# Onchidiidae
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{{Short description|Family of gastropods}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Onchidella.jpg
| image_caption = A live but partially retracted individual of ''[Onchidella](/source/Onchidella)'' sp.
| image2 = Onchidella nigricans.png
| image2_caption = A live and active individual of ''[Onchidella nigricans](/source/Onchidella_nigricans)''
| parent_authority = [Rafinesque](/source/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque), 1815
| taxon = Onchidiidae
| authority = [Rafinesque](/source/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque), 1815[{{cite book |last1=Rafinesque |first1=C.S. |title=Analyse de la nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organises |date=1815 |publisher=[Privately printed] |location=Palermo |pages=224 pp |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/188066#page/11/mode/1up |access-date=24 May 2023}}]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms =
* Hoffmannolidae Starobogatov, 1976
* Onchidinidae Starobogatov, 1976
* Onchidellidae Labbé, 1934
* Peroniidae Keferstein, 1865
* Peroninidae Starobogatov, 1976
* Platevindecidae Starobogatov, 1976
* Quoyellidae Starobogatov, 1976
* Scaphidae Labbé, 1934
}}
'''Onchidiidae''' are a family of small, air-breathing sea (and land) [slug](/source/slug)s. They are shell-less [marine](/source/marine_(ocean)) (except for two species)[{{cite journal|author=Dayrat B.|year=2009|title=Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species|journal=[Zootaxa](/source/Zootaxa)|volume=2068|pages=1–26|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2068.1.1|s2cid=4821033}}, [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02068p026f.pdf preview].] [pulmonate](/source/pulmonate) [gastropod](/source/gastropod) [mollusc](/source/mollusc)s. Onchidiidae is the only family within the superfamily '''Onchidioidea'''.
These animals are quite unusual in that they are emphatically not [opisthobranch](/source/opisthobranch)s with gills, as are almost all of the [sea slug](/source/sea_slug)s. Instead these creatures are [pulmonate](/source/pulmonate)s. They are more closely related to air-breathing land and [freshwater snail](/source/freshwater_snail)s and [slug](/source/slug)s than they are to most other sea snails and sea slugs.
This family has no subfamilies (according to the [taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005](/source/Taxonomy_of_the_Gastropoda_(Bouchet_%26_Rocroi%2C_2005))).
143 [species name](/source/specific_name_(zoology))s were created within the Onchidiidae,[{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=H.|date=1928|title=Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden|journal=Zoologische Jahrbücher |volume=55|pages=29–118}}] Labbé later continued the revision and named many new genera in his classification of onchidiid slugs.[{{Cite journal|last=Labbé|first=A.|date=1934|title=Les Silicodermés (Labbé) du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Première partie: Classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues|journal=Annales de l'Institut Océanographique de Monaco |volume=14|pages=73–246}}] Labbé also made mistakes in describing the anatomy of some species,[{{Cite journal|last1=Goulding|first1=Tricia C. |last2=Khalil |first2=Munawar |last3=Tan |first3=Shau Hwai |last4=Dayrat|first4=Benoît|date=2018-06-04|title=Integrative taxonomy of a new and highly-diverse genus of onchidiid slugs from the Coral Triangle (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)|url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/21252/|journal=ZooKeys|issue=763 |pages=1–111|doi=10.3897/zookeys.763.21252|pmid=29896045 |pmc=5996013 |issn=1313-2970|doi-access=free }}] and the Onchidiidae was not revised again for over 80 years. The genus ''Onchidium'' was revised in 2016 based on natural history, comparative anatomy, and DNA sequences.[{{Cite journal|last1=Dayrat|first1=Benoît|last2=Goulding|first2=Tricia C.|last3=Apte|first3=Deepak|last4=Bhave|first4=Vishal|last5=Comendador|first5=Joseph|last6=Quang|first6=Ngô Xuân|last7=Tan|first7=Siong Kiat|last8=Tan|first8=Shau Hwai|date=2016-11-24|title=Integrative taxonomy of the genus Onchidium Buchannan, 1800 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae) |journal=ZooKeys|issue=636|pages=1–40|doi=10.3897/zookeys.636.8879 |pmc=5126514 |pmid=27917062|doi-access=free}}] This was followed by revisions of the other onchidiid genera[{{Cite journal|last1=Goulding|first1=Tricia C.