# O

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Fifteenth letter of the Latin alphabet

This article is about the letter of the Roman alphabet. For the letter of the [Cyrillic script](/source/Cyrillic_script) (О, о), see [O (Cyrillic)](/source/O_(Cyrillic)). For the letter of the [Greek script](/source/Greek_script) (Ο ο), see [Omicron](/source/Omicron). For other uses, see [O (disambiguation)](/source/O_(disambiguation)).

Not to be confused with the number [0](/source/0).

For [technical reasons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)), ":O" redirects here. For the keyboard symbol, see [List of emoticons](/source/List_of_emoticons).

This article needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "O" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

O O o Usage Writing system Latin script Type Alphabetic Language of origin Latin language Sound values [o] [o̞] [ɔ] [əʊ] [əʉ] [oʊ] [ɐʊ] [ɐʉ] [ɒʊ] [uː] [ʉː] [ʌ] [ɒ] [ɑ] [ø] [a] [ʕ] [w] [◌ʷ] [ʊ] [ɵ] [ə] [ɐ] In Unicode U+004F, U+006F Alphabetical position 15 History Development Ο ο 𐌏 O o Time period c. 700 BCE to present Descendants Ö ⱺ Ø Œ Ɔ Ơ Ỏ Ꝋ ∅ º ℅ Sisters ᴥ Ƹ ʿ О Ю Ө ע ع ܥ ࠏ ዐ ࡘ ჺ Ո ո Օ օ ᱳ ᱜ ᱣ Other Associated graphs o(x) Writing direction Left-to-right This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

ISO basic Latin alphabet AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz v t e

**O** ([minuscule](/source/Letter_case): **o**) is the fifteenth [letter](/source/Letter_(alphabet)) and the fourth [vowel letter](/source/Vowel_letter) of the [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet), used in the [modern English alphabet](/source/English_alphabet), the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [*o*](/source/English_alphabet#Letter_names) (pronounced [/ˈoʊ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-O.wav)), plural [*oes*](/source/English_alphabet#Letter_names).[1]

## Name

In English, the name of the letter is the "long O" sound, pronounced [/ˈoʊ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English). In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in [open syllables](/source/Open_syllable).

Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨o⟩ in European languages

## History

Egyptian Phoenician Ayin Western Greek Omicron Etruscan O Latin O

Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from [Phoenician](/source/Phoenician_alphabet) times until today. The name of the Phoenician letter was *[ʿeyn](/source/Ayin)*, meaning "eye", and its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding [Egyptian hieroglyph](/source/Egyptian_hieroglyphs), cf. [Proto-Sinaitic script](/source/Proto-Sinaitic_script)). Its original sound value was that of a consonant, probably [[ʕ](/source/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative)], the sound represented by the cognate [Arabic letter](/source/Arabic_alphabet) [ع *ʿayn*](/source/%D8%B9).[2]

The use of this Phoenician letter for a vowel sound is due to the early [Greek alphabets](/source/Greek_alphabet), which adopted the letter "[omicron](/source/Omicron)" to represent the vowel /o/. The letter was adopted with the value in the [Old Italic alphabets](/source/Old_Italic_alphabets), including the [early Latin alphabet](/source/Early_Latin_alphabet). In Greek, a variation of the form later came to differentiate this long sound ([omega](/source/Omega), meaning "large O") from the short o (Omicron, meaning "small o"). The Greek omicron gave rise to the corresponding [Cyrillic letter O](/source/O_(Cyrillic)).[2]

Late [Renaissance](/source/Renaissance) or early [Baroque](/source/Baroque) design of an O, from 1627

## Use in writing systems

Pronunciation of ⟨o⟩ by language Orthography Phonemes Catalan /ɔ/, /o/, /u/, /w/ Standard Chinese (Pinyin) /ə/, /u/ Czech /ɔ/ Danish /ɔ/, /o/, /oː/ Dutch /ɔ/, /oː/, /ə/ English /ɒ/, /oʊ/, /ə/, /ɔː/, /aɪə/ French /o/, /ɔ/ German /ɔ/, /oː/, /o/ Irish /ɔ/, /ə/ Italian /o/, /ɔ/ Malagasy /u/ Malay /ɔ/ Norwegian /ɔ/, /ʊ/, /oː/, /uː/ Occitan /u/ Polish /ɔ/ Portuguese /ɔ/, /o/, /u/, /w/ Spanish /o/ Slovak /ɔ/ Swedish /ɔ/, /oː/, /uː/ Turkish /o/

### English

The letter ⟨o⟩ is the fourth [most common letter](/source/Letter_frequency) in the [English alphabet](/source/English_alphabet).[3] Like the other English vowel letters, it has associated "long" and "short" pronunciations. The "long" ⟨o⟩ as in *boat* is actually most often a [diphthong](/source/Diphthong) [/oʊ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (realized dialectically anywhere from [o] to [əʊ]). In English, there is also a "short" ⟨o⟩ as in *fox*, [/ɒ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English), which sounds slightly different in different dialects. In most dialects of [British English](/source/British_English), it is either an [open-mid back rounded vowel](/source/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel) [ɔ] or an [open back rounded vowel](/source/Open_back_rounded_vowel) [ɒ]; in [American English](/source/American_English), it is most commonly an unrounded back [ɑ] to a central vowel [a].[4]

