# Notebook computer

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Obsolete size class of laptops

For the broader class of portable computer, see [Laptop](/source/Laptop).

The [NEC UltraLite](/source/NEC_UltraLite) defined the modern notebook on its release in 1988.

A **notebook computer** or **notebook** is, historically, a [laptop](/source/Laptop) whose length and width approximate that of [letter paper](/source/Letter_paper) (8.5 by 11 inches or 220 by 280 millimetres).[a]

The term *notebook* was coined to describe slab-like [portable computers](/source/Portable_computer) that had a letter-paper footprint, such as [Epson](/source/Epson)'s [HX-20](/source/Epson_HX-20) and [Tandy](/source/Tandy_Corporation)'s [TRS-80 Model 100](/source/TRS-80_Model_100) of the early 1980s. The popularity of this [form factor](/source/Form_factor_(design)) waned in the middle of the decade, as larger, [clamshell](/source/Clamshell_design)-style laptops offered far more capability. In 1988, [NEC](/source/NEC)'s [UltraLite](/source/NEC_UltraLite) defined a new category of notebook: it achieved [IBM PC compatibility](/source/IBM_PC_compatible), making it technically as versatile as the largest laptops, while occupying a letter-paper footprint in a clamshell case. A handful of computer manufacturers followed suit with their own notebooks, including [Compaq](/source/Compaq), whose successful [LTE](/source/Compaq_LTE) achieved full feature parity with laptops and spurred many others to produce their own notebooks. By 1991, the notebook industry was in full swing.

Notebooks and laptops occupied distinct market segments into the mid-1990s, but customer preference for larger screens led to notebooks [converging](/source/Technological_convergence) with laptops in the late 1990s. Since the early 2000s, the terms *laptop* and *notebook* are used interchangeably, irrespective of physical dimensions, with *laptop* being the more common term in English-speaking territories.

## Etymology

The [Epson HX-20](/source/Epson_HX-20) from 1982 was the first portable computer to be called a "notebook".

The terms *laptop* and *notebook* both trace their origins to the early 1980s, coined to describe [portable computers](/source/Portable_computer) in a size class smaller than the contemporary mainstream units (so-called ["luggables"](/source/Luggable_computer)) but larger than [pocket computers](/source/Pocket_computer).[2][3] The etymologist [William Safire](/source/William_Safire) traced the origin of *laptop* to some time before 1984;[4] the earliest attestation of *laptop* found by the *[Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Oxford_English_Dictionary)* dates to 1983.[5] The word is modeled after the term *desktop*, as in *[desktop computer](/source/Desktop_computer)*.[4] *Notebook*, meanwhile, emerged earlier in 1982[6] to describe [Epson](/source/Epson)'s [HX-20](/source/Epson_HX-20) portable, whose dimensions roughly correspond to a [letter](/source/Letter_paper)-sized [pad of paper](/source/Notebook).[3][7]: 9[8]

## History

In the mid-1980s, notebooks and laptops came to represent differing [form factors](/source/Form_factor_(design)) of portable computer in the technology press, with notebooks possessing simplified hardware and a slab-like appearance with exposed keyboard (typified by the HX-20 and the [TRS-80 Model 100](/source/TRS-80_Model_100)); and laptops possessing more advanced hardware and a [clamshell case](/source/Clamshell_design) to protect the keyboard.[9][10] These early notebooks were all but discontinued by 1987, with laptops gaining favor due to their increased versatility.[10]

The [Sharp](/source/Sharp_Corporation) PC-4641, a laptop released in the same month as the UltraLite. Larger laptops continued to be marketed alongside notebooks for several years.