|last2=Tan|first2=Shau Hwai|last3=Tan|first3=Siong Kiat|last4=Apte|first4=Deepak|last5=Bhave|first5=Vishal|last6=Narayana|first6=Sumantha|last7=Salunkhe|first7=Rahul|last8=Dayrat|first8=Benoît|date=2018-08-16|title=A revision of Peronina Plate, 1893 (Gastropoda : Euthyneura : Onchidiidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, morphology and natural history|url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/is/IS17094|journal=Invertebrate Systematics|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=803–826|doi=10.1071/IS17094|s2cid=91784082|issn=1447-2600|url-access=subscription}}][{{Cite journal|last1=Goulding|first1=Tricia C.|last2=Bourke|first2=Adam J.|last3=Comendador|first3=Joseph|last4=Khalil|first4=Munawar|last5=Quang|first5=Ngo Xuan|last6=Tan|first6=Shau Hwai|last7=Tan|first7=Siong Kiat|last8=Dayrat|first8=Benoît|date=2021-03-08|title=Systematic revision of Platevindex Baker, 1938 (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)|url=https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/1259|journal=European Journal of Taxonomy|language=en|issue=737|pages=1–133|doi=10.5852/ejt.2021.737.1259|s2cid=233797267|issn=2118-9773|doi-access=free}}][{{Cite journal|last1=Dayrat|first1=Benoît|last2=Goulding|first2=Tricia C.|last3=Apte|first3=Deepak|last4=Aslam|first4=Sadar|last5=Bourke|first5=Adam|last6=Comendador|first6=Joseph|last7=Khalil|first7=Munawar|last8=Ngô|first8=Xuân Quảng|last9=Tan|first9=Siong Kiat|last10=Tan|first10=Shau Hwai|date=2020-10-01|title=Systematic revision of the genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)|url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/52853/|journal=ZooKeys|issue=972|pages=1–224|doi=10.3897/zookeys.972.52853|issn=1313-2970|pmc=7544732|pmid=33071542|doi-access=free}}][{{Cite journal|last1=Dayrat|first1=Benoît|last2=Goulding|first2=Tricia C.|date=2017-06-29|title=Systematics of the onchidiid slug Onchidina australis (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata)|journal=Archiv für Molluskenkunde|volume=146|pages=121–133|doi=10.1127/arch.moll/146/121-133}}]'','' and the descriptions of onchidiid species in several new genera.[{{Cite journal|last1=Goulding|first1=Tricia|last2=Khalil|first2=Munawar|last3=Tan|first3=Shau Hwai|last4=Dayrat|first4=Benoit|date=2018|title=A new genus and a new species of onchidiid slugs from eastern Indonesia (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)|journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology|volume=66|pages=337–349}}][{{Cite journal|last1=Dayrat|first1=Benoît|last2=Goulding|first2=Tricia C.|last3=Apte|first3=Deepak|last4=Bhave|first4=Vishal|last5=Ngô Xuân|first5=Quảng|date=2017-07-27|title=A new genus and four new species of onchidiid slugs from South-East Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Onchidiidae)|journal=Journal of Natural History|volume=51|issue=31–32|pages=1851–1897|doi=10.1080/00222933.2017.1347297|s2cid=91153309|issn=0022-2933}}][{{Cite journal|last1=Dayrat|first1=Benoît|last2=Goulding|first2=Tricia C.|last3=Khalil|first3=Munawar|last4=Apte|first4=Deepak|last5=Bourke|first5=Adam J.|last6=Comendador|first6=Joseph|last7=Tan|first7=Shau Hwai|date=2019-02-22|title=A new genus and three new species of mangrove slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)|url=https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/643|journal=European Journal of Taxonomy|language=en|issue=500|doi=10.5852/ejt.2019.500|issn=2118-9773|doi-access=free}}][{{Cite journal|last1=Dayrat|first1=Benoît|last2=Goulding|first2=Tricia C.|last3=Khalil|first3=Munawar|last4=Comendador|first4=Joseph|last5=Xuân|first5=Quảng Ngô|last6=Tan|first6=Siong Kiat|last7=Tan|first7=Shau Hwai|date=2019-02-09|title=A new genus of air-breathing marine slugs from South-East Asia (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)|url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/36698/|journal=ZooKeys|language=en|issue=877|pages=31–80|doi=10.3897/zookeys.877.36698|issn=1313-2970|pmc=6775175|pmid=31592220|doi-access=free}}][Dayrat, B.; Goulding T.C.; Khalil, M.; Lozouet, P., Tan, S.H. (2018) Systematic revision one clade at a time: A new genus of onchidiid slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae). ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'' 66: 814–837.]