Common [digraphs](/source/Digraph_(orthography)) include ⟨oo⟩, which represents either [/uː/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English), [/ʊ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) or [/ʌ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English); ⟨oi⟩ or ⟨oy⟩, which typically represents the diphthong [/ɔɪ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English), and ⟨ao⟩, ⟨oe⟩, and ⟨ou⟩ which represent a variety of pronunciations depending on context and etymology.[4]

In other contexts, especially before a letter with a [minim](/source/Minim_(palaeography)), ⟨o⟩ may represent the sound [/ʌ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English), as in 'son' or 'love'. It can also represent the [semivowel](/source/Semivowel) [/w/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English), as in *choir* or *quinoa.*[5]

"O" in isolation is a word, also spelled "oh" and pronounced /oʊ/. Before a noun, usually capitalized, it indicates a [noun of address](/source/Noun_of_address), as in the titles "[O Canada](/source/O_Canada)" or "[O Captain! My Captain!](/source/O_Captain!_My_Captain!)" or in certain verses of the [Bible](/source/Bible).[6]

### Other languages

⟨o⟩ is commonly associated with the [open-mid back rounded vowel](/source/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel) [ɔ], [mid back rounded vowel](/source/Mid_back_rounded_vowel) [o̞] or [close-mid back rounded vowel](/source/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel) [o] in many languages. Other languages use ⟨o⟩ for various values, usually back vowels which are at least partly open. Derived letters such as ⟨[ö](/source/%C3%96)⟩ and ⟨[ø](/source/%C3%98)⟩ have been created for the alphabets of some languages to distinguish values that were not present in Latin and Greek, particularly rounded front vowels.[7]

### Other systems

In the [International Phonetic Alphabet](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet), ⟨o⟩ represents the [close-mid back rounded vowel](/source/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel).[8]

## Other uses

Main article: [O (disambiguation)](/source/O_(disambiguation))

- [Oxygen](/source/Oxygen), symbol O, a chemical element

## Related characters

See also: [circle symbol](/source/Circle_symbol_(disambiguation))

### Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

- Œ œ : Latin [*OE*](/source/%C5%92) ligature

- O with [diacritics](/source/Diacritic): [Ø ø](/source/%C3%98) [Ǿ ǿ](/source/%C7%BE) [Ö ö](/source/%C3%96) [Ȫ ȫ](/source/%C8%AA) [Ó ó](/source/%C3%93) [Ò ò](/source/%C3%92) [Ô ô](/source/Circumflex) [Ố ố](/source/%E1%BB%90) [Ồ ồ](/source/%E1%BB%92) [Ổ ổ](/source/%E1%BB%94) [Ỗ ỗ](/source/%E1%BB%96) [Ộ ộ](/source/%E1%BB%98) [Ǒ ǒ](/source/Caron) [Ő ő](/source/Double_acute_accent) [Ŏ ŏ](/source/Breve) [Ȏ ȏ](/source/%C8%8E) [Ȯ ȯ](/source/Dot_(diacritic)) [Ȱ ȱ](/source/%C8%B0) [Ọ ọ](/source/Dot_(diacritic)) [Ɵ ɵ](/source/%C6%9F) [ᶱ](/source/%E1%B6%B1)[9] [Ơ ơ](/source/%C6%A0) [Ớ ớ](/source/%E1%BB%9A) [Ờ ờ](/source/%E1%BB%9C) [Ỡ ỡ](/source/%E1%BB%A0) [Ợ ợ](/source/%E1%BB%A2) [Ở ở](/source/%E1%BB%9E) [Ỏ ỏ](/source/Hook_above) [Ō ō](/source/Macron_(diacritic)) [Ṓ ṓ](/source/%E1%B9%92) [Ṑ ṑ](/source/%E1%B9%90) [Õ õ](/source/%C3%95) [Ȭ ȭ](/source/%C8%AC) [Ṍ ṍ](/source/%E1%B9%8C) [Ṏ ṏ](/source/%E1%B9%8E) [Ǫ ǫ](/source/Ogonek) [Ȍ ȍ](/source/Double_grave_accent) O̩ o̩ Ó̩ ó̩ Ò̩ ò̩ [Ǭ ǭ](/source/%C7%AC) O͍ o͍

- [Ꝍ ꝍ](/source/%EA%9D%8C) : O with loop was used in some [medieval Nordic](/source/North_Germanic_languages) [orthographies](/source/Orthography)[10]

- Ꟁ ꟁ : [Old Polish](/source/Old_Polish) O[11]

- ⱺ : Small o with low ring inside is used in the [Swedish Dialect Alphabet](/source/Swedish_Dialect_Alphabet)[12]

- [IPA](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet)-specific symbols related to O: [ɔ](/source/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel)