Toshiba's [DynaBook](/source/DynaBook) J-3100SS was cited by the company as the "first notebook PC"

By this point, however, laptops were gaining hardware features faster than the industry could [miniaturize](/source/Miniaturization) their parts, leading to very heavy laptops—some upwards of 20 pounds (9.1 kg).[11]: 16[12] In October 1988, [NEC](/source/NEC) released the [UltraLite](/source/NEC_UltraLite), the first notebook-sized clamshell laptop [compatible with the IBM PC](/source/IBM_PC_compatible). The term *notebook* was promptly revived by journalists to describe the new class of laptop that the UltraLite had invented.[11]: 16[13] Competitors soon came out with competing models, and while initial entries like the UltraLite made concessions in terms of data storage compatibility,[14][b] [Compaq](/source/Compaq)'s [LTE](/source/Compaq_LTE) line of notebooks in 1989 was the first to have full feature parity with the heaviest laptops of the time and jumpstarted the industry for these new notebooks, with scores of other manufacturers announcing their own notebooks.[15][16][c]

In direct response to Compaq,[18]: 59[19]: 75 both [Apple](/source/Apple_Inc.) and [IBM](/source/IBM), top players in the computer industry, made their hotly anticipated entries in the notebook market in 1991 and 1992, respectively, with the [PowerBook](/source/PowerBook) and the [PS/2 Note](/source/PS%2F2_Note) (a predecessor to the [ThinkPad](/source/ThinkPad)).[20][21] Under the aegis of the [Industrial Technology Research Institute](/source/Industrial_Technology_Research_Institute), dozens of Taiwanese computer manufacturers formed a consortium to mass manufacture notebook computers starting in 1991. These Taiwanese notebook computers soon flooded the West, bringing the cost of notebooks down on the low end of the market.[22][23]

Laptops and notebooks continued to occupy discrete market segments into the mid-1990s, with unit sales tracked separately by research firms such as [Dataquest](/source/Gartner_Dataquest).[24][25] Notebooks were seen as having a footprint exactly that of or smaller than letter paper (8.5 by 11 inches or 22 by 28 centimetres),[a] while laptops were larger.[25] This distinction was considered important to business buyers, whose [attaché cases](/source/Attach%C3%A9_case) often had a compartment exactly that size.[26] An additional distinction was weight, with 8 pounds (3.6 kg) a loose upper limit for what journalists would accept as a "notebook" in the press.[27] Aside from size and weight considerations, notebooks were also seen as more sleek and stylish than the bulkier laptops.[28] Compared to notebooks, however, laptops saw quicker improvements in processing speed and memory; featured better upgradability; and were less easy to [steal](/source/Laptop_theft).[29] In addition, the earliest notebooks had monochrome-only [LCDs](/source/Liquid-crystal_display), whereas laptops had color LCDs since 1989 (with NEC's [ProSpeed CSX](/source/NEC_ProSpeed)).[30][31] Others still preferred laptops for their keyboards, which featured fuller-sized layouts and often superior build quality; journalists evaluated the keyboard poorly in most early notebooks.[32][33]

The year 1991 saw the first notebooks with color displays,[34] as well as the emergence of [subnotebooks](/source/Subnotebook), which occupy a size class in between notebooks and [palmtop PCs](/source/Palmtop_PC).[35][36] By late 1992, the higher-end notebooks had run into the same miniaturization issues that laptops had encountered in the 1980s, with some notebooks weighing as much as 14 pounds (6.4 kg).[37]

Starting in 1997, screen sizes in notebook computers began increasing rapidly, fueled by consumer preference toward larger displays over compactness.[38] The emergence of LCD panels larger than 12.1 inches diagonally in early 1997 led to the breaking of the 8.5-by-11-inch size barrier.[39][40] By 1999, portable manufacturers had started integrating 13-, 14-, and even 15-inch LCD panels on their notebooks.[41] [Ergonomic](/source/Ergonomics) considerations, as well the integration of [pointing devices](/source/Pointing_device) such as [touchpads](/source/Touchpad), also necessitated increasing the size of laptops to accommodate a larger [palm rest](/source/Palm_rest) area. These developments led to the distinction between and laptops and notebooks [becoming blurred](/source/Technological_convergence) by the early 2000s. In English-speaking territories, *laptop* is now the more common term to describe any clamshell portable computer—notebook-sized or otherwise—likely because of the lack of ambiguity with actual paper [notebooks](/source/Notebook).[42]

## See also

- [Dynabook](/source/Dynabook)

- [Netbook](/source/Netbook)

