# Northeast Syrtis

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The yellow rectangle indicates the location of Northeast [Syrtis Major. Syrtis Major is](/source/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle) one of the largest volcanic provinces on Mars. The west part is the ancient and huge impact basin—Isidis, about 1500 km in diameter.

**Northeast Syrtis** is a region of [Mars](/source/Mars) once considered by [NASA](/source/NASA) as a landing site for the [Mars 2020 rover mission](/source/Mars_2020).[1] This landing site failed in the competition with [Jezero crater](/source/Jezero_(crater)), another landing site dozens of kilometers away from Northeast Syrtis.[2] It is located in the northern hemisphere of Mars at coordinates 18°N,77°E in the northeastern part of the [Syrtis Major](/source/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle) volcanic province, within the ring structure of [Isidis impact basin](/source/Isidis_Planitia) as well. This region contains diverse morphological features and minerals, indicating that water once flowed here.[3][4][5][6][7][8] It may be an ancient habitable environment; microbes could have developed and thrived here.

The layered terrain of Northeast Syrtis is unique on the surface of Mars, containing diverse aqueous minerals such as like [clay](/source/Clay_minerals), [carbonate](/source/Carbonate), [serpentine](/source/Serpentine_soil) and [sulfate](/source/Sulfate),[6][9] as well as igneous minerals such as [olivine](/source/Olivine) and high-calcium and low-calcium [pyroxene](/source/Pyroxene). Clay minerals form in the interaction between water and rock[10] and [sulfate minerals](/source/Sulfate_minerals) usually form through intense evaporation on Earth. Similar processes may happen on Mars forming these minerals, which strongly suggests a history of water and rock interaction. In addition, [megabreccia](/source/Megabreccia), possibly the oldest material throughout this region (some blocks are over 100 m in diameter), could give an insight into the primary crust when Mars first formed.[5] The location is an ideal site for studying the timing and evolution of the surface processes of Mars, such as huge [impact basin](/source/Impact_basin) formation, fluvial activity ([valley networks](/source/Valley_network), small [outflow channels](/source/Outflow_channels)), [groundwater](/source/Groundwater) activity, history of [glaciation](/source/Glaciers_on_Mars), and [volcanic activity](/source/Volcanic_activity).[3]

## Regional stratigraphy

The stratigraphic column of Northeast Syrtis. The thickness of each unit is hard to estimate. after [11]

The regional [stratigraphy](/source/Stratigraphy) of Northeast Syrtis has been studied in detail.[3][7] This area is sandwiched between a huge [shield volcano](/source/Shield_volcano)—Syrtis Major—and one of largest impact basins in the [Solar System](/source/Solar_System), and therefore could provide a key constraint of the timing of key events in the history of Mars. The stratigraphy can be divided into four major units, from young to old:[12]

1. Syrtis Major lavas unit contains high-calcium pyroxene bearing material;

1. Layered sulfate-bearing unit, include poly-hydrated sulfates and [jarosite](/source/Jarosite);

1. Olivine unit, olivine-enriched unit variably altered to carbonate and serpentine;

1. Basement unit: The mixture of iron/magnesium (Fe/Mg) [smectite](/source/Smectite) and low-calcium pyroxene-bearing unit variably altered to Aluminium-clay bearing materials.[12]

The basement unit is one of newest units on Mars, recording early-stage evolution history of terrestrial planets. The change from carbonate to sulfate indicates a transition from alkaline-neutral to acid aqueous environments.[3]

## Mars 2020 mission

The Mars 2020 rover launched in July 2020 with [Atlas V](/source/Atlas_V) rocket to reach Mars in February 2021. This rover inherits from the [Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity](/source/Curiosity_(rover)), with similar entry, descent, and landing systems, and the sky crane. Besides exploring a likely habitable site and searching for signs of past life, collecting scientifically compelling samples (rock and [regolith](/source/Regolith)) which could address fundamental scientific questions if returned to Earth, is the main goal of the Mars 2020 mission.[13] The landing site's selection is the key part of this mission's success.[14]

Although Northeast Syrtis survived the cut in third Mars 2020 Landing Site Workshops, it failed final completion. The landing ellipse of Northeast Syrtis is 16 x 14 km and the smaller ellipse is 13.3 × 7.8 km with the help of advanced technologyTerrain-Relative Navigation (TRN).[2][15]

Landing ellipse of NE Syrtis, Mars. The blue oval is Northeast Syrtis landing ellipse. The white oval is the smaller anding ellipse with Terrain-Relative Navigation technique. The yellow oval is another potential landing site, Jezero landing ellipse. The context image is CTX (Context Camera) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

### Region of interest

Mesa unit in Northeast Syrtis, Mars.

