# Open wagon
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{{Short description|Railway wagons for transportation of bulk goods}}
{{About|European open wagons|North American practice|Gondola (rail)}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Offener Gueterwagen Loessnitzdackel.jpg|thumb|A [Class Ow](/source/German_railway_wagon_classes) goods wagon on the [Saxon narrow gauge railways](/source/Saxon_narrow_gauge_railways) with [Heberlein brake](/source/Heberlein_brake)s]]
thumb|Open wagon for peat, {{RailGauge|750mm|lk=on}}
An '''open wagon''' (or '''truck''' in the UK) forms a large group of railway [goods wagons](/source/goods_wagons) designed primarily for the transportation of [bulk goods](/source/bulk_goods) that are not moisture-retentive and can usually be tipped, dumped or shovelled. The [International Union of Railways](/source/International_Union_of_Railways) (UIC) distinguishes between ordinary wagons ([Class](/source/UIC_classification_of_goods_wagons) '''E'''/[UIC](/source/Union_internationale_des_chemins_de_fer)-type '''5''') and special wagons ('''F'''/'''6''').[{{cite web |url=https://nl.dbcargo.com/resource/blob/1430008/9767e97bb070ccbbf77efd84e7d64948/freight_wagon_catalog_v2011-data.pdf |website=NL.DBCargo.com |publisher=DB Schenker |date=17 March 2015 |title=Our Freight Wagons |page=18 |access-date=1 November 2021 }}][{{cite book |last1=Monios |first1=Jason |last2=Bergqvist |first2=Rickard |date=2017 |title=Intermodal Freight Transport and Logistics |location=Boca Raton, Florida |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781351711364 |page=42 }}] Open wagons often form a significant part of a railway company's goods wagon fleet; for example, forming just under 40% of the [Deutsche Bahn](/source/Deutsche_Bahn)'s total goods wagon stock in Germany.
==UIC standard goods wagons==
Since the 1960s, the majority of goods wagons procured by European railway administrations have been built to standards laid down by, or based on, those established by the UIC. In addition to open wagons the table also shows [wagons with opening roof](/source/wagons_with_opening_roof)s (Class T), whose design is based on open wagons.
File:El-Wagen-UIC-Bauart1-Zittau.jpg|Twin-axled UIC Type 1 open wagon, used as an ash wagon, on a [transporter wagon](/source/transporter_wagon) in [Zittau](/source/Zittau)
File:Es-Wagen-UIC-Bauart2-Raspenava.jpg|A Czech ([ČD](/source/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_dr%C3%A1hy)) twin-axled open wagon of UIC Type 2 in [Raspenava](/source/Raspenava)
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#FF7F24"
! style="background:#FF7F24"|Norm
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff7f24; text-align:center;"|UIC 571-1:
Ordinary class
two axles
! style="background:#FF7F24"|UIC 571-2:
Ordinary class
four axles
! colspan="5" style="background:#ff7f24; text-align:center;"|UIC 571-3:
Special class
|- style="background:#FFF68F"
! style="background:#FFF68F" rowspan="2"| Class
! style="background:#FFF68F" rowspan="2"| Type 1
"French"
! style="background:#FFF68F" rowspan="2"| Type 2
"German"
! style="background:#FFF68F" rowspan="2"|
! style="background:#FFF68F" rowspan="2"| Wagon with sliding roof
four axles
! colspan="2" style="background:#fff68f; text-align:center;"| Hopper wagon
two axles
! colspan="2" style="background:#fff68f; text-align:center;"| Saddle-bottomed wagon
four axles
|- style="background:#FFF68F"
! style="background:#FFF68F"| without roof
! style="background:#FFF68F"| with roof
! style="background:#FFF68F"| without roof
! style="background:#FFF68F"| with roof
|- style="background:#FFF68F"
! style="background:#FFF68F"| [Class](/source/UIC_classification_of_goods_wagons)
! colspan="2" style="background:#fff68f; text-align:center;"| Es
! style="background:#FFF68F"| Ea(o)s
! style="background:#FFF68F"| Taems
to 1979: Taes
! style="background:#FFF68F"| Fcs
! style="background:#FFF68F"| Tds
! style="background:#FFF68F"| Fals
! style="background:#FFF68F"| Tals
|-
! Axle base
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|4.85|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|5.40|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|6.00|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
|-
! Bogie pivot pitch
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|9.00|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|7.50|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
|-
! Length over buffers
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|9.04|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|10.00|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|14.04|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|9.64|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|12.54|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
|-
! Loading length, min.
