# Notoparmelia

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***Notoparmelia*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [foliose lichens](/source/Foliose_lichen) in the family [Parmeliaceae](/source/Parmeliaceae). It includes 18 species that grow on [bark](/source/Corticolous_lichen) and [rocks](/source/Saxicolous_lichen), and are mostly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The genus was created in 2014 as a segregate of *[Parmelia](/source/Parmelia_(fungus))*.

## Taxonomy

*Notoparmelia* was [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) by lichenologists [Ana Crespo](/source/Ana_Crespo), Zuzana Ferencová, and Pradeep Divakar in 2014. The genus includes a group of mostly [Australasian](/source/Australasian) species previously placed in *[Parmelia](/source/Parmelia_(fungus))*. Although the group of species had previously been shown to form a [monophyletic](/source/Monophyletic) [lineage](/source/Lineage_(evolution)) in *Parmelia*,[1] they had not at that time been examined sufficiently to identify any [morphological](/source/Morphology_(biology)) features that could be used to distinguish them from *Parmelia*. Subsequent study of the anatomy and fine morphology of the [ascomata](/source/Ascomata) and [ascospores](/source/Ascospore) revealed differences that could be used as diagnostic [characters](/source/Phenotypic_trait) to define a new genus for this lineage of species.[2]

*Notoparmelia* differs morphologically from *Parmelia* species by having thinner [ascospore](/source/Ascospore) walls and a proper exciple (a layer of [hyphae](/source/Hypha) directly surrounding and derived from the ascocarp itself, not including any thalline material) that is reduced to one layer without zonation and comprising exclusively loosely branched large hyphae embedded in an abundant [polysaccharide](/source/Polysaccharide) matrix. The proper exciple is surrounded by a continuous layer of [algae](/source/Alga).[2] The genus name combines the [Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) *nǒto-* ("southern", "south" – referring to its Southern Hemisphere distribution) with *Parmelia*.[2]

The name *Aspidelia* is an earlier legitimate generic name for the genus that was overlooked when *Notoparmelia* was published.[3] The authors later formally proposed *Aspidelia* for rejection so that *Notoparmelia* could be retained.[4] In 2017, however, the [Nomenclature Committee for Fungi](/source/Nomenclature_Committee_for_Fungi) rejected the proposal, preferring that [priority](/source/Principle_of_priority) should take precedence.[5] Despite this, as of 2020, no proposal had been made to transfer *Notoparmelia* species to *Aspidelia*, and *Notoparmelia* is used in recent reviews of fungal classification.[6][7]

## Description

*Notoparmelia* species have a foliose [thallus](/source/Thallus) that is adnate (attached to the ) to loosely adnate (loosely attached to nearly free growing). It is irregularly lobate (having ), with lobes measuring 2.0–7.0 mm wide with rounded tips. [Pseudocyphellae](/source/Pseudocyphella) are usually (having marginal areoles that are extended and arranged radially). [Rhizines](/source/Rhizine) are squarrosely branched (branching at right angles). The apothecia are stipitate or nearly so, and split radially with age. The is cup-shaped, with a single thick (30–70 μm) [hyaline](/source/Hyaline) layer. Unlike other parmelioids, it is not differentiated into three layers. [Ascospores](/source/Ascospore) are [ellipsoid](/source/Ellipsoid), typically measuring 11.5–16.5 by 7.5–10 [μm](/source/Micrometre) with a spore wall that is less than 1 μm thick. In contrast, other parmelioids have spore walls greater than 1 μm thick.[2]

## Species

As of November 2025, [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) (in the [Catalogue of Life](/source/Catalogue_of_Life)) accepts 18 species of *Notoparmelia*:[8]

- *[Notoparmelia crambidiocarpa](/source/Notoparmelia_crambidiocarpa)*
- *[Notoparmelia crowii](/source/Notoparmelia_crowii)*
- *[Notoparmelia cunninghamii](/source/Notoparmelia_cunninghamii)*
- *[Notoparmelia erumpens](/source/Notoparmelia_erumpens)*
- *[Notoparmelia kerguelensis](/source/Notoparmelia_kerguelensis)* [9]
- *[Notoparmelia lindsayana](/source/Notoparmelia_lindsayana)* [9]
- *[Notoparmelia norcrambidiocarpa](/source/Notoparmelia_norcrambidiocarpa)*
- *[Notoparmelia nortestacea](/source/Notoparmelia_nortestacea)*
- *[Notoparmelia novae-zelandiae](/source/Notoparmelia_novae-zelandiae)*
- *[Notoparmelia protosignifera](/source/Notoparmelia_protosignifera)* [10]
- *[Notoparmelia protosulcata](/source/Notoparmelia_protosulcata)*
- *[Notoparmelia pseudotenuirima](/source/Notoparmelia_pseudotenuirima)*
- *[Notoparmelia queenslandensis](/source/Notoparmelia_queenslandensis)*
- *[Notoparmelia salcrambidiocarpa](/source/Notoparmelia_salcrambidiocarpa)*
- *[Notoparmelia signifera](/source/Notoparmelia_signifera)*
- *[Notoparmelia subtestacea](/source/Notoparmelia_subtestacea)*
- *[Notoparmelia tarkinensis](/source/Notoparmelia_tarkinensis)*
- *[Notoparmelia tenuirima](/source/Notoparmelia_tenuirima)*
- *[Notoparmelia testacea](/source/Notoparmelia_testacea)*