#### Mesa unit

Megabreccia in Northeast Syrtis.

The mesa is one of the interesting locations. It consists of five subunits: crater-retaining cap, boulder-shedding slopes exposing lightened blocks, olivine-carbonate unit, Fe/Mg-phyllosilicate, allowing easy to access diverse rocks.[16][17]

On the top of the mesa is a dark toned cap unit, composed of meter-scale boulders. It was interpreted as [Hesperian](/source/Hesperian) Syrtis Major lava flows or lithified ash. These igneous rocks are suitable samples for acquiring the age of Martian geologic events, which could calibrate the planet dating method. Unlike Earth, planet dating mainly relies on [crater counting](/source/Crater_count), a method based on the assumption that the number of impact craters on a planet surface increases with the length of time that the surface has been exposed to space cratering, calibrated using the ages obtained by radiometric dating of samples of Luna and [Apollo missions](/source/Apollo_mission). The samples of this mission returned to Earth will be analyzed by state of the art equipment in laboratories. Igneous samples from Northeast Syrtis could provide four key time for Martian geology history, including (1) the timing of [Isidis](/source/Isidis_Planitia) impact event, (2) the timing of emplacement of olivine-rich unit, (3) the timing of dark-toned mafic cap rock, (4) the timing of Syrtis lava flows, which would fundamentally improve human knowledge of early Mars and the early history of solar system, such as the [late-heavy bombardment](/source/Late_Heavy_Bombardment).[16][17]

This region exposes the largest high-olivine abundance rocks on Mars.[18] The origin of high-olivine rock is still in debate. Impact cumulates[5] or olivine-rich lava[19][20] are two leading hypotheses. A portion of olivine rock was altered to carbonate. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of carbonate, including a serpentine springs system.[21][22] Carbonate is important [sink of carbon](/source/Carbon_sink), and is a crucial part of understanding the [carbon cycle](/source/Carbon_cycle) of Mars. Future sample return could shed light on the environmental conditions of carbonate. As well, the isotopic composition of carbonate through time, records the atmosphere loss, and it also reveals whether life once emerged on Mars.[16][17]

The lower part of mesa unit is the basement unit of the Northeast Syrtis region, consisting of Fe/Mg smectites and low calcium pyroxene. The basement unit was partially altered to form kaolinite. The kaolinite (Al-clay) usually overlying the Fe/Mg smectites across the Martian surface.[16] Weathering in a warm climate or acid leaching are two domain interpretations of kaolinite formation.[16][17]

#### Megabreccia

Layer sulfate unit in Northeast Syrtis.

Megabreccia occurs throughout the basement unit of Northeast Syrtis. The composition of these megabreccias is complex, including altered or mafic material.[5] These megabreccias may be uplifted and exposed by the [Isidis Basin](/source/Isidis_Planitia) forming event. The megabreccia could reveal the nature of the remnant of Mars's primary crust or the Noachian-aged low-calcium [pyroxene](/source/Pyroxene) lavas. It also could constrain the timing of Martian [dynamo](/source/Dynamo) activity.

#### Layer sulfate unit

Further to the south of the landing ellipse, there is a 500-metre (1,600 ft) thick sequence of [sulfate](/source/Sulfate) deposits capped by lava flows from the later [Syrtis Major](/source/Syrtis_Major_Planum) volcanic formation. The layer of sulfates include poly-hydrated sulphates and [jarosite](/source/Jarosite). [Jarosite](/source/Jarosite) usually indicate oxidizing and acid (pH<4) environments. The occurrence of jarosite indicates that the environment changed from neutral/alkaline (as suggested by extensive Fe/Mg smectites and carbonate) to acid.[3] The detection of sulfate adds more complexity to Martian geologic history.

## See also

- [Astronomy portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Astronomy)
- [Biology portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology)
- [Solar System portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Solar_System)

- [Astrobiology](/source/Astrobiology)

- [Climate of Mars](/source/Climate_of_Mars)

- [Composition of Mars](/source/Composition_of_Mars)

- [Exploration of Mars](/source/Exploration_of_Mars)

- [Geology of Mars](/source/Geology_of_Mars)

- [Impact crater](/source/Impact_crater)

- [Inverted relief](/source/Inverted_relief)

- [Lakes on Mars](/source/Lakes_on_Mars)

- [List of craters on Mars](/source/List_of_craters_on_Mars)

- [Water on Mars](/source/Water_on_Mars)

- [Mars lander](/source/Mars_lander)

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## External links

- [Mars 2020 Rover official site](https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/)

