# OpenAlex

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Open catalog of scholarly papers, authors, institutions, venues, and concepts

OpenAlex OpenAlex logo since 2025 Producer OurResearch History 2022; 4 years ago (2022) Coverage Disciplines Science, social science, arts, humanities (supports 256 disciplines) Record depth Citation indexing, author, topic title, subject keywords, abstract, periodical title, author's address, publication year Format coverage Articles, reviews, editorials, chronologies, abstracts, proceedings (journals and book-based), technical papers Links Website openalex.org

**OpenAlex** is a [bibliographic catalogue](/source/Bibliographic_catalogue) of [scientific papers](/source/Scientific_paper), authors and institutions accessible in [open access](/source/Open_access) mode, named after the [Library of Alexandria](/source/Library_of_Alexandria). It started operating in January 2022 by [OurResearch](/source/OurResearch) as a successor of the terminated [Microsoft Academic Graph](/source/Microsoft_Academic_Graph). OpenAlex competes with commercial products such as [Clarivate](/source/Clarivate)'s [Web of Science](/source/Web_of_Science) or [Elsevier](/source/Elsevier)'s [Scopus](/source/Scopus), and is complemented by [bibliometrics](/source/Bibliometrics) tools and an [API](/source/API).[1][2]

## History

On 31 December 2021, the [Microsoft Academic Graph](/source/Microsoft_Academic_Graph) (MAG) database stopped being updated.[3][4] The non-profit organization [OurResearch](/source/OurResearch) proposed the creation of an open access [bibliographic database](/source/Bibliographic_database), named OpenAlex, with the ambition of providing a fully open catalogue for the global research system.[5] OpenAlex was released in January 2022, including information from MAG as well as a free API.[6] Its name is inspired by the [Library of Alexandria](/source/Library_of_Alexandria), which created the first bibliographic catalogue in human history.

In September 2023, [Leiden University](/source/Leiden_University) in the [Netherlands](/source/Netherlands) announced that it would now use OpenAlex to establish its research institution ranking for 2024.[7] In December 2023, the [Sorbonne University](/source/Sorbonne_University) announced that it was deregistering from [Scopus](/source/Scopus) in favor of OpenAlex.[8]

In 2024, the [French Ministry of Research and Higher Education](/source/Minister_of_Higher_Education%2C_Research_and_Innovation_(France)) pledged to contribute financially to the project, considering it "as a crucial open science infrastructure".

By March 2024, OpenAlex included metadata for 209 million works such as journal articles and books; 13 million authors with ambiguous identities; metadata for 124,000 sites hosting works, including journals and online repositories; metadata for 109,000 institutions; and 65,000 [Wikidata](/source/Wikidata) concepts, which are algorithmically linked to works using an automated multi-tag hierarchical classifier. In March of the same year, it announced that they had received a $7.5 million grant from the philanthropic initiative [Arcadia](/source/Arcadia_Fund), with the goal of making OpenAlex a real, open alternative to commercial solutions.[9]

In June 2024 a paper got wider audience when a team of researchers found fabricated metadata entered into the [Crossref](/source/Crossref) database, which is also sourced by OpenAlex. Metadata in the reported examples does not contain the real citations any more, but made up citations.[10][11]

## Uses

OpenAlex is used by universities to measure the progress of their research teams in terms of publishing publications or meeting sustainable development goals. OpenAlex relies on [DOAJ](/source/DOAJ) data as well as [Unpaywall](/source/Unpaywall) data to indicate the status (closed or open) and route used for open access (open access in gold, green, bronze or hybrid versions), and in Aurora's requests to qualify the works indexed according to the [sustainable development goals](/source/Sustainable_Development_Goals) defined by the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations).[12] It also uses information from [Crossref](/source/Crossref) and [ORCID](/source/ORCID). In 2024 the API had a usage volume of 115 million monthly queries.

A 2024 study shows that OpenAlex is particularly good at indexing [Diamond open access](/source/Diamond_open_access) journals, with more than 12,500 indexed titles, including more than 60% of all Diamond OA journals not found in WoS or Scopus.[13]

### SemOpenAlex

SemOpenAlex is an RDF knowledge graph derived from OpenAlex. It was introduced at the International Semantic Web Conference in 2023 and represents OpenAlex metadata as more than 26 billion RDF triples about scholarly works and related entities, including authors, institutions, journals and concepts.[14]