- [Smartbook](/source/Smartbook)

- [Ultrabook](/source/Ultrabook)

- [Mobile workstation](/source/Mobile_workstation)

- [Pizza-box form factor](/source/Pizza-box_form_factor)

## Explanatory notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-iso_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-iso_2-1) In countries observing [ISO 216](/source/ISO_216), [A4](/source/A4_paper)-sized paper (210 by 297 millimetres or 8.27 by 11.7 inches) was used as the benchmark for the dimensions of notebooks.[1]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** For example, the [UltraLite](/source/NEC_UltraLite) as shipped supported only proprietary solid-state [RAM](/source/Read-only_memory) and [ROM](/source/Read-only_memory) cartridges to exchange data, as opposed to the standard (for the time) [floppy disk](/source/Floppy_disk).[15]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** The LTE was prefigured by [Toshiba](/source/Toshiba)'s "book-sized" [DynaBook J-3100](/source/Dynabook_Inc.#The_first_Dynabook) in July 1989, which was a smash hit in Japan and similarly featured a 3.5-inch floppy drive. However, its footprint was larger than the LTE by over an inch in both dimensions; it also lacked the option for a hard drive.[17]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Hart, Norman; John Stapleton (2012). [*The CIM Marketing Dictionary*](https://books.google.com/books?id=q5ArBgAAQBAJ). Taylor & Francis. p. 205. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781136008344](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136008344) – via Google Books.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-byte_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-byte_4-1) Williams, Gregg (April 1982). ["The First *Byte*-Sized Computer"](https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1982-04/page/n105/). *Byte*. **7** (4). McGraw-Hill: 104–105 – via the Internet Archive.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-safire_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-safire_5-1) Safire, William (2011) [1993]. [*Quoth the Maven: More on Language from William Safire*](https://books.google.com/books?id=WYV0aLwMd6UC). Random House Publishing Group. p. 352. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780307799746](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307799746) – via Google Books.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fd_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fd_12-1) [Gookin, Dan](/source/Dan_Gookin) (2005). [*Laptops for Dummies*](https://books.google.com/books?id=o8jSwAEACAAJ). Wiley. pp. 7–17. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780764575556](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764575556) – via Google Books.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-wsj_14-0)** Carroll, Paul B. (October 5, 1988). ["Laptop Computer Market Heats Up with New Models"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/398086876/). *The Wall Street Journal*. Dow Jones & Company: 1. [ProQuest](/source/ProQuest) [398086876](https://www.proquest.com/docview/398086876). ... thin enough to fit in an interoffice envelope, the NEC [UltraLite] even revived talk of 'notebook computers'.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-doesitagain_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-doesitagain_16-1) Lewis, Peter H. (October 17, 1989). ["Compaq Does It Again"](https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/17/science/personal-computers-compaq-does-it-again.html). *The New York Times*: C8.{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Bridges, Linda (March 1, 1999). ["Making a Difference"](https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A53975770/GPS?sid=wikipedia). *eWeek*. Ziff-Davis: 76 – via Gale.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Schofield, Jack (June 28, 1990). ["Getting ahead by staying small"](https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A171276664/GPS?u=fcla_main&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=3c897e48). *The Guardian*. p. 29 – via Gale.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-managing_21-0)** Thomke, Stefan H. (2007). ["Apple PowerBook: Design Quality and Time to Market"](https://archive.org/details/managingproducts0000thom/page/59/). *Managing Product and Service Department: Text and Cases*. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. pp. 59–82. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780073023014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780073023014) – via the Internet Archive.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-blue_22-0)** Dell, Deborah A. (2000). [*ThinkPad: A Different Shade of Blue*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780672317569/page/75/). Sams Publishing. pp. 75–78. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780672317569](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780672317569) – via the Internet Archive.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Siegmann, Ken (October 21, 1991). ["Apple Finally Enters Notebook Market"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/302944102/). *San Francisco Chronicle*: B1. [ProQuest](/source/ProQuest) [302944102](https://www.proquest.com/docview/302944102).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Staff writer (March 25, 1992). ["I.B.M. Enters U.S. Notebook PC Market"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150526060724/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/25/business/business-technology-ibm-enters-us-notebook-pc-market.html). *The New York Times*: D7. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/25/business/business-technology-ibm-enters-us-notebook-pc-market.html) on May 26, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Sanderson, Susan Walsh; Mustafa Uzumeri (1997). [*Managing Product Families*](https://archive.org/details/managingproductf0000sand/page/58/). McGraw-Hill. pp. 57–59. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780256228977](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780256228977) – via the Internet Archive.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Hollis, Robert (January 27, 1991). ["Little 'notebook' computers expected to hit market in a big way"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/422656117/). *The San Diego Union*. Union-Tribune Publishing: I-1. [ProQuest](/source/ProQuest) [422656117](https://www.proquest.com/docview/422656117).