- [Mars 2020 Rover Landing sites selection](https://marsnext.jpl.nasa.gov/)

v t e Mars 2020 Timeline of Mars 2020 Payloads Perseverance rover Ingenuity helicopter (list of flights) Rover instruments Hazcam Mastcam-Z MEDA MOXIE Navcam PIXL RIMFAX SHERLOC SuperCam Rover embedded computers Features MarsDial Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator Rocker-bogie Sky crane Proposed landing sites Selected Jezero crater Finalists Columbia Hills in Gusev crater Jezero crater Syrtis Major Planum Other Eberswalde crater Holden crater Mawrth Vallis Nili Fossae Melas Chasma Related Octavia E. Butler Landing Wright Brothers Field Cheyava Falls Mars rover Exploration of Mars Life on Mars NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return Category Solar System portal

v t e Geography and geology of Mars Cartography Regions Abalos Undae Aspledon Undae Arabia Terra Cerberus Cydonia Eridania Lake Hyperboreae Undae Ogygis Undae Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Siton Undae Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Vastitas Borealis Quadrangles Aeolis Amazonis Amenthes Arabia Arcadia Argyre Casius Cebrenia Coprates Diacria Elysium Eridania Hellas Iapygia Ismenius Lacus Lunae Palus Mare Acidalium Mare Australe (South Pole) Mare Boreum (North Pole) Mare Tyrrhenum Margaritifer Sinus Memnonia Noachis Oxia Palus Phaethontis Phoenicis Lacus Sinus Sabaeus Syrtis Major Tharsis Thaumasia Geology Surface features Brain terrain Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Dune fields Hagal Nili Patera Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Inverted relief Lakes Lava tubes Lineated valley fill (LVF) Lobate debris apron North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore resources Outflow channels Polar caps Ring mold craters Rootless cones Scalloped topography Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface Swiss cheese features Terrain softening Tholus Upper plains unit Valley networks Water discovery chronology Yardangs History Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Volcanology Observation history Canals (list) Classical albedo features Rocks observed Curiosity rover Bathurst Inlet Coronation Goulburn Hottah Jake Matijevic Link Rocknest Rocknest 3 Tintina Opportunity rover Bounce El Capitan Last Chance Sojourner rover Barnacle Bill Yogi Spirit rover Adirondack Home Plate Mimi Pot of Gold Viking Big Joe Other Face Monolith Meteorites found on Mars Block Island Heat Shield Mackinac Island Meridiani Planum Oileán Ruaidh Shelter Island Martian meteorites found on Earth Balsaltic Breccia Chassignites Nakhlites Shergottites Other List Topography Mountains, volcanoes (list by height) Acidalia Colles Alba Mons Anseris Mons Apollinaris Mons Ariadnes Colles Astapus Colles Ausonia Montes Avernus Colles Biblis Tholus Centauri Montes Charitum Montes Echus Montes Elysium Elysium Mons Albor Tholus Hecates Tholus Erebus Montes Galaxius Mons Hadriacus Mons Hellas Montes Jovis Tholus Libya Montes Mount Sharp Nereidum Montes Olympus Mons Phlegra Montes Syrtis Major Planum Tartarus Colles Tartarus Montes Tharsis Montes Ascraeus Pavonis Arsia Tharsis Tholus Tyrrhenus Mons Ulysses Tholus Uranius group Uranius Mons Ceraunius Tholus Uranius Tholus Plains, plateaus Acidalia Planitia Aeolis Palus Amazonis Planitia Arcadia Planitia Argentea Planum Argyre Planitia Chryse Planitia Daedalia Planum Elysium Planitia Eridania Planitia Hellas Planitia Hesperia Planum Icaria Planum Isidis Planitia Lunae Planum Meridiani Planum Oxia Planum Planum Australe Planum Boreum Syria Planum Syrtis Major Planum Utopia Planitia Eden Patera Orcus Patera Peneus Patera Pityusa Patera Siloe Patera Canyons, valleys Aram Chaos Arsia Chasmata Aromatum Chaos Atlantis Chaos Aureum Chaos Candor Chasma Chasma Boreale Coprates Chasma Echus Chasma Eos Chaos Eos Chasma Galaxias Chaos Ganges Chasma Gorgonum Chaos Hebes Chasma Hydaspis Chaos Hydraotes Chaos Iani Chaos Ister