# North East England

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This article is about the statistical region of England. For the combined authority, see [North East Combined Authority](/source/North_East_Combined_Authority).

Region of England

Region in England

North East Region Left to right; top: Angel of the North Upper: Saltburn Pier and Spanish City Lower: Hexham Abbey and Durham Cathedral Bottom: Tyne Millennium and Tees Transporter bridges North East region shown within England Coordinates: 55°00′N 1°52′W / 55.00°N 1.87°W / 55.00; -1.87 Sovereign state United Kingdom Country England GO established 1994 RDA established 1998 GO abolished 2011 RDA abolished 31 March 2012 Subdivisions 4 counties County Durham Northumberland North Yorkshire (part) Tyne and Wear 2 combined authorities North East Tees Valley 12 districts 7 unitary 5 metropolitan Government • MPs 29 MPs (of 650) Labour: 28 Conservative: 1 Area [1] • Total 3,350 sq mi (8,676 km2) • Land 3,313 sq mi (8,581 km2) • Rank 8th Population (2024)[2] • Total 2,760,678 • Rank 9th • Density 830/sq mi (322/km2) Ethnicity (2021) [3] • Ethnic groups List 93.0% White 3.7% Asian 1.3% Mixed 1.0% Black 1.0% other Religion (2021) [3] • Religion List 50.8% Christianity 40.0% no religion 2.7% Islam 0.4% Hinduism 0.3% Sikhism 0.3% Buddhism 0.2% Judaism 0.4% other 5.0% not stated Time zone UTC+0 (GMT) • Summer (DST) UTC+1 (BST) ITL code TLC GSS code E12000001

**North East England**, often referred to as simply **the North East** within England, is one of nine official [regions of England](/source/Regions_of_England). It consists of [County Durham](/source/County_Durham), [Northumberland](/source/Northumberland), [Tyne and Wear](/source/Tyne_and_Wear) and part of [North Yorkshire](/source/North_Yorkshire). With 2.6 million residents in 2022, it is the least populous region of England. Its largest settlements include [Newcastle upon Tyne](/source/Newcastle_upon_Tyne), [Sunderland](/source/Sunderland), [Middlesbrough](/source/Middlesbrough), [Gateshead](/source/Gateshead), [Darlington](/source/Darlington) and [Hartlepool](/source/Hartlepool). The North East is covered by two mayoral combined authorities: [North East Combined Authority](/source/North_East_Combined_Authority) and [Tees Valley Combined Authority](/source/Tees_Valley_Combined_Authority). It is one of three regions, the other two being [North West England](/source/North_West_England) and [Yorkshire and the Humber](/source/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber), that make up [Northern England](/source/Northern_England).

## History

The region's historic importance is displayed by Northumberland's ancient castles, the two [World Heritage Sites](/source/World_Heritage_Sites) of [Durham Cathedral](/source/Durham_Cathedral) and [Durham Castle](/source/Durham_Castle),[4] and [Hadrian's Wall](/source/Hadrian's_Wall),[5] one of the frontiers of the [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire). In fact, [Roman archaeology](/source/Classical_archaeology) can be found widely across the region and a special exhibition based around the Roman Fort of Segedunum at Wallsend[6] and the other forts along Hadrian's Wall are complemented by the numerous artefacts that are displayed in the Great North Museum Hancock[7] in Newcastle. [St. Peter's Church](/source/St_Peter's_Church%2C_Monkwearmouth) in [Monkwearmouth](/source/Monkwearmouth), Sunderland and St. Pauls in [Jarrow](/source/Jarrow) also hold significant historical value and have a joint bid to become a World Heritage Site.[8]

