations, on the other hand, are unequal in size and are based on the positions of the stars. The [constellations of the zodiac](/source/Zodiacal_constellation#Constellations) have only a loose association with the signs of the zodiac, and do not in general coincide with them.[68] In Western astrology the constellation of Aquarius, for example, largely corresponds to the sign of Pisces. Similarly, the constellation of Ophiuchus occupies most (29 November – 18 December[69]) of the sign of Sagittarius (23 November – 21 December). The differences are due to the fact that the time of year that the Sun passes through a particular zodiac constellation's position has slowly changed (because of the [precession of the Earth's rotational axis](/source/Axial_precession)) over the millennia from when the [Babylonians](/source/Babylonians) originally developed the zodiac.[70][71]

## Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick2024_1-0)** Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Marocco, Federico; et al. (April 2024). ["The Initial Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20 pc Census of ~3600 Stars and Brown Dwarfs"](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Fad24e2). *[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series](/source/The_Astrophysical_Journal_Supplement_Series)*. **271** (2): 55. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2312.03639](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.03639). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2024ApJS..271...55K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ApJS..271...55K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/1538-4365/ad24e2](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Fad24e2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Star Tales – Ophiuchus"](http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ophiuchus.html). Retrieved 25 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Dickinson, Terence (2006). *Nightwatch A practical Guide to Viewing the Universe Revised Fourth Edition: Updated for use Through 2025*. US: Firefly Books. p. 185. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-55407-147-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55407-147-X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Dickinson, Terence (2006). *Nightwatch A Practical Guide to Viewing the Universe Revised Fourth Edition: Updated for Use Through 2025*. US: Firefly Books. pp. 44–59. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-55407-147-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55407-147-X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Ford, Dominic. ["Rasalhague (Star)"](https://in-the-sky.org/data/object.php?id=TYC1000-2508-1). *in-the-sky.org*. Retrieved 23 June 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Chartrand III, Mark R.; (1983) *Skyguide: A Field Guide for Amateur Astronomers*, p. 170 ([ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-307-13667-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-13667-1)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hoffleit_1991_7-0)** Hoffleit, D.; Warren, W. H. Jr. (1991). ["Entry for HR 2491"](http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-S?HR%202491). *Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Preliminary Version)*. [CDS](/source/Centre_de_Donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg). ID [V/50](http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?V/50).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-aj74_375_8-0)** Cowley, A.; et al. (April 1969), "A study of the bright A stars. I. A catalogue of spectral classifications", *Astronomical Journal*, **74**: 375–406, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1969AJ.....74..375C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969AJ.....74..375C), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/110819](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F110819)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-apj726_2_104_9-0)** Hinkley, Sasha; et al. (January 2011), ["Establishing α Oph as a Prototype Rotator: Improved Astrometric Orbit"](http://authors.library.caltech.edu/21951/1/Hinkley2011p12486Astrophys_J.pdf) (PDF), *The Astrophysical Journal*, **726** (2): 104, [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1010.4028](https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.4028), [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011ApJ...726..104H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...726..104H), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/0004-637X/726/2/104](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F726%2F2%2F104), [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [50830196](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:50830196)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-monnierrasalhague_10-0)** Monnier, J. D; Townsend, R. H. D; Che, X; Zhao, M; Kallinger, T; Matthews, J; Moffat, A. F. J (2010). "Rotationally Modulated g-modes in the Rapidly Rotating δ Scuti Star Rasalhague (α Ophiuchi)". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **725** (1): 1192–1201. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1012.0787](https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.0787). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2010ApJ...725.1192M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...725.1192M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1192](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F725%2F1%2F1192). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [51105576](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51105576).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-rmaa38_117_11-0)** Zhao, M.; et al. (February 2010), Rivinius, Th.; Curé, M. (eds.), "Imaging and Modeling Rapid Rotators: α Cep and α Oph", The Interferometric View on Hot Stars, *Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Serie de Conferencias*, **38**: 117–118, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2010RMxAC..38..117Z](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010RMxAC..38..117Z)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-aj133_4_1209_12-0)** Docobo, J. A.; Ling, J. F. (April 2007), "Orbits and System Masses of 14 Visual Double Stars with Early-Type Components", *The Astronomical Journal*, **133** (4): 1209–1216, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2007AJ....133.1209D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....133.1209D), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/511070](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F511070), [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [120821801](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120821801)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Paul Kunitzsch; Tim Smart (2006). [*A Dictionary of Modern Star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XVspPwAACAAJ). [Sky Publishing Corporation](/source/Sky_Publishing_Corporation). p. 44. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-931559-44-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931559-44-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Chartrand, at p. 170.