Chaos Ius Chasma Juventae Chasma Melas Chasma Ophir Chasma Tithonium Chasma List of valles Apsus Ares Arnus Asopus Athabasca Auqakuh Bahram Buvinda Dao Enipeus Frento Granicus Green Valley Harmakhis Hebrus Her Desher Hrad Huo Hsing Hypanis Iberus Indus Ituxi Kasei Labou Ladon Lethe Licus Louros Maʼadim Mad Maja Mamers Mangala Marineris Labes Marte Maumee Mawrth Minio Naktong Nanedi Niger Nirgal Padus Paraná Patapsco Peace Rahway Ravi Reull Sabis Sabrina Samara Scamander Shalbatana Simud Stura Tader Tinia Tinjar Tiu Tyras Uzboi ULM Vedra Verde Warrego Fossae, mensae, rupes, labyrinthi Amenthes Fossae Ceraunius Fossae Cerberus Fossae Coloe Fossae Cyane Fossae Elysium Fossae Hephaestus Fossae Icaria Fossae Labeatis Fossae Mangala Fossa Mareotis Fossae Medusae Fossae Memnonia Fossae Nili Fossae Olympica Fossae Oti Fossae Sirenum Fossae Tantalus Fossae Tempe Fossae Tithonium Fossae Tractus Fossae Ulysses Fossae Aeolis Mensae Ausonia Mensa Capri Mensa Cydonia Mensae Deuteronilus Mensae Ganges Mensa Nilosyrtis Mensae Protonilus Mensae Sacra Mensa Claritas Rupes Nilokeras Scopulus Olympus Rupes Rupes Tenuis Angustus Labyrinthus Noctis Labyrinthus Catenae, craters Artynia Catena Tithoniae Catenae Tractus Catena Adams Agassiz Airy Airy-0 Aniak Antoniadi Arandas Argo Arkhangelsky Arrhenius Asimov Bacolor Bakhuysen Baldet Baltisk Bamberg Barabashov Barnard Beagle Becquerel Beer Belz Bernard Bianchini Boeddicker Bok Bond Bonestell Bonneville Brashear Briault Burroughs Burton Campbell Canso Cassini Caxias Cerulli Chafe Chapais Chincoteague Chryse Alien Clark Coblentz Columbus Copernicus Corby Crewe Crivitz Crommelin Cruls Curie Da Vinci Danielson Darwin Davies Dawes Dejnev Denning Dilly Dinorwic Douglass Dromore Du Martheray Eagle (Acidalia Planitia) Eagle (Meridiani Planum) Eberswalde Eddie Ejriksson Emma Dean Endeavour Matijevic Hill Endurance Erebus Escalante Eudoxus Fenagh Fesenkov Firsoff Flammarion Flaugergues Focas Fontana Fournier Fram Freedom Galdakao Gale Galle Garni Gasa Gilbert Gill Gledhill Gold Graff Green Grindavik Gusev Apollo 1 Hills Chaffee Grissom White Columbia Hills Husband McCool Sleepy Hollow Hadley Haldane Hale Halley Hargraves Hartwig Heaviside Heimdal Heinlein Helmholtz Henry Herschel Hipparchus Holden Holmes Hooke Huggins Hussey Hutton Huxley Huygens Iazu Ibragimov Inuvik Janssen Jarry-Desloges Jeans Jezero Jezža Joly Jones Kaiser Keeler Kepler Kinkora Kipini Knobel Koga Korolev Kufra Kuiper Kunowsky Lambert Lamont Lampland Lassell Lau Le Verrier Li Fan Liais Lipik Liu Hsin Llanesco Lockyer Lod Lohse Lomonosov Louth Lowell Lyell Lyot Mädler Magelhaens Maggini Main Mandora Maraldi Mariner Marth Martz Masursky Maunder McLaughlin McMurdo Mellish Mendel Mie Milankovic Millochau Mitchel Miyamoto Mohawk Mojave Molesworth Montevallo Moreux Müller Nansen Nereus Newton Nhill Nicholson Niesten Nipigon Onon Orson Welles Oudemans Palana Pangboche Pasteur Penticton Perepelkin Peridier Persbo Pettit Phillips Pickering Playfair Pollack Poona Porter Porth Priestley Proctor Ptolemaeus Puńsk Quenisset Rabe Radau Rahe Rayleigh Redi Renaudot Reuyl Reynolds Richardson Ritchey Robert Sharp Roddenberry Ross Rossby Rudaux Russell Rutherford Sagan Saheki Santa Maria Schaeberle Schiaparelli Schmidt Secchi Semeykin Sharonov Sibu Sinton Sitka Sklodowska Slipher Smith South Spallanzani Srīpur Steno Stokes Stoney Suess Suzhi Tarsus Taytay Teisserenc de Bort Terby Thila Thira Tikhonravov Tikhov Timbuktu Tombaugh Tooting Trouvelot Troy Trud Trumpler Tugaske Tycho Brahe Tyndall Udzha Vernal Very Victoria Cape Verde Vinogradov Vinogradsky Virrat Vishniac Vogel Von Kármán Vostok Wallace Wegener Weinbaum Wells Williams Winslow Wirtz Wislicenus Wright Yuty Zumba Zunil

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Northeast Syrtis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Syrtis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Syrtis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.