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|7.79|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|8.76|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|12.71|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|12.40|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
|-
! Loading area, ca.
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|22|m2|sqft|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|24|m2|sqft|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|35|m2|sqft|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|33|m2|sqft|disp=br()}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
|-
! Loading volume, ca.
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|36|m3|cuft|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|36|m3|cuft|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|71|m3|cuft|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|74|m3|cuft|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|40|m3|cuft|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|38|m3|cuft|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|75|m3|cuft|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|72|m3|cuft|disp=br()}}
|-
! Unladen weight, max.
| style="text-align:center;"| ...
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|12.5|t|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|22.0|t|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|24.0|t|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|13.0|t|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|13.5|t|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|15.0|t|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|15.5|t|disp=br()}}
|-
! Doors per side
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
|-
! Door width
| style="text-align:center;"| ...
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|1.80|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|1.80|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{cvt|4.00|m|ftin|frac=8|disp=br()}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| −
|}
==Class E – Ordinary open high-sided wagons==
[[File:Eaos-in-Lauban.jpg|thumb|Eaos: A Polish ([PKP](/source/Polskie_Koleje_Pa%C5%84stwowe)), four-axle, ordinary, open wagon with 9.00 m [bogie](/source/bogie) pivot pitch in [Lubań](/source/Luba%C5%84)]]
thumb|left|Eanos-x055:A longer, four-axle, ordinary, open wagon with steel floor and 10.70 m bogie pivot pitch
These wagons have a level floor and solid sides with at least one door on each side. They are mainly used for transporting bulk goods, [coal](/source/coal), [scrap](/source/scrap), [steel](/source/steel), [wood](/source/wood) and [paper](/source/paper). The majority of wagons have folding sides and end walls, otherwise they are given the letters ''l'' (fixed sides) or ''o'' (fixed end walls). Wagons may have one or two folding end walls.
Steel rings enable ropes, nets or covers to be attached to secure the load.
Some of these wagons can also be completely tipped over, in other words, at certain places they can be lifted up and emptied by being turned about their longitudinal axis. This requires a very robust underframe. Sometimes the wagons are fitted with rotatable couplings so that they do not have to be individually uncoupled.
In 1998, the Deutsche Bahn (DB) had about 16,000 four-axle Class E wagons. They have increasingly retired their twin-axled E wagons since the 1990s and they are now rarely seen.
{{Clear}}
==Class F – Special open high-sided wagons==
The majority of these are '''self-discharging wagons''' which use [gravity](/source/gravity)-unloading ([hopper car](/source/hopper_car)s and saddle-bottomed wagons), but in addition there are also:
* Side-tipping wagons (box tip, trough-tip or side-tip wagon),
* Bucket wagon, other open wagons without side doors
In addition to hopper and saddle-bottomed wagons there were also [wagons with opening roofs](/source/Wagon_with_opening_roof).{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
Typical loads for these wagons are all sorts of bulk goods, like coal, coke, ore, sand or gravel. Because bulk goods are often moved in large quantities, these wagons are frequently used in so-called [unit or block trains](/source/unit_train) that only comprise one type of wagon and only shift one type of product from the dispatcher to the recipient.
{{Clear}}
===Hopper wagons===
{{Main|Hopper car}}
{{Further|Hopper wagons with loading hatches}}
Hopper wagons can only be unloaded by gravity with no external assistance and are therefore also classed as self-discharging wagons. The majority may be filled, when at rail or road level, by high-level discharge chutes (whose ends are more than 70 cm above the top of the rails) or [conveyor belts](/source/conveyor_belts). Because a controlled amount of the load can be discharged at any place the wagons may be sent anywhere and are even used individually. Railway companies also use hoppers as [departmental wagons](/source/departmental_wagons) in [maintenance of way](/source/maintenance_of_way) trains for ballasting the track.
Since the 1990s there has been a trend for new hopper wagons to be built as bogie wagons which have not yet been standardized by the UIC.
