# Operation RAFTER

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MI5 radio receiver detection technique

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**RAFTER** was a [code name](/source/Code_name) for the [MI5](/source/MI5) [radio receiver](/source/Radio_receiver) detection technique, mostly used against [clandestine](/source/Clandestine_operation) [Soviet](/source/Soviet_Union) agents and monitoring of domestic radio transmissions by foreign [embassy](/source/Embassy) personnel from the 1950s on.

## Explanation

Most radio receivers of the period were of the [AM](/source/Amplitude_modulation) [superhet](/source/Superhet) design, with [local oscillators](/source/Local_oscillator) which generate a signal typically 455 kHz above or sometimes below the frequency to be received. There is always some oscillator radiation leakage from such receivers, and in the initial stages of RAFTER, MI5 simply attempted to locate clandestine receivers by detecting the leaked signal with a sensitive custom-built receiver. This was complicated by domestic radios in people's homes also leaking radiation.

By accident, one such receiver for MI5 mobile radio transmissions was being monitored when a passing transmitter produced a powerful signal which overloaded the receiver, producing an audible change in the received signal. The agency realized that they could identify the actual frequency being monitored if they produced their own transmissions and listened for the change in the superhet tone.

## Soviet transmitters

[Soviet](/source/Soviet) [short-wave](/source/Short-wave) transmitters were extensively used to broadcast messages to clandestine agents, the transmissions consisting simply of [number sequences read aloud](/source/Numbers_station) and decoded using a [one-time pad](/source/One-time_pad). It was realized that this new technique could be used to track down such agents. Specially equipped aircraft would fly over urban areas at times when the agents were receiving Soviet transmissions, and attempt to locate receivers tuned to the transmissions.

## Tactics

In his book *[Spycatcher](/source/Spycatcher)*, former MI5 officer [Peter Wright](/source/Peter_Wright_(MI5_officer)) related an incident in which a mobile RAFTER unit was driven around the backstreets in an attempt to locate a receiver, but the search proved futile. Initially, MI5 believed interference and the effects of large metal objects such as lamp posts in the surrounding frustrated the search. Later, however, they concluded that the receiver itself had been mobile, and the receiver may at one point have been parked next to the RAFTER unit but hidden by a high fence.[1]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Peter Wright](/source/Peter_Wright_(MI5_officer)) (1 August 1987). [*Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer*](https://archive.org/details/spycatchercandid00wrigrich). Viking Penguin. p. [107](https://archive.org/details/spycatchercandid00wrigrich/page/107). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780670820559](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670820559).

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