The area has a strong religious past, as can be seen in works such as the *[Lindisfarne Gospels](/source/Lindisfarne_Gospels)* and the *[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle](/source/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle)*.[9] The works of [Cuthbert](/source/Cuthbert) (634–687 AD), [Bede](/source/Bede) (673–735 AD) and [Hilda of Whitby](/source/Hilda_of_Whitby) (614–680 AD) were hugely influential in the early church, and are still venerated by some today.[10][11] These saints are usually associated with the monasteries on the island of [Lindisfarne](/source/Lindisfarne), [Wearmouth-Jarrow](/source/Wearmouth-Jarrow), and the Abbey at [Whitby](/source/Whitby), though they are also associated with many other religious sites in the region. Bede is regarded as the greatest Anglo-Saxon scholar. He worked at the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow, translating some forty books on all areas of knowledge, including nature, history, astronomy, poetry and theological matters such as the lives of the saints. His best known work is "[The Ecclesiastical History of the English People](/source/The_Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People)".[12] One of the most famous pieces of art and literature created in the region is the *Lindisfarne Gospels*, thought to be the work of a monk named Eadfrith, who became Bishop of Lindisfarne in 698. This body of work is thought to have been created in honour of Cuthbert, around 710–720.[13]

In 793, the Vikings arrived on the shores of north-east England with a raiding party from Norway who attacked the monastic settlement on Lindisfarne.[14] The monks fled or were slaughtered, and Bishop Higbald sought refuge on the mainland. A chronicler recorded: "On the 8th June, the harrying of the heathen miserably destroyed God's church by rapine and slaughter." There were three hundred years of Viking raids, battles and settlement until [William the Conqueror](/source/William_the_Conqueror) defeated King Harold at Hastings in 1066.[15] The *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* notes the change from raiding to settlement when it records that in 876 the Vikings "Shared out the land of the Northumbrians and they proceeded to plough and support themselves"[16]

The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria extended from the Scottish borders (then [Pictish](/source/Pictish) borders) at the Firth of Forth to the north, and to the south of [York](/source/York), its capital, down to the Humber. The last independent Northumbrian king from 947–8 was [Eric Bloodaxe](/source/Eric_Bloodaxe), who died at the [Battle of Stainmore](/source/Battle_of_Stainmore), Westmorland, in 954. After Eric Bloodaxe's death, all England was ruled by [Eadred](/source/Eadred), the grandson of [Alfred the Great](/source/Alfred_the_Great); and so began the machinery of national government.[17] Today, the Viking legacy can still be found in the language and place names of north-east England and in the [DNA](/source/DNA) of its people.[18] The name [Newcastle](/source/Newcastle_upon_Tyne) comes from the castle built shortly after the conquest in 1080 by [Robert Curthose](/source/Robert_Curthose), William the Conqueror's eldest son.[19]

## Sub-divisions

The region has the following sub-divisions:

Local authority Ceremonial county Historic county Combined authority Fire and rescue services Police forces Northumberland Northumberland North East Northumberland Northumbria Newcastle upon Tyne Tyne and Wear Tyne & Wear North Tyneside South Tyneside County Durham Gateshead Sunderland County Durham County Durham County Durham & Darlington Durham Darlington Tees Valley Hartlepool Cleveland Cleveland Stockton-on-Tees (north Tees) Stockton-on-Tees (south Tees) North Yorkshire (part only) Yorkshire (part only) Redcar and Cleveland Middlesbrough

Created in 1994, the region was defined as [Northumberland](/source/Northumberland), [Tyne and Wear](/source/Tyne_and_Wear), [County Durham](/source/County_Durham) and [Cleveland](/source/Cleveland_(county)). A 1996 local-government reform created ceremonial counties and unitary authorities, allowing districts to govern outside their designated counties. The reform also abolished Cleveland with it split between County Durham and [North Yorkshire](/source/North_Yorkshire), the latter county covers parts of two regions since.

The region is mostly parished with some remaining unparished areas following the 1974 creation of the Cleveland districts, [Darlington](/source/Borough_of_Darlington), Tyne and Wear districts, [Derwentside](/source/Derwentside) and [Wear Valley](/source/Wear_Valley).