{{Clear}}
==== Gallery ====
File:Selbstentladewagen-Fccs6450-Ansicht.JPG | Fccs hopper of the [ITL](/source/ITL_Eisenbahngesellschaft) railways
File:Selbstentladewagen-Fccs6450-Stirnseite.jpg | [Funnel](/source/Funnel)-shaped wagon floor
File:Selbstentladewagen-Fccs6450-Mechanik.jpg | Controllable discharge equipment
File:Selbstentladewagen-Fccs-Axle.jpg | [Wheelset](/source/Wheelset_(rail_transport)) and [brake rods](/source/Railway_brake)
File:Selbstentladewagen-Fccs6450-Radsatz.jpg | [Axlebox](/source/Axlebox)es and double-shackle running gear
File:Iron ore hopper (SJ, 1900).JPG|Swedish [iron ore](/source/iron_ore) hopper ([mineral wagon](/source/mineral_wagon)), built in 1900
File:Вагон.jpg|[Kambarka Engineering Works](/source/Kambarka_Engineering_Works) hopper car to transport [track ballast](/source/track_ballast), {{RailGauge|750mm|lk=on}} gauge
File:Fcs 092.jpg|Fcs092:Open wagon with controllable self-discharge equipment and high chute (hopper wagon)
===Saddle-bottomed wagons===
[[File:Falns-in-Horka.jpg|thumb|A Polish (PKP) Falns saddle-bottom wagon – a four-axle, open wagon with high-level gravity discharge to both sides and loading volume of {{convert|82|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}} – in [Horka](/source/Horka%2C_Saxony)]]
Saddle-bottomed wagons are large-volume hoppers are exclusively unloaded by gravity and are therefore classed as self-discharging hoppers. Unlike normal hopper wagons, however, their discharge cannot be controlled and the entire load must be dropped. To unload the flaps on the side swing out allowing the load to empty. This is aided by the floor which slopes downwards on both sides like a [gable roof](/source/Gable). The discharging chutes on either side are relatively high up. These wagons are frequently seen in [unit trains](/source/unit_trains) for transporting bulk goods such as coal or mineral [ore](/source/ore) from mines or ports to [steelworks](/source/Steel_mill) or [power stations](/source/power_stations).
The most modern type of four axle saddle-bottomed wagon in the DB is the four axle Falns 121 with a loading volume of {{convert|90|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}}. It was built from 1992 in several batches. By February 2008 another 100 of these wagons were to have been delivered to the DB and another 300 by 2010. These latest wagons will have an [axle load](/source/axle_load) of {{convert|23.5|t|abbr=on}} and an [unladen weight](/source/Tare_weight) of no more than {{convert|24.5|t|abbr=on}}, resulting in a load limit of {{convert|69.5|t|abbr=on}}.
===Side-tipping wagons===
Side-tipping wagons have [hydraulic](/source/hydraulic), [pneumatic](/source/pneumatic) or [electric](/source/electric) tipping equipment, that enables the wagon body to be lifted on one side. Depending on the design, they may be tipped to both sides or just one side only. In order to prevent wagons from falling over during the tipping operation, some are equipped with track pinch bars with which they can be securely anchored to the trackbed. These wagons are often seen in unit trains being used to remove excavated material from major construction sites.
File:Seitenkipper-Ua4201-Ansicht.jpg | A Czech (ČD) side tipper
File:Seitenkipper-Ua4201-Schriftfeld.jpg | The ČD groups these wagons into [Class Ua](/source/UIC_classification_of_goods_wagons)
File:Seitenkipper-Ua4201-Stirnseite.jpg | The tipping system can be seen from the end
File:Seitenkipper-Ua4201-Drehgestell.jpg | US-style bogie on a side-tipping wagon
File:Seitenkipper-Ua4201-Zugeinrichtung.jpg | [Coupling](/source/Railway_coupling) and main air pipe on a side-tipping wagon
==Specialized wagons==
===Lorry or mine car===
{{Further|Minecart#Lorry or mine car|Mineral wagon|Decauville wagon}}
[[File:30-cu.ft.Minecar.jpg|thumb|A {{convert|30|cuft|m3|abbr=on|lk=on}} mine car, drawing from the [United States Bureau of Mines](/source/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines)]]
A ''lorry'' or ''mine car'' is an open railroad car ([gondola](/source/Gondola_(rail))) with a tipping trough, used in [mining](/source/mining). It is known in the UK as a ''tippler'' or ''[chaldron](/source/chaldron) wagon'',[{{cite web |title=Locomotion No. 1 |url=http://www.darlington.gov.uk/Culture/headofsteam/about/locomotion.htm |website=Darlington.gov.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208150306/http://www.darlington.gov.uk/Culture/headofsteam/about/locomotion.htm |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=1 November 2021 }}] and in the US as a ''[mine car](/source/mine_car)''.[{{cite web |title=30-Cu. Ft. Mine car |url=http://library.mines.edu/digital/photodb/U1330.gif |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717203542/http://library.mines.edu/digital/photodb/U1330.gif |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=1 November 2021 }}]
{{clear}}
====Chaldrons====
{{Main|Chaldron}}
[[File:Wooden coal truck - geograph.org.uk - 685590.jpg|thumb|[Replica](/source/Replica) of a [chaldron](/source/chaldron) wagon]]
The first railway bulk-cargo gondolas, the first freight wagons, were the chaldron cars of the early coal-carrying [plateway](/source/plateway)s. These were relatively short in length and tall in proportion, with a tapered body that widened upwards, above the wheels. Once locomotive haulage began, the unstable and top-heavy nature of this design became a problem with increasing speeds and later wagons became lower and longer.
