# Northern Europe

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Not to be confused with [Nordic countries](/source/Nordic_countries).

The northern region of [Europe](/source/Europe) has several definitions. A restrictive definition may describe **northern Europe** as being roughly north of the southern coast of the [Baltic Sea](/source/Baltic_Sea), which is about [54°N](/source/54th_parallel_north), or may be based on other geographical factors such as [climate](/source/Climate) and [ecology](/source/Ecology).

## Climate

The climate is mainly [Oceanic climate](/source/Oceanic_climate) (Cfb), [Humid continental climate](/source/Humid_continental_climate) (Dfb), [Subarctic climate](/source/Subarctic_climate) (Dfc and Dsc) and [Tundra](/source/Tundra) (ET).

## Geography

Main articles: [British Isles](/source/British_Isles), [Scandinavian Peninsula](/source/Scandinavian_Peninsula), [Fennoscandia](/source/Fennoscandia), [Jutland](/source/Jutland) and [Baltic region](/source/Baltic_region)

Northern Europe might be defined roughly to include some or all of the following areas: [British Isles](/source/British_Isles), [Fennoscandia](/source/Fennoscandia), the peninsula of [Jutland](/source/Jutland), the [Baltic](/source/Baltic_region) plain that lies to the east, and the many islands that lie offshore from mainland northern Europe and the main European continent. In some cases, [Greenland](/source/Greenland) is also included, although it is only politically European, comprising part of the [Kingdom of Denmark](/source/Kingdom_of_Denmark), and not considered to be geographically in Europe.

The area is partly mountainous, including the northern volcanic islands of [Iceland](/source/Iceland) and [Jan Mayen](/source/Jan_Mayen), and the mountainous western seaboard, [Scotland](/source/Scotland) and [Scandinavia](/source/Scandinavia), and also often includes part of the large plain east of the [Baltic Sea](/source/Baltic_Sea).

The entire region's climate is at least mildly affected by the [Gulf Stream](/source/Gulf_Stream). From the west climates vary from [maritime](/source/Oceanic_climate) and maritime subarctic climates. In the north and central climates are generally [subarctic](/source/Subarctic) or [Arctic](/source/Arctic) and to the east climates are mostly [subarctic](/source/Subarctic) and [temperate](/source/Temperate)/[continental](/source/Continental_climate).

Just as both climate and relief are variable across the region, so too is vegetation, with sparse [tundra](/source/Tundra) in the north and high mountains, [boreal forest](/source/Boreal_forest) on the north-eastern and central regions [temperate coniferous forests](/source/Temperate_coniferous_forests) (formerly of which a majority was in the [Scottish Highlands](/source/Scottish_Highlands) and south west [Norway](/source/Norway)) and [temperate broadleaf forests](/source/Temperate_broadleaf_forests) growing in the south, west and temperate east.

## Classifications

There are various definitions of northern Europe which always include the [Nordic countries](/source/Nordic_countries), often the [British Isles](/source/British_Isles) and [Baltic states](/source/Baltic_states), and sometimes [Greenland](/source/Greenland).

### UN geoscheme classification

The United Nations geoscheme is a system devised by the [United Nations Statistics Division](/source/United_Nations_Statistics_Division) (UNSD) which divides the countries of the world into [regional](/source/Region) and [subregional](/source/Subregion) groups, based on the [M49 coding classification](/source/UN_M49). The partition is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories.[1]

In the UN geoscheme, the following countries are classified as being in northern Europe:[1]

- [Denmark](/source/Denmark)
- [Estonia](/source/Estonia)
- [Finland](/source/Finland)
- [Iceland](/source/Iceland)
- [Ireland](/source/Republic_of_Ireland)
- [Latvia](/source/Latvia)
- [Lithuania](/source/Lithuania)
- [Norway](/source/Norway)
- [Sweden](/source/Sweden)
- [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom)

as well as the dependent areas:

- [Åland](/source/%C3%85land)
- [Channel Islands](/source/Channel_Islands) - [Bailiwick of Guernsey](/source/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey) - [Bailiwick of Jersey](/source/Bailiwick_of_Jersey)
- [Faroe Islands](/source/Faroe_Islands)
- [Isle of Man](/source/Isle_of_Man)
- [Svalbard and Jan Mayen](/source/Svalbard_and_Jan_Mayen)

### EuroVoc

[EuroVoc](/source/EuroVoc) is a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the [Publications Office of the European Union](/source/Publications_Office_of_the_European_Union), giving definitions of terms for official use. In the definition of "northern Europe", the following countries are included:[2]

- [Estonia](/source/Estonia)
- [Latvia](/source/Latvia)
- [Lithuania](/source/Lithuania)
- [Denmark](/source/Denmark)
- [Finland](/source/Finland)
- [Iceland](/source/Iceland)
- [Norway](/source/Norway)
- [Sweden](/source/Sweden)

as well as the dependent area:

- [Faroe Islands](/source/Faroe_Islands)

In this classification [Jersey](/source/Jersey), [Guernsey](/source/Guernsey), the [Isle of Man](/source/Isle_of_Man), the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom) and [Ireland](/source/Republic_of_Ireland) are included in [Western Europe](/source/Western_Europe).