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-aaa352_555_15-0)** Allende Prieto, C.; Lambert, D. L. (1999), "Fundamental parameters of nearby stars from the comparison with evolutionary calculations: masses, radii and effective temperatures", *[Astronomy and Astrophysics](/source/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics)*, **352**: 555–562, [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[0809.0359](https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.0359), [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1999A&A...352..555A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A&A...352..555A), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1051/0004-6361/200811242](https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F200811242), [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [14531031](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14531031)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-aaa480_1_91_16-0)** Soubiran, C.; et al. (2008), "Vertical distribution of Galactic disk stars. IV. AMR and AVR from clump giants", *Astronomy and Astrophysics*, **480** (1): 91–101, [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[0712.1370](https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.1370), [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2008A&A...480...91S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...480...91S), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1051/0004-6361:20078788](https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078788), [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [16602121](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16602121)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-zorec2012_17-0)** Zorec, J.; et al. (2012). "Rotational velocities of A-type stars. IV. Evolution of rotational velocities". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **537**: A120. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1201.2052](https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.2052). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2012A&A...537A.120Z](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...537A.120Z). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1051/0004-6361/201117691](https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201117691). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [55586789](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55586789).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-aaa388_18-0)** Lastennet, E.; Fernandes, J.; Lejeune, Th. (June 2002). "A revised HRD for individual components of binary systems from BaSeL BVRI synthetic photometry. Influence of interstellar extinction and stellar rotation". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **388**: 309–319. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[astro-ph/0203341](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0203341). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2002A&A...388..309L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A&A...388..309L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1051/0004-6361:20020439](https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20020439). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [14376211](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14376211).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Star 'soon to become supernova'"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5204676.stm). [BBC News](/source/BBC_News). 23 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["\[vsnet-alert 26131\] Outburst of RS Ophiuchi"](http://ooruri.kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp/mailarchive/vsnet-alert/26131). *ooruri.kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp*. Retrieved 9 August 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["ATel #14834: Fermi-LAT Gamma-ray Detection of the Recurrent Nova RS Oph"](https://astronomerstelegram.org/?read=14834). *ATel*. Retrieved 9 August 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Basant, Ritvik; Luque, Rafael; et al. (March 2025). ["Four Sub-Earth Planets Orbiting Barnard's Star from MAROON-X and ESPRESSO"](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fadb8d5). *[The Astrophysical Journal Letters](/source/The_Astrophysical_Journal_Letters)*. **982** (1): L1. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2503.08095](https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.08095). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2025ApJ...982L...1B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025ApJ...982L...1B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3847/2041-8213/adb8d5](https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fadb8d5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PaulsonBarnard_23-0)** Paulson, Diane B.; Allred, Joel C.; Anderson, Ryan B.; Hawley, Suzanne L.; Cochran, William D.; Yelda, Sylvana (2006). "Optical Spectroscopy of a Flare on Barnard's Star". *[Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific](/source/Publications_of_the_Astronomical_Society_of_the_Pacific)*. **118** (1): 227. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[astro-ph/0511281](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0511281). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2006PASP..118..227P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PASP..118..227P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/499497](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F499497). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [17926580](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17926580).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BenedictBarnard_24-0)** Benedict, G. Fritz; McArthur, Barbara; Nelan, E.; Story, D.; Whipple, A. L.; Shelus, P. J.; Jefferys, W. H.; Hemenway, P. D.; Franz, Otto G.; Wasserman, L. H.; Duncombe, R. L.; Van Altena, W.; Fredrick, L. W. (1998). "Photometry of Proxima Centauri and Barnard's star using Hubble Space Telescope fine guidance senso 3". *The Astronomical Journal*. **116** (1): 429. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[astro-ph/9806276](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9806276). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1998AJ....116..429B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....116..429B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/300420](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300420). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [15880053](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15880053).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Daedalus76_25-0)** Bond, A. & Martin, A. R. (1976). ["Project Daedalus – The mission profile"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071020144727/http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=A7618970AH&q=project+daedalus&uid=788304424&setcookie=yes). *[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society](/source/Journal_of_the_British_Interplanetary_Society)*. **9** (2): 101. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1976JBIS...29..101B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976JBIS...29..101B). Archived from [the original](http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=A7618970AH&q=project+daedalus&uid=788304424&setcookie=yes) on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-DarlingDaedalus_26-0)** Darling, David (July 2005). ["Daedalus, Project"](http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/Daedalus.html). *The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060831043940/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/Daedalus.html) from the original on 31 August 2006. Retrieved 10 August 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-huge_superbubble_27-0)** ["Huge 'Superbubble' of Gas Blowing Out of Milky Way"](http://www.physorg.com/news9882.html). *[PhysOrg.com](/source/PhysOrg.com)*. 