## Local government

This article is part of a series within the Politics of the United Kingdom on the Politics of England The Crown The Monarch Charles III Heir Apparent William, Prince of Wales Prerogative Royal family Succession Privy Council King-in-Parliament King-in-Council Lord-lieutenant England and Wales Kingdom of England English republicanism Governance HM Government Starmer ministry Prime Minister Rt Hon Keir Starmer MP (L) Deputy Prime Minister David Lammy (L) English departments Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (secretary) Department for Education (secretary) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (secretary) Department of Health and Social Care (secretary) Department for Transport (secretary) Department for Culture, Media and Sport (secretary) Other departments, agencies and bodies Taxation West Lothian question Former English votes for English laws State-owned enterprises Minister for London Regional minister Legislative King-in-Parliament: Charles III House of Lords Lord Speaker: The Lord McFall of Alcluith Reform of the House of Lords House of Commons Speaker: Sir Lindsay Hoyle MPs for constituencies Regional Affairs Committee English law Acts (list) Statutory instruments (list) Members (MPs) (list) Current members Elections (by-elections) Political parties Prime Minister's Questions Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards Palace of Westminster, London 10 Downing Street, London Elections Constituencies East East Midlands London North East North West South East South West West Midlands Yorks and Humber Devolution Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Devolution Nesil Caliskan MP (L) Strategic authorities Greater London Authority Mayor of London London Assembly Combined authorities and combined county authorities Strategic authority mayors Mayoral Council for England International relations Greater London Barnett formula Devolution Proposed English parliament Proposed regional assembly Devolved matters Unionism Independence Sub-national Cornish Assembly Devolution to the North of England Politics of the United Kingdom Devolution in the United Kingdom Law and justice English law Judiciary King-on-the-Bench: Charles III Supreme Court President: The Lord Reed of Allermuir High Court of Justice Courts Law enforcement agencies Police forces Police and crime commissioner (list) Local administration History Subdivisions of England Historic counties Ceremonial counties Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties Metropolitan county Non-metropolitan county Greater London Unitary authorities (list) Districts (list) Metropolitan borough Non-metropolitan district London boroughs Civil parishes (list) Former Rural and urban districts in 1973 Urban in 1896–1974 Urban in 1894–95 Directly elected local authority mayors Local twinning Regions East of England London East Midlands West Midlands North East North West South East South West Yorkshire and the Humber Elections UK general elections in England 1801 co-option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 (Jan) 1910 (Dec) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 (Feb) 1974 (Oct) 1979 1983 1987 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 2015 2017 2019 2024 Local elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Police and crime commissioner elections 2012 2016 2021 Referendums 1915–1916 border parishes 1975 2004 North East 2011 2016 Mayoral Category England portal Other countries v t e

### Elections

The North East has a strong tendency to vote [Labour](/source/Labour_Party_(UK)). In the [2015 election](/source/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election), 47% of the electorate voted Labour, while 25% voted [Conservative](/source/Conservative_Party_(UK)), 17% UKIP, 6% [Liberal Democrat](/source/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)) and 4% Green. At the [2009 European election](/source/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom), Labour got 25% of the region's vote, the Conservatives 20%, the Liberal Democrats 18%, and [UK Independence Party](/source/UK_Independence_Party) 15%.[20] However, in recent years, the North East has seen a significant swing away from Labour. In the 2019 election, many constituencies were targeted by the Conservatives and their representation increased to 10 MPs. The region wide vote shares were 43% for Labour and 38% for the Conservatives, with the [Brexit Party](/source/Brexit_Party) a distant third on 8%.