== Anatomy ==
Adult onchidiids lack a shell, although a shell[{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YM_OqfVV_ygC&q=onchidiid+larvae+shell&pg=PA220|title=Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates V4: Molluscs: Gastropods and Cephalopods|last=Berry|first=A.J.|isbn=9780323153058|editor-last=Giese|editor-first=A|pages=220|date=2012-12-02|publisher=Elsevier }}] and operculum is present at the larval stage. The mantle cavity is reduced to the point of absence, correlating with a loss of gills, raphes, and other characters usually found in the mantle cavity. The organism is completely [detorted](/source/Torsion_(gastropod)).[{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hbqVv5r3FgsC&pg=PA719
| title = The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China III___ Fouling and pollution, morphology, behaviour and physiology, Hoi Ha Wan
| publisher = Hong Kong University Press
| isbn = 978-962-209-295-2
| author1 = Morton, Brian
| year = 1992}}]
Slugs in this family make and use [love darts](/source/love_darts) made of [chitin](/source/chitin).[Chung D. J. D.: ''Molluscan 'Love darts'?'' Hawaiian Shell News, 1986 May, Vol 34(5), pages 3–4. http://s190418054.onlinehome.us/HSN/1980/8605.pdf{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}]
== Genetics ==
In this family, the number of [haploid](/source/haploid) [chromosome](/source/chromosome)s lies between 16 and 20 (according to the values in this table).[Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WlvX-9Wt0toC&hl The biology of terrestrial molluscs]''. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, {{ISBN|0-85199-318-4}}. 1–146, cited pages: 139 and 142.]
==Habitat==
Most of the species in this family are marine and are found in the [intertidal zone](/source/intertidal_zone). Many species live on rocky coasts, while others live in mangrove forests which may be marine or brackish.[{{Cite journal|last=Dayrat|first=Benoît|date=January 2010|title=Anatomical Re-Description of the Terrestrial Onchidiid SlugSemperoncis montana(Plate, 1893)|journal=Malacologia|volume=52|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.4002/040.052.0101|s2cid=84799367|issn=0076-2997|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/386431 }}] ''[Semperoncis montana](/source/Semperoncis_montana)'' (synonym in literature: ''Platevindex apoikistes'' and ''Semperella montana'') and ''Platevindex ponsonbyi'' are the only known terrestrial species in the Onchidiidae.[{{ITIS |id=78761 |taxon=Onchidella}}, accessed 13 September 2010.]
*''[Onchidina](/source/Onchidina)'' Semper, 1885[{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=424032|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Platevindex H. B. Baker, 1938|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2018-07-18}}]
*''[Paraoncidium](/source/Paraoncidium)'' Labbé, 1934: synonym of ''[Onchidina](/source/Onchidina)'' Semper, 1882