13 January 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Molecular Oxygen Detected for the First Time in the Interstellar Medium"](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070417080835.htm). Retrieved 28 September 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Reynolds2007_29-0)** Reynolds, S. P.; Borkowski, K. J.; Hwang, U.; Hughes, J. P.; Badenes, C.; Laming, J. M.; Blondin, J. M. (2 October 2007). ["A Deep *Chandra* Observation of Kepler's Supernova Remnant: A Type Ia Event with Circumstellar Interaction"](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F522830). *[The Astrophysical Journal](/source/The_Astrophysical_Journal)*. **668** (2): L135–L138. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[0708.3858](https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.3858). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2007ApJ...668L.135R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...668L.135R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/522830](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F522830).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["Kepler's Supernova: Recently Observed Supernova"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190104220659/http://www.universeforfacts.com/2013/12/keplers-supernova-sn-1064-most-recently.html). *Universe for Facts*. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Charbonneau, David; et al. (December 2009). "A super-Earth transiting a nearby low-mass star". *Nature*. **462** (7275): 891–894. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[0912.3229](https://arxiv.org/abs/0912.3229). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2009Natur.462..891C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.462..891C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nature08679](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08679). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [20016595](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20016595). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [4360404](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4360404).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Rogers, Leslie A.; Seager, Sara (2010). "Three Possible Origins for the Gas Layer on GJ 1214b". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **716** (2): 1208–1216. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[0912.3243](https://arxiv.org/abs/0912.3243). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2010ApJ...716.1208R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...716.1208R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/0004-637x/716/2/1208](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637x%2F716%2F2%2F1208). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [15288792](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15288792).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lalitha2014_33-0)** Lalitha, S.; et al. (July 2014). "X-Ray Emission from the Super-Earth Host GJ 1214". *The Astrophysical Journal Letters*. **790** (1): 5. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1407.2741](https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.2741). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2014ApJ...790L..11L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...790L..11L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/2041-8205/790/1/L11](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F790%2F1%2FL11). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [118774018](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118774018). L11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Asteroid To Hide Naked-Eye Star"](http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/proamcollab/astroalert/89599442.html). 31 March 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["Asteroid To Hide Bright Star"](http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/highlights/89690067.html). 31 March 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-IOTA_36-0)** ["(824) Anastasia / HIP 81377 event on 2010 Apr 06, 10:21 UT"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190717141423/http://asteroidoccultation.com/2010_04_si.htm). Archived from [the original](http://asteroidoccultation.com/2010_04_si.htm) on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Ophiuchus, the Serpent Bearer – Constellations – Digital Images of the Sky"](http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/ophiuchus.html). *allthesky.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-mnras434_2_1220_38-0)** Arellano Ferro, A.; et al. (September 2013), "A detailed census of variable stars in the globular cluster NGC 6333 (M9) from CCD differential photometry", *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*, **434** (2): 1220–1238, [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1306.3206](https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.3206), [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013MNRAS.434.1220A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.434.1220A), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/mnras/stt1080](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt1080).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2005153–54_39-0)** [Levy 2005](#CITEREFLevy2005), pp. 153–54.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-M12Gontcharov_40-0)** Gontcharov, George A.; Khovritchev, Maxim Yu; Mosenkov, Aleksandr V.; Il'In, Vladimir B.; Marchuk, Alexander A.; Savchenko, Sergey S.; Smirnov, Anton A.; Usachev, Pavel A.; Poliakov, Denis M. (2021). ["Isochrone fitting of Galactic globular clusters – III. NGC 288, NGC 362, and NGC 6218 (M12)"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstab2756). *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*. **508** (2): 2688–2705. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2109.13115](https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.13115). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/mnras/stab2756](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstab2756).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-apj742_1_51_41-0)** Boyles, J.; et al. (November 2011), "Young Radio Pulsars in Galactic Globular Clusters", *The Astrophysical Journal*, **742** (1): 51, [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1108.4402](https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.4402), [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011ApJ...742...51B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...742...51B), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/0004-637X/742/1/51](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F742%2F1%2F51), [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [118649860](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118649860).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-burnham1978_42-0)** Burnham, Robert (1978), [*Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System*](https://books.google.com/books?id=wB9uZ9lH5bgC&pg=PA1263), Dover Books on Astronomy, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), [Courier Dover Publications](/source/Courier_Dover_Publications), p. 1263, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0486235684](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486235684).