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-vowels_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-vowels_28-1) Vowels, Andrew (March 1995). ["Have computer, will travel"](https://www.proquest.com/docview/197745301/). *CMA*. **69** (2). Society of Management Accountants of Canada: 16–19. [ProQuest](/source/ProQuest) [197745301](https://www.proquest.com/docview/197745301).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Krohn, Nico (July 11, 1990). ["Color LCDs Come of Age on Laptops"](https://books.google.com/books?id=RjsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PP1). *InfoWorld*. **12** (24). IDG Publications: 1, 109 – via Google Books.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Miyazawa, Masayuki (October 7, 1991). ["World's first color notebook PC debuts"](https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A11373257/GPS?sid=wikipedia). *Newsbytes*. The Washington Post Company – via Gale.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Boudette, Neal (November 4, 1991). ["PC makers eye subnotebook market for 1992"](https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A11442266/GPS?sid=wikipedia). *PC Week*. **8** (44). Ziff-Davis: 1 *et seq* – via Gale.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Reid, T. R. (April 6, 1992). ["Honey, They Shrunk the Computer—Again"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/04/06/honey-they-shrunk-the-computer-again/506a265e-e91b-49fe-9767-9c0726abab43/). *The Washington Post*. p. F18.{{[cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** McCormick, John (August 31, 1992). ["Fast Notebook Computers"](https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A12531546/GPS?sid=wikipedia). *Government Computer News*. **11** (18). 1105 Media: 77 *et seq* – via Gale.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Striegler, Thomas D. (May 1997). ["The Asian LCD Market"](https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A19555338/GPS?sid=wikipedia). *Solid State Technology*. **40** (5). PennWell Publishing: 62 *et seq* – via Gale.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** April, Carolyn A. (December 16, 1996). ["Big screens coming to little notebooks"](https://books.google.com/books?id=FjoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA29). *InfoWorld*. **18** (51). IDG Publications: 29 – via Google Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** DiCarlo, Lisa (July 22, 1996). ["Obstacles delay adoption of 13.3-inch notebook screen"](https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A18502602/GPS?sid=wikipedia). *PC Week*. **13** (29). Ziff-Davis: 27 – via Gale. 'It violates a form factor', said Tuan Tran, product manager in Hewlett-Packard Co.'s mobile computing division, in Corvallis, Ore. 'The 12.1-inch screens fit into an 8.5-by-11-inch package. But this will fundamentally change the size of notebooks'.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Sims, Calvin (September 28, 1999). ["Asia Fires Its Rounds in the Flat-Screen War"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150527105409/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/28/business/asia-fires-its-rounds-in-the-flat-screen-war-get-in-line-for-those-notebook-pc-s.html). *The New York Times*: 1. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/28/business/asia-fires-its-rounds-in-the-flat-screen-war-get-in-line-for-those-notebook-pc-s.html) on May 27, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-mueller_45-0)** Mueller, Scott (2004). [*Upgrading and Repairing Laptops*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xCXVGneKwScC). Que. p. 2. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780789728005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789728005) – via Google Books.

## External links

- ["Notebooks" (1992)](https://archive.org/details/notebooks_2), episode of *[Computer Chronicles](/source/Computer_Chronicles)* at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Notebook computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook_computer) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook_computer?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.