## Chemistry

*Notoparmelia testacea* and *N. subtestacea* contain [testacein](/source/Testacein), a [polyketide](/source/Polyketide)-[sesquiterpene](/source/Sesquiterpene) compound that has also been found in the lichen genera *[Pyxine](/source/Pyxine)*, *[Heterodermia](/source/Heterodermia)*, and *[Buellia](/source/Buellia)*.[11]

## References

1. Crespo, Ana; Kauff, Frank; Divakar, Pradeep K.; del Prado, Ruth; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; de Paz, Guillermo Amo; Ferencova, Zuzana; Blanco, Oscar; Roca-Valiente, Beatriz; Núñez-Zapata, Jano; Cubas, Paloma; Argüello, Arturo; Elix, John A.; Esslinger, Theodore L.; Hawksworth, David L.; Millanes, Ana; Molina, M. Carmen; Wedin, Mats; Ahti, Teuvo; Aptroot, Andre; Barreno, Eva; Bungartz, Frank; Calvelo, Susana; Candan, Mehmet; Cole, Mariette; Ertz, Damien; Goffinet, Bernard; Lindblom, Louise; Lücking, Robert; Lutzoni, Francois; Mattsson, Jan-Eric; Messuti, María Inés; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Piercey-Normore, Michele; Rico, Víctor J.; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Schmitt, Imke; Spribille, Toby; Thell, Arne; Thor, Göran (2010). "Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence". *Taxon*. **59** (6): 1735–1753. [doi:10.1002/tax.596008](https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.596008)

1. Ferencova, Zuzana; Cubas, Paloma; Divakar, Pradeep Kumar; Molina, M. Carmen; Crespo, Ana (2014). "*Notoparmelia*, a new genus of Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) based on overlooked reproductive anatomical features, phylogeny and distribution pattern". *Lichenologist*. **46** (1): 51–67. [doi:10.1017/S0024282913000649](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282913000649)

1. Ferencova, Zuzana; Hawksworth, David L.; Crespo, Ana (2015). "The status and application of the generic name *Aspidelia*". *The Lichenologist*. **47** (3): 197–203. [doi:10.1017/S0024282915000110](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282915000110)

1. Ferencova, Zuzana; Hawksworth, David L.; Crespo, Ana (2015). "Proposal to reject the generic name *Aspidelia* (Fungi: Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae)". *Taxon*. **64** (2): 382. [doi:10.12705/642.15](https://doi.org/10.12705/642.15). [JSTOR 24639315](https://www.jstor.org/stable/24639315)

1. May, Tom W. (2017). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi — 20". *IMA Fungus*. **8** (1): 189–203. [doi:10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.01.12](https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.01.12). [PMC 5493534](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5493534). [PMID 28824847](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28824847)

1. Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Liu, Jian Kui; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Ekanayaka, Anusha H.; Tian, Qing; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa (2018). "Outline of Ascomycota: 2017". *Fungal Diversity*. **88** (1): 167–263. [doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8)

1. Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; LKT, Al-Ani; S, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; Tsurykau, Andrei; Mesic, Armin; Navathe, Sudhir; Papp, Viktor; Oliveira Fiuza, Patrícia; Vázquez, Víctor; Gautam, Ajay; Becerra, Alejandra G.; Ekanayaka, Anusha; K. C., Rajeshkumar; Bezerra, Jadson; Matočec, Neven; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa; Suetrong, Satinee (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". *Mycosphere*. **11**: 1060–1456. [doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8](https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8). [hdl:10481/61998](https://hdl.handle.net/10481/61998)

1. Fryday, A.M.; Orange, A.; Ahti, T.; Øvstedal, D.O.; Crabtree, D.E. (2019). "An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)". *Glalia*. **8** (1): 1–100.

1. Kantvilas, G. (2024). ["A new combination for *Parmelia protosignifera*, an overlooked species of *Notoparmelia*"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384887620). *Opuscula Philolichenum*. **23**: 17–19.

1. Elix, John A.; Liao, Li; Barrow, Russell A.; Piggott, Andrew M. (2019). ["The structure of testacein, a new hybrid polyketide-sesquiterpene metabolite from the lichen *Notoparmelia testacea*"](https://research-management.mq.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/105399601/85_12_ELIX_et_al.pdf). *Australasian Lichenology*. **85**: 34–39.

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