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-aj122_5_2587_43-0)** Clement, Christine M.; et al. (November 2001), "Variable Stars in Galactic Globular Clusters", *The Astronomical Journal*, **122** (5): 2587–2599, [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[astro-ph/0108024](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0108024), [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2001AJ....122.2587C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AJ....122.2587C), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/323719](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F323719), [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [38359010](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38359010).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Contreras2010_44-0)** Contreras, R.; et al. (December 2010), "Time-series Photometry of Globular Clusters: M62 (NGC 6266), the Most RR Lyrae-rich Globular Cluster in the Galaxy?", *The Astronomical Journal*, **140** (6): 1766–1786, [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1009.4206](https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.4206), [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2010AJ....140.1766C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AJ....140.1766C), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1766](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F140%2F6%2F1766), [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [118515997](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118515997)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Milone2015_45-0)** Milone, A. P. (January 2015), "Helium and multiple populations in the massive globular cluster NGC 6266 (M 62)", *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*, **446** (2): 1672–1684, [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1409.7230](https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.7230), [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015MNRAS.446.1672M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.446.1672M), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/mnras/stu2198](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu2198).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-McCombs2013_46-0)** McCombs, Thayne; et al. (January 2013), "Variable Stars in the Globular Cluster M107: The Discovery of a Probable SX Phoenicis", *AAS Meeting #221*, vol. 221, American Astronomical Society, p. 250.22, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013AAS...22125022M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AAS...22125022M), 250.22.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-objects_47-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-objects_47-1) Wilkins, Jamie; Dunn, Robert (2006). *300 Astronomical Objects: A Visual Reference to the Universe*. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-55407-175-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-175-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-komossaetal_2003_48-0)** Komossa, Stefanie; Burwitz, Vadim; Hasinger, Guenther; Predehl, Peter; et al. (2003). "Discovery of a Binary Active Galactic Nucleus in the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 6240 Using Chandra". *[Astrophysical Journal](/source/Astrophysical_Journal)*. **582** (1): L15–L19. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[astro-ph/0212099](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0212099). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2003ApJ...582L..15K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...582L..15K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/346145](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F346145). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [16697327](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16697327).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** Mamajek, Eric E. (2006). "A New Nearby Candidate Star Cluster in Ophiuchus at d = 170 pc". *Astronomical Journal*. **132** (5): 2198–2205. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[astro-ph/0609064](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0609064). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2006AJ....132.2198M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AJ....132.2198M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/508205](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508205). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [14070978](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14070978).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Jilinski, Evgueni; Ortega, Vladimir G.; de la Reza, Jorge Ramiro; Drake, Natalia A. & Bazzanella, Bruno (2009). "Dynamical Evolution and Spectral Characteristics of the Stellar Group Mamajek 2". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **691** (1): 212–218. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[0810.1198](https://arxiv.org/abs/0810.1198). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2009ApJ...691..212J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...691..212J). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/0004-637X/691/1/212](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F691%2F1%2F212). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [15570695](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15570695).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["The Dark Cloud B68 at Different Wavelengths"](http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso9934b/). [European Southern Observatory](/source/European_Southern_Observatory). Retrieved 30 January 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** Alves, João; Lada, Charles; Lada, Elizabeth (March 2001). ["Seeing the light through the dark"](http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.103-mar01/messenger-no103-1-1.pdf) (PDF). *The Messenger*. **103**: 15–20. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2001Msngr.103....1A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Msngr.103....1A).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** Alves, João F.; Lada, Charles J.; Lada, Elizabeth A. (January 2001). "Internal structure of a cold dark molecular cloud inferred from the extinction of background starlight". *Nature*. **409** (6817): 159–161. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2001Natur.409..159A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409..159A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/35051509](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35051509). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11196632](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11196632). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [4318459](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4318459).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Coordinates available at [The Sky Live](https://theskylive.com/voyager1-info).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2022-11-04_NSF_55-0)** [Astronomers Discover Closest Black Hole to Earth Gemini North telescope on Hawai‘i reveals first dormant, stellar-mass black hole in our cosmic backyard](https://noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2227/), Dr [Kareem El-Badry](/source/Kareem_El-Badry) et al, USA [National Science Foundation](/source/National_Science_Foundation) NOIRLab ([National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory](/source/National_Optical-Infrared_Astronomy_Research_Laboratory)), 2022-11-04