Numbers of MPs returned per party Affiliation 2010–15 2015–17 2017–19 2019–24 2024–present Conservative Party 2 3 3 10 1 Labour Party 25 26 26 19 26 Liberal Democrat 2 0 0 0 0 TOTAL SEATS 29 29 29 29 27

v t e Constituencies in North East England (27) Labour (26) Bishop Auckland Blaydon and Consett Blyth and Ashington City of Durham Cramlington and Killingworth Darlington Easington Gateshead Central and Whickham Hartlepool Hexham Houghton and Sunderland South Jarrow and Gateshead East Middlesbrough and Thornaby East Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland Newcastle upon Tyne Central and West Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend Newcastle upon Tyne North Newton Aycliffe and Spennymoor North Durham North Northumberland Redcar South Shields Stockton North Sunderland Central Tynemouth Washington and Gateshead South Conservative (1) Stockton West

### Bodies

Authority 1 Authority 2 Authority 3 North East Assembly (NEA), 1998–2009 Association of North East Councils (ANEC), 2009–2016 One NorthEast (1NE), 2009–2012 North East Combined Authority (NECA), 2014–2023 Tees Valley Combined Authority (TVCA), 2016–present NECA North of Tyne Combined Authority (NTCA), 2018–2023 North East Mayoral Combined Authority (NEMCA), 2024–present

In November 2004, a [referendum](/source/2004_North_East_England_devolution_referendum) on whether a directly elected regional assembly should be set up for North East England resulted in a decisive "no" vote. The number of people who voted against the plans was 696,519 (78%), while 197,310 (22%) voted in favour. [John Prescott](/source/John_Prescott), the Deputy Prime Minister at the time, admitted that his plans for regional devolution had suffered an "emphatic defeat" to the no campaign, spearheaded by [Dominic Cummings](/source/Dominic_Cummings). Bernard Jenkin, the Conservative spokesman for the regions, said the vote would mean the end of plans for a North East Assembly. He told the [BBC](/source/BBC): "The whole idea of regional government has been blown out of the water by this vote".[21]

The former [Association of North East Councils](/source/Association_of_North_East_Councils) was based in [Newcastle upon Tyne](/source/Newcastle_upon_Tyne), and the preceding [North East Assembly](/source/North_East_Assembly) was based in [Gateshead](/source/Gateshead) until its dissolution in 2009. [Local enterprise partnerships](/source/Local_enterprise_partnership) were established, these later became combined authorities. The [North East Combined Authority](/source/North_East_Combined_Authority) was established in 2014 and covered much of the region excluding [Tees Valley](/source/Tees_Valley). [North of Tyne](/source/North_of_Tyne) authorities later split off, leaving authorities south of the River Tyne.

The Tees Valley boroughs (Darlington, Hartlepool, Stockton-on-Tees, Redcar & Cleveland, and Middlesbrough) established the [Tees Valley Combined Authority](/source/Tees_Valley_Combined_Authority) in 2016.

## Geography

Geographic features

[Lindisfarne Castle](/source/Lindisfarne_Castle), [Holy Island](/source/Lindisfarne)

[High Force](/source/High_Force), [Teesdale](/source/Teesdale)

[Cheviot Hills](/source/Cheviot_Hills)

[Whitley Bay](/source/Whitley_Bay)

The region is generally hilly and sparsely populated in the North and West, and urban and arable in the East and South. The highest point in the region is [The Cheviot](/source/The_Cheviot), in the [Cheviot Hills](/source/Cheviot_Hills), at 815 metres (2,674 ft).

The region contains the urban centres of [Tyneside](/source/Tyneside), [Wearside](/source/Wearside), and [Teesside](/source/Teesside) and is noted for the rich natural beauty of its coastline, [Northumberland National Park](/source/Northumberland_National_Park), and the section of the [Pennines](/source/Pennines) that includes [Teesdale](/source/Teesdale) and [Weardale](/source/Weardale).