The dataset is released under the [CC0](/source/Creative_Commons_license#Zero_/_public_domain) licence and is made available through RDF dump files, a [SPARQL](/source/SPARQL) endpoint, dereferenceable URIs and links to other datasets in the [Linked Open Data](/source/Linked_data) cloud.[14] It has been described as enabling semantic search, scholarly impact analysis, bibliographic data analysis, recommender systems and benchmarks for RDF query processing and knowledge-graph-based language models.[14]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:1_1-0)** Singh Chawla, Dalmeet (24 January 2022). ["Massive open index of scholarly papers launches"](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00138-y). *Nature*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/d41586-022-00138-y](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-022-00138-y). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [35075274](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35075274). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [246278314](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246278314).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Simard, Marc-André & Basson, Isabel & Hare, Madelaine & Larivière, Vincent & Mongeon, Philippe. (2023). [The value of a diamond: Understanding global coverage of diamond Open Access journals in Web of Science, Scopus, and OpenAlex to support an open future](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371365958_The_value_of_a_diamond_Understanding_global_coverage_of_diamond_Open_Access_journals_in_Web_of_Science_Scopus_and_OpenAlex_to_support_an_open_future#fullTextFileContent).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Next Steps for Microsoft Academic – Expanding into New Horizons"](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/academic/articles/microsoft-academic-to-expand-horizons-with-community-driven-approach/). *Microsoft Research*. 4 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Fossil-record bias and huge research database"](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00103-9). *Nature*. **601** (7893): 303. 20 January 2022. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2022Natur.601..303.](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.601..303.). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/d41586-022-00103-9](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-022-00103-9). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0028-0836](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [256820124](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256820124).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Jason (8 May 2021). ["We're building a replacement for Microsoft Academic Graph"](https://blog.ourresearch.org/were-building-a-replacement-for-microsoft-academic-graph/). *OurResearch blog*. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Piwowar, Heather (6 January 2022). ["OpenAlex launch!"](https://blog.ourresearch.org/openalex-launch/). *OurResearch blog*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Brooks, James (15 September 2023). ["Leiden rankings to add open-source version in 2024"](https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-europe-universities-2023-9-leiden-rankings-to-add-open-source-version-in-2024/). *Research Professional News*. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Clavey, Martin (4 March 2024). ["La recherche française parie sur OpenAlex pour briser l'emprise d'Elsevier et Clarivate"](https://next.ink/129485/la-recherche-francaise-parie-sur-openalex-pour-briser-lemprise-delsevier-et-clarivate/). *Next* (in French). Retrieved 1 June 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Price, Gary (14 March 2024). ["Funding: OurResearch Receives $7.5 Million Grant From Arcadia To Establish OpenAlex, a Milestone Development For Open Science"](https://www.infodocket.com/2024/03/14/funding-ourresearch-receives-7-5-million-grant-from-arcadia-to-establish-openalex-a-milestone-development-for-open-science/). *Library Journal infoDOCKET*. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Besançon, Lonni; Cabanac, Guillaume; Labbé, Cyril; Magazinov, Alexander (6 May 2024). ["Sneaked references: Fabricated reference metadata distort citation counts"](https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.24896). *Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology*. **75** (12): 1368–1379. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2310.02192](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.02192). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/asi.24896](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.24896). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2330-1635](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-1635).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Hacking Scientific Citations - Schneier on Security"](https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2024/07/hacking-scientific-citations.html). *www.schneier.com*. 15 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Priem, Jason; Piwowar, Heather; Orr, Richard (2022). "OpenAlex: A fully-open index of scholarly works, authors, venues, institutions, and concepts". [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2205.01833](https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01833) [[cs.DL](https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.DL)].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Price, Gary (2 April 2024). ["Preprint: "Open Access Coverage of OpenAlex, Scopus and Web of Science""](https://www.infodocket.com/2024/04/02/preprint-open-access-coverage-of-openalex-scopus-and-web-of-science/). *Library Journal infoDOCKET*. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-SemOpenAlex_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-SemOpenAlex_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-SemOpenAlex_14-2) Färber, Michael; Lamprecht, David; Krause, Johan; Aung, Linn; Haase, Peter (2023). "SemOpenAlex: The Scientific Landscape in 26 Billion RDF Triples". *The Semantic Web – ISWC 2023*. Springer. pp. 94–112. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-3-031-47243-5_6](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-47243-5_6).

## External links

- [Official website](https://openalex.org/)

## Further reading

- Céspedes, Lucía; Kozlowski, Diego; Pradier, Carolina; Holmberg Sainte-Marie, Maxime; Shokida, Natsumi Solange; Benz, Pierre; Poitras, Constance; Boudreau Ninkov, Anton; Ebrahimy, Saeideh; Ayeni, Philips; Filali, Sarra; Li, Bing; Larivière, Vincent (June 2025). ["Evaluating the linguistic coverage of OpenAlex: An assessment of metadata accuracy and completeness"](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.24979). *[Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology](/source/Journal_of_the_Association_for_Information_Science_and_Technology)*. **76** (6): 884–895. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/asi.24979](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.24979). [eISSN](/source/EISSN_(identifier)) [1097-4571](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4571).

- Culbert, Jack H.; Hobert, Anne; Jahn, Najko; Haupka, Nick; Schmidt, Marion; Donner, Paul; Mayr, Philipp (April 2025). ["Reference coverage analysis of OpenAlex compared to Web of Science and Scopus"](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11192-025-05293-3). *[Scientometrics](/source/Scientometrics)*. **130** (4): 2475–2492. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2401.16359](https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.16359). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s11192-025-05293-3](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11192-025-05293-3).

v t e Academic publishing Journals Academic journal Public health Papers Paper Abstract Review article Position paper Literature review Grey literature Working paper White paper Technical report Annual report Pamphlet Essay Lab notes Other publication types Thesis Collection of articles Patent Biological Chemical Book Monograph Edited volume Festschrift Chapter Treatise Poster session Proceedings Impact and ranking Acknowledgment index Altmetrics Article-level metrics Author-level metrics Bibliometrics C-score Journal ranking Eigenfactor g-index h-index Impact factor Rankings of academic publishers Science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators Scientometrics SCImago Journal Rank Citation cartel Reform and access Academic journal publishing reform Open access Citation advantage Serials crisis Sci-Hub #ICanHazPDF Versioning Preprint Postprint Version of record Erratum Retraction Indexes and search engines Google Scholar AMiner BASE CORE Semantic Scholar Scopus Web of Science Paperity OpenAlex Index Copernicus ERIH PLUS Sherpa Romeo OpenAIRE Related topics Imprint Scientific writing Peer review Scholarly Scholarly communication Scientific literature Learned society Open research Open scientific data ORCID Electronic publishing Documentary editing Text publication society Ingelfinger rule Least publishable unit "Publish or perish" Lists Academic databases and search engines Academic journals Copyright policies Highly Cited Researchers Open-access journals Preprint policies Scientific journals Style/formatting guides University presses

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [OpenAlex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAlex) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAlex?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.