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** White, Gavin; *Babylonian Star-lore*, Solaria Pubs, 2008, p. 187f

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. ["ὀφιοῦχος"](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%29fiou%3Dxos). *A Greek-English Lexicon*. perseus.tufts.edu.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** translation by Mair, Alexander W.; & Mair, Gilbert R.; Loeb Classical Library, volume 129, William Heinemann, London, 1921 [theoi.com](http://www.theoi.com/Text/AratusPhaenomena.html)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Thompson_59-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Thompson_59-1) Thompson, Robert (2007). *Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders: From Novice to Master Observer*. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 326. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780596526856](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596526856).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** Hyginus, *Astronomica* 2, 14, Latin Mythography, 2nd century AD

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** ["Snake-Charmer"](https://brickthology.com/category/snake-charmer/). *Brickthology*. Retrieved 1 February 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** ["Manuscript reproduction"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190506142015/http://www.icoproject.org/cons.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.icoproject.org/cons.html) on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** [Maunder, Edward Walter](/source/Edward_Walter_Maunder); *Astronomy of the Bible*, 1908, p. 164f

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** Shapiro, Lee T. ["Constellations in the zodiac"](https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/starfinder3/), in *The Space Place* (NASA, last updated 22 July 2011)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** ["Ophiuchus, 13th constellation of zodiac"](https://earthsky.org/sky-archive/ophiuchus-highest-on-august-evenings-2). *Earth Sky*. Retrieved 19 July 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** Gleason, Edward. ["Why is the vernal equinox called the "First Point of Aries" when the Sun is actually in Pisces on this date? | Planetarium"](https://usm.maine.edu/planet/why-vernal-equinox-called-first-point-aries-when-sun-actually-pisces-date). *University of Southern Maine*. Retrieved 25 March 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** Campbell, Tina (15 July 2020). ["Has your star sign changed following the discovery of a 'new' Zodiac sign?"](https://metro.co.uk/2020/07/15/what-new-zodiac-sign-ophichius-mean-what-dates-cover-12990848/). *Metro*. Retrieved 29 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** ["Ophiuchus – a 13th Zodiac Sign? No!"](http://astrologyclub.org/ophiuchus-13th-zodiac-sign-no/). *Astrology Club*. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["Born under the sign of Ophiuchus?"](http://earthsky.org/constellations/born-between-november-29-and-december-18-heres-your-constellation). EarthSky.org. 16 August 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** Aitken, Robert G. (October 1942). "Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions". *Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets*. **4** (164): 103. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1942ASPL....4..103A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942ASPL....4..103A).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** Redd, Nola Taylor. ["Constellations: The Zodiac Constellation Names"](http://www.space.com/15722-constellations.html). space.com. Retrieved 3 August 2012.