### *CIA World Factbook*

In the *[CIA World Factbook](/source/The_World_Factbook)*, the description of each country includes information about "Location" under the heading "Geography", where the country is classified into a region. The following countries are included in their classification "northern Europe":[3]

- [Denmark](/source/Denmark)
- [Finland](/source/Finland)
- [Iceland](/source/Iceland)
- [Norway](/source/Norway)
- [Sweden](/source/Sweden)

as well as the dependent areas:

- [Faroe Islands](/source/Faroe_Islands)
- [Jan Mayen](/source/Jan_Mayen)
- [Svalbard](/source/Svalbard)

In this classification [Jersey](/source/Jersey), [Guernsey](/source/Guernsey), the [Isle of Man](/source/Isle_of_Man), the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom) and [Ireland](/source/Republic_of_Ireland) are included in [Western Europe](/source/Western_Europe), while [Estonia](/source/Estonia), [Latvia](/source/Latvia) and [Lithuania](/source/Lithuania) are included in [Eastern Europe](/source/Eastern_Europe).

### World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions

The [World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions](/source/World_Geographical_Scheme_for_Recording_Plant_Distributions) is a biogeographical system developed by the international [Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG)](/source/Biodiversity_Information_Standards_(TDWG)) organization, formerly the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases. The WGSRPD standards, like other standards for data fields in botanical databases, were developed to promote "the wider and more effective dissemination of information about the world's heritage of biological organisms for the benefit of the world at large". The system provides clear definitions and codes for recording [plant](/source/Plant) distributions at four scales or levels, from "botanical continents" down to parts of large countries. The following countries are included in their classification of "northern Europe":[4]

- [Denmark](/source/Denmark)
- [Finland](/source/Finland)
- [Iceland](/source/Iceland)
- [Ireland](/source/Republic_of_Ireland)
- [Norway](/source/Norway)
- [Sweden](/source/Sweden)
- [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom)

as well as the dependent areas:

- [Åland](/source/%C3%85land)
- [Faroe Islands](/source/Faroe_Islands)
- [Isle of Man](/source/Isle_of_Man)
- [Jan Mayen](/source/Jan_Mayen)
- [Svalbard](/source/Svalbard)

## Demographics

Countries in northern Europe generally have developed economies and some of the highest standards of living in the world. They often score highly on surveys measuring quality of life, such as the [Human Development Index](/source/Human_Development_Index). Aside from the United Kingdom, they generally have a small population relative to their size, most of whom live in cities. The quality of education in much of Northern Europe is rated highly in international rankings, with [Estonia](/source/Estonia) and [Finland](/source/Finland) topping the list among the [OECD](/source/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment) countries in Europe.[citation needed]

### Language

[Germanic languages](/source/Germanic_languages) are widely spoken in northern Europe with [North Germanic languages](/source/North_Germanic_languages) being the most common first language in the Faroe Islands ([Faroese](/source/Faroese_language)),[5] Iceland ([Icelandic](/source/Icelandic_language)),[6] Denmark ([Danish](/source/Danish_language)),[7] Norway ([Norwegian](/source/Norwegian_language))[8] and Sweden ([Swedish](/source/Swedish_language)).[9] The [West Germanic language](/source/West_Germanic_language) [English](/source/English_(language)) is the most common first language in Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, the United Kingdom and Ireland, however, the West Germanic language [Scots](/source/Scots_(language)) is also spoken as a minority language in parts of Scotland and Ireland.[10][11][12][13] Beyond this, the [Finnic languages](/source/Finnic_languages) of [Finnish](/source/Finnish_language) and [Estonian](/source/Estonian_language) are the most common first languages of Finland[14] and Estonia[15] respectively. The [Baltic languages](/source/Baltic_languages) of [Lithuanian](/source/Lithuanian_language) and [Latvian](/source/Latvian_language) are the most common first languages of Lithuania[16] and Latvia[17] respectively. A number of [Celtic languages](/source/Celtic_languages) are spoken in the British Isles including the [Brythonic](/source/Brittonic_languages) [Welsh](/source/Welsh_language) and the [Goidelic](/source/Goidelic) [Scots Gaelic](/source/Scots_Gaelic) and [Irish](/source/Irish_language). The Celtic languages [Cornish](/source/Cornish_language) and [Manx](/source/Manx_language) have been revived since becoming classed as extinct, being now spoken to a limited extent in [Cornwall](/source/Cornwall) and the Isle of Man respectively.[13] The [Norman languages](/source/Norman_language) of [Jèrriais](/source/J%C3%A8rriais) and [Guernésiais](/source/Guern%C3%A9siais) are spoken in Jersey and Guernsey, though are listed as endangered due to the increasing prominence of English in the islands.[18][19]