- [IPA superscript letters](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Superscript_IPA):[13] 𐞢 𐞣

- [Uralic Phonetic Alphabet](/source/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet)-specific symbols related to O:[14] - U+1D0F ᴏ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL O - U+1D3C ᴼ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL O - U+1D52 ᵒ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL O - U+1D11 ᴑ LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O - U+1D13 ᴓ LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O WITH STROKE - U+1D16 ᴖ LATIN SMALL LETTER TOP HALF O - U+1D17 ᴗ LATIN SMALL LETTER BOTTOM HALF O - U+1D54 ᵔ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TOP HALF O - U+1D55 ᵕ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BOTTOM HALF O

- [Teuthonista](/source/Teuthonista) phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to O:[15] - U+AB3D ꬽ LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O - U+AB3E ꬾ LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O WITH STROKE - U+AB3F ꬿ LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O WITH STROKE - U+AB43 ꭃ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O - U+AB44 ꭄ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O WITH STROKE

- o : Subscript small o is used in [Indo-European studies](/source/Indo-European_studies)[16]

- 𝼛 : Latin small letter o with retroflex hook is used in [phonetic transcription](/source/Phonetic_transcription)[17][18]

### Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

- Ꝋ ꝋ : Forms of O were used for medieval [scribal abbreviations](/source/Scribal_abbreviation)[10]

- ∅ : [empty set symbol](/source/Empty_set)[19]

- º : Masculine [ordinal indicator](/source/Ordinal_indicator)

- Calligraphic *O* (𝒪, 𝓸): [Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols](/source/Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols)[20]

### Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

- 𐤏 : [Semitic](/source/Phoenician_alphabet) letter [Ayin](/source/Ayin), from which the following symbols originally derive: - Ω ω : [Greek](/source/Greek_alphabet) letter [Omega](/source/Omega) - Ο ο : Greek letter [Omicron](/source/Omicron) - Ⲟ ⲟ : [Coptic](/source/Coptic_alphabet) letter O, which derives from Greek omicron - О о : [Cyrillic](/source/Cyrillic) letter [O](/source/O_(Cyrillic)), which also derives from Omicron - 𐌏 : [Old Italic](/source/Old_Italic_script) O, which derives from Greek Omicron, and is the ancestor of modern Latin O - Օ օ : [Armenian letter O](/source/Armenian_alphabet)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Other representations

### Computing

- U+004F O LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O

- U+006F o LATIN SMALL LETTER O

- U+FF2F Ｏ [FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O](/source/Half-width_and_full-width_forms)

- U+FF4F ｏ FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER O

### Other

NATO phonetic Morse code Oscar ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ

Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) Braille dots-135 Unified English Braille

## See also

- [O mark](/source/O_mark)

- [Open O](/source/Open_O) (Ɔ ɔ)

- [0](/source/0) (zero). The capital letter O may be mistaken or misused for the number 0, as they appear quite identical in some typefaces. Early typewriters did not have a 'zero' key.

## Notes

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** "O" *Oxford English Dictionary,* 2nd edition (1989);[*Chambers-Happap*](http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=o&title=21st), "oes" *op. cit.* *Oes* is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered *O*s, O's, *o*s, o's.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_2-1) ["Evolution of Alphabets"](https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/evolalpha.html). *webspace.ship.edu*. Retrieved January 3, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Frequency Table"](https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html). *www.math.cornell.edu*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_4-1) ["International Phonetic Alphabet for American English - IPA Chart"](https://easypronunciation.com/en/american-english-pronunciation-ipa-chart). *easypronunciation.com*. Retrieved January 3, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Millward, C.M (December 1, 1988). *History of the English Language*. Thomson Learning. pp. |pages=137-138. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0030594316](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0030594316).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Quick search: "o lord""](http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22o+lord%22&qs_version=KJV). Retrieved December 5, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Latin Script"](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-alphabet). Retrieved March 13, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["IPA Chart with Sounds – International Phonetic Alphabet Sounds"](https://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/). *www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org*. Retrieved October 22, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Constable, Peter (April 19, 2004). ["L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf) (PDF).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-unicode2006_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-unicode2006_10-1) Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (January 30, 2006). ["L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Bunčić, Daniel (January 12, 2021). ["L2/21-039: Proposal to include the letter 'Old Polish O'"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21039-old-polish-o.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (January 26, 2006). ["L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (November 8, 2020). ["L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [Everson, Michael](/source/Michael_Everson); et al. (March 20, 2002). ["L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (June 2, 2011). ["L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (June 7, 2004). ["L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-L220125_17-0)** Miller, Kirk (July 11, 2020). ["L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20125r-ipa-retroflex.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-L221021_18-0)** Anderson, Deborah (December 7, 2020). ["L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic"](https://jeff560.tripod.com/set.html). *jeff560.tripod.com*.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Script (or Calligraphic)"](https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-entity-names/script.html). *www.w3.org*. Retrieved January 3, 2024.

## External links

Look up ***[O](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/O)*** or ***[o](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/o)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

- Media related to [O](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:O) at Wikimedia Commons

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [O](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.