## See also

- [Ophiuchus (Chinese astronomy)](/source/Ophiuchus_(Chinese_astronomy))

## References

- Levy, David H. (2005). [*Deep Sky Objects*](https://archive.org/details/deepskyobjects00davi). Prometheus Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-59102-361-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-361-0).

- Ridpath, Ian; and Tirion, Wil; (2007) *Stars and Planets Guide*, Collins, London; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-00-725120-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-725120-9), Princeton University Press, Princeton; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-13556-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13556-4)

## External links

[Wikisource](/source/Wikisource) has the text of the [1911 *Encyclopædia Britannica*](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition) article "[Serpentarius](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Serpentarius)".

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Ophiuchus (constellation)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ophiuchus_(constellation)).

- [The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Ophiuchus](http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/ophiuchus/)

- [Star Tales – Ophiuchus](http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ophiuchus.html)

- [Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 160 medieval and early modern images of Ophiuchus under the Latin name Serpentarius)](https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017051)

v t e Constellation of Ophiuchus List of stars in Ophiuchus Ophiuchus in Chinese astronomy Taurus Poniatovii Stars Bayer α (Rasalhague) β (Cebalrai) γ (Bake-eo) δ (Yed Prior) ε (Yed Posterior) ζ η (Sabik) θ ι κ λ (Marfik) μ ν ξ ο ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω e Flamsteed 12 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 23 24 26 28 29 30 31 36 (Guniibuu) 37 38 41 43 44 (b) 45 (d, θ Tel) 47 50 51 (c) 52 53 (f) 54 58 61 66 67 68 70 (p) 71 72 73 74 24 Sco 30 Sco Variable X RS V841 V849 V1054 V2052 V2291 V2293 V2306 V2307 V2500 (Barnard's Star) HR 6441 6516 6601 HD 148427 (Timir) 149143 (Rosalíadecastro) 149382 154088 164509 170469 171028 Other AS 209 CFHTWIR-Oph 98 CoRoT-6 CoRoT-25 CoRoT-26 CX330 Elias 2-27 Flying Saucer Gaia BH1 Gliese 673 GJ 1214 (Orkaria) GJ 3998 Great Annihilator IRAS 16293−2422 K2-32 M10-VLA1 MAXI J1659-152 MAXI J1820+070 Oph-IRS 48 RIK-210 SDSS 1624+00 SR 12 VB 8 VVV BD001 WISE 1800+0134 XTE J1739−285 Exoplanets CFHTWIR-Oph 98 b CoRoT-6b CoRoT-25b CoRoT-26b GJ 1214 b (Enaiposha) HD 149143 b (Riosar) HD 155233 b HD 156846 b HD 170469 b HD 171028 b ROXs 42Bb Wolf 1061b c d Star clusters NGC 6284 6287 6293 6304 6316 6325 6342 6355 6356 6366 6401 6426 6633 Other IC 4665 Melotte 186 Messier 9 Messier 10 Messier 12 Messier 14 Messier 19 Messier 62 Messier 107 Ophion Palomar 6 Nebulae NGC 6309 6369 6572 Other Barnard 68 Dark Horse Double Helix Nebula M2-9 Ophiuchus Superbubble Pipe Nebula Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex Serpens–Aquila Rift Sh 2-24 Sh 2-27 Snake Nebula Galaxies NGC 6240 6384 6509 6570 Other 3C 353 3C 368 IRAS 17208−0014 NeVe 1 PKS 1741−03 Galaxy clusters Abell 2163 Ophiuchus Supercluster Astronomical events Kepler's Supernova IGR J17329-2731 Category