While not the most common first languages in any country, [Sámi languages](/source/S%C3%A1mi_languages) such as [North Sámi](/source/North_S%C3%A1mi), [Lule Sámi](/source/Lule_S%C3%A1mi) and [South Sámi](/source/South_S%C3%A1mi) are spoken in the transnational region of [Sápmi](/source/S%C3%A1pmi) and are listed as endangered.[13]

### Religion

See also: [§ Reformation outside Germany](/source/Reformation#Reformation_outside_Germany)

During the [Early Middle Ages](/source/Early_Middle_Ages), the [Roman Catholic Church](/source/Roman_Catholic_Church) expanded into northern Europe and spread [Christianity](/source/Christianity) among the [Germanic peoples](/source/Germanic_peoples).[20] Christianity reached the peoples of [Scandinavia](/source/Scandinavia) and the [Baltic region](/source/Baltic_region) in later centuries. The [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet) along with the influence of [Western Christianity](/source/Western_Christianity) spread northward from [Rome](/source/Rome), leading to written [English](/source/English_language), [German](/source/German_language), [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language), [Danish](/source/Danish_language), [Swedish](/source/Swedish_language), [Norwegian](/source/Norwegian_language), [Icelandic](/source/Icelandic_language), [Irish](/source/Irish_language),[21] [Scottish](/source/Scottish_Gaelic),[22] [Welsh](/source/Welsh_language),[23] [Lithuanian](/source/Lithuanian_language), [Latvian](/source/Latvian_language), [Estonian](/source/Estonian_language), [Finnish](/source/Finnish_language) and [Sámi languages](/source/S%C3%A1mi_languages). The [Sámi](/source/S%C3%A1mi_people) were the last peoples to be converted in the 18th century.[24]

## Regional cooperation

The [Hansa](/source/New_Hanseatic_League) group in the European Union comprises most of the northern European states, plus the Netherlands.

The [melting of the Arctic](/source/Melting_of_the_Arctic) is likely to create new possibilities and issues involving collaboration in the region.[25]

## See also

- [Archaeology of Northern Europe](/source/Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe)
- [Arctic Circle](/source/Arctic_Circle)
- [Arctic Council](/source/Arctic_Council)
- [Baltic Assembly](/source/Baltic_Assembly)
- [Baltic Council of Ministers](/source/Baltic_Council_of_Ministers)
- [Baltoscandia](/source/Baltoscandia)
- [British–Irish Council](/source/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council)
- [British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly](/source/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly)
- [Celtic nations](/source/Celtic_nations)
- [Central Europe](/source/Central_Europe)
- [Common Travel Area](/source/Common_Travel_Area)
- [Council of the Baltic Sea States](/source/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States)
- [Crown Dependencies](/source/Crown_Dependencies)
- [European Free Trade Association](/source/European_Free_Trade_Association)
- [Euroregion Baltic](/source/Euroregion_Baltic)
- [Joint Expeditionary Force](/source/Joint_Expeditionary_Force)
- [List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Northern Europe](/source/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Northern_Europe)
- [List of World Heritage Sites in Northern Europe](/source/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Northern_Europe)
- [New Hanseatic League](/source/New_Hanseatic_League)
- [Nordic-Baltic Eight](/source/Nordic-Baltic_Eight)
- [Nordic Battlegroup](/source/Nordic_Battlegroup)
- [Nordic Council](/source/Nordic_Council)
- [Nordic cross flag](/source/Nordic_cross_flag)
- [Nordic Estonia](/source/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia)
- [Nordic model](/source/Nordic_model)
- [Nordic Passport Union](/source/Nordic_Passport_Union)
- [North Sea Region](/source/North_Sea_Region)
- [Northern Dimension](/source/Northern_Dimension)
- [Northern European Gymnastics Championships](/source/Northern_European_Gymnastics_Championships)
- [Northern Future Forum](/source/Northern_Future_Forum)
- [Northwestern Europe](/source/Northwestern_Europe)
- [OTSEM](/source/OTSEM)
- [Roadex Project](/source/Roadex_Project)
- [Southern Europe](/source/Southern_Europe)
- [Synchronous grid of Northern Europe](/source/Synchronous_grid_of_Northern_Europe)
- [Vifanord](/source/Vifanord)

## References

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Northern Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.