===Modalohr road trailer carriers===
{{Main|Modalohr}}
Modalohrs are specialized [wagons](/source/railway_wagon) for carrying [road trailers](/source/Semi-trailer) and [road tractors](/source/Tractor) on the [AFF route](/source/Alpine_rolling_road) from [France](/source/France) to [Italy](/source/Italy) and [Luxembourg](/source/Luxembourg) to [Spain](/source/Spain) and vice versa; there are plans to expand this service.[{{cite magazine |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/modalohr-piggyback-wagons-approved-for-channel-tunnel.html |title=Railway Gazette: Modalohr Piggyback Wagons Approved for Channel Tunnel |magazine=[Railway Gazette International](/source/Railway_Gazette_International) |date=23 November 2011 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124151503/https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/modalohr-piggyback-wagons-approved-for-channel-tunnel.html |url-status=dead }}] A deck between the [bogie](/source/bogie)s (trucks) [pivots](/source/Rotation) (swings) 30°, allowing the trailers to be loaded from the sides. The cars are built by [Lohr Industrie](/source/Lohr_Industrie).
{{Clear}}
=== Intermodal open wagons ===
{{Further|Class U special wagon#Intermodal container well wagons}}
File:Banbury box car 2001 1st.png|A [Tiphook rail](/source/Tiphook_rail) [intermodal freight](/source/intermodal_freight) [well car](/source/well_car) at [Banbury station](/source/Banbury_railway_station) in the UK in 2001
File:Sdgmns743 sketch.png|A [pocket wagon](/source/pocket_wagon)
File:83854933052-3.jpg|Special wagon of [Hupac](/source/Hupac) for [semi-trailer](/source/semi-trailer)s
File:HUA-168077-Afbeelding van enkele opleggers van vrachtauto's op speciale wagons van de S.N.C.F. (z.g. Kangourou- of Huckepack-vervoer), op het terrein van de Veilinghaven te Utrecht, bedoeld voor een tentoonstell.jpg|Semi-trailer on a [Kangourou wagon](/source/Kangourou_wagon)[{{Cite web |url=http://roadmaster-087.skyrock.com/3197907081-SNCF-Kangourou.html |title=Piggyback transport in the 60s, video in French |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005115638/https://roadmaster-087.skyrock.com/3197907081-SNCF-Kangourou.html |url-status=dead }}]
==See also==
* {{Annotated link|Austauschbauart}}
* {{Annotated link|Class U special wagon}}
* {{Annotated link|German state railway norms}}
* {{Section link|Holocaust trains#The journey and point of arrival}} – Used as prisoner transport in the Holocaust
* {{Annotated link|Kriegsbauart}}
* {{Annotated link|Lowmac}}
* {{Annotated link|Quarry tub}}
* {{Annotated link|Slate waggon}}
* {{Annotated link|Verbandsbauart}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.parostroj.net/katalog/nv/formular.php3?ind=107&odkud=80&obdobi=0&ktere=0&razeni=0 Class Ua side-tippers in the Czech archives at parostroj.net]
* [http://www.stinnes-freight-logistics.de/gueterwagenkatalog/index.html DB goods wagon catalogue]
* [http://advantage-environment.com/transporter/trucks-take-the-train-to-reduce-climate-impact/ Flexiwaggon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301150447/http://advantage-environment.com/transporter/trucks-take-the-train-to-reduce-climate-impact/ |date=1 March 2012 }}
{{Freight cars}}
Category:Freight rolling stock
Category:International Union of Railways
---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Open wagon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_wagon) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_wagon?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.