v t e The 88 modern constellations Andromeda Antlia Apus Aquarius Aquila Ara Aries Auriga Boötes Caelum Camelopardalis Cancer Canes Venatici Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Carina Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Chamaeleon Circinus Columba Coma Berenices Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Crux Cygnus Delphinus Dorado Draco Equuleus Eridanus Fornax Gemini Grus Hercules Horologium Hydra Hydrus Indus Lacerta Leo Leo Minor Lepus Libra Lupus Lynx Lyra Mensa Microscopium Monoceros Musca Norma Octans Ophiuchus Orion Pavo Pegasus Perseus Phoenix Pictor Pisces Piscis Austrinus Puppis Pyxis Reticulum Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Sculptor Scutum Serpens Sextans Taurus Telescopium Triangulum Triangulum Australe Tucana Ursa Major Ursa Minor Vela Virgo Volans Vulpecula Lists of constellations

v t e Constellation history v t e 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD Andromeda Aquarius Aquila Ara Argo Navis Aries Auriga Boötes Cancer Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Cygnus Delphinus Draco Equuleus Eridanus Gemini Hercules Hydra Leo Lepus Libra Lupus Lyra Ophiuchus Orion Pegasus Perseus Pisces Piscis Austrinus Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Serpens Taurus Triangulum Ursa Major Ursa Minor Virgo Category v t e The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c: Crux Triangulum Australe Vopel 1536: Coma Berenices Keyser & de Houtman 1596: Apus Chamaeleon Dorado Grus Hydrus Indus Musca Pavo Phoenix Tucana Volans Plancius 1613: Camelopardalis Columba Monoceros Habrecht 1621: Reticulum Hevelius 1683: Canes Venatici Lacerta Leo Minor Lynx Scutum Sextans Vulpecula de Lacaille 1763: Antlia Caelum Carina Circinus Fornax Horologium Mensa Microscopium Norma Octans Pictor Puppis Pyxis Sculptor Telescopium Vela v t e Obsolete constellations (including Ptolemy's Argo Navis) Anguilla Anser Antinous Apes Aranea Argo Navis Asterion Bufo Cancer Minor Cerberus Chara Custos Messium Felis Honores Friderici/Gloria Frederici Gallus Globus Aerostaticus Hippocampus Hirudo Jordanus Leo Palatinus Lilium Limax Lochium Funis Lumbricus Machina Electrica Malus Manis Mons Maenalus Musca Borealis Noctua Norma Nilotica Officina Typographica Patella Phaethon Polophylax Psalterium Georgianum/Harpa Georgii Quadrans Muralis Ramus Pomifer Robur Carolinum Rosa Scarabaeus Sceptrum Brandenburgicum Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae Solarium Tarandus/Rangifer Taurus Poniatovii Telescopium Herschelii Testudo Tigris Triangulum Minus Turdus Solitarius Vespa obsolete constellation names Apis Phoenicopterus Serpentarius Xiphias Vultur cadens Vultur volans

v t e Zodiac Astrological signs Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Concepts in Western astrology Element House Modality Polarity Triplicity Related Astronomy Axial precession Constellations of the Ecliptic Ecliptic coordinate system Ophiuchus Planets in astrology symbols Zodiacal light

[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
- [Astronomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Astronomy)
- [Stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Stars)
- [Outer space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Outer_space)

Authority control databases GND

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Ophiuchus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiuchus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiuchus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.