### Climate

North East England has a [Marine west coast climate](/source/Oceanic_climate) (generally found along the west coast of middle latitude continents) with narrower temperature ranges than the south of England and sufficient precipitation in all months. Summers and winters are mild rather than extremely hot or cold, due to the strong maritime influence of the [North Atlantic Current](/source/North_Atlantic_Current) of the [Gulf Stream](/source/Gulf_Stream). The [Met Office](/source/Met_Office) operates several weather stations in the region[22] and are able to show the regional variations in temperature and its relation to the distance from the [North Sea](/source/North_Sea). The warmest summers in the region are found in Stockton-on-Tees and the [Middlesbrough](/source/Middlesbrough) area, with a 1981–2010 July average high of 20.4 °C (68.7 °F).[23]

Precipitation is often low by English standards, in spite of the low levels of sunshine, with Stockton-on-Tees averaging only 574.2 millimetres (22.61 in) annually, and with the seaside town of Tynemouth (despite its slightly sunnier climate) recording 597.2 millimetres (23.51 in) annually.[24] The summers on the northern coastlines are significantly cooler than in the southern and central inland areas: Tynemouth is only just above 18 °C (64 °F) in July. Further inland, frosts during winter are more common, due to the higher elevations and distance from the sea.

### Biodiversity

The region has a diverse landscape that includes maritime cliffs and extensive [moorland](/source/Moorland) that contains a number of [rare species](/source/Rare_species) of [flora](/source/Flora) and [fauna](/source/Fauna). Of particular importance are the saltmarshes of [Lindisfarne](/source/Lindisfarne), the [Tees Estuary](/source/River_Tees), the [heaths](/source/Heaths), [bogs](/source/Bog) and traditional upland hay meadows of the North Pennines, and the Arctic-alpine flora of Upper Teesdale.

The beauty of the [Northumbrian coastline](/source/Northumberland_Coast_National_Landscape) has led to its designation as an [area of outstanding natural beauty](/source/Area_of_outstanding_natural_beauty) (AONB) stretching 100 miles from [Berwick-Upon-Tweed](/source/Berwick-Upon-Tweed) to the [River Coquet](/source/River_Coquet) estuary.[25] Among the 290 bird species identified on the [Farne Islands](/source/Farne_Islands), is the rare [seabird](/source/Seabird) the [roseate tern](/source/Roseate_tern). One of the foremost bird sanctuaries and observatory for migratory and wading birds in the UK is now operated at [Saltholme](/source/Saltholme) which is part of a wider site of special scientific interest called [Seal Sands](/source/Seal_Sands). The Saltholme reserve is managed by the [Royal Society for the Protection of Birds](/source/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds) (RSPB). This project was pronounced as one of the best places to view birds by [Bill Oddie](/source/Bill_Oddie), the former host of the BBC's *Spring Watch* Programme. In December 2012 he also presented the project with a prize as the UK's favourite [National Lottery](/source/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)) funded project.[26]

The seal colony at Seal Sands on the mouth of the River Tees is thriving and in 2013 had more than 60 [harbour seals](/source/Harbour_seal). This is the only breeding colony of this species on the northeast coast.[27] "[Rainton Meadows](/source/Rainton_Meadows)" is also a recently[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] created bird-watching site.[28] The region is also the English stronghold of black grouse[29] and contains 80–90% of the UK population of yellow marsh [saxifrage](/source/Saxifrage).[30]

The [Magnesian Limestone](/source/Magnesian_Limestone) grasslands of East Durham are a unique habitat not found anywhere else in the world which is particularly important to many species of butterfly and moths.[31]

The Northeast of England also features woodland such as [Kielder Forest](/source/Kielder_Forest), the largest man-made forest in Europe.[32] This is located within Northumberland National Park and contains an important habitat for the [endangered](/source/Endangered) [red squirrel](/source/Red_squirrel).[33]

## Landmarks

		- [Bamburgh Castle](/source/Bamburgh_Castle)

		- [Raby Castle](/source/Raby_Castle)

		- [Auckland Castle](/source/Auckland_Castle)

		- [Holy Island](/source/Lindisfarne) and [Lindisfarne Castle](/source/Lindisfarne_Castle)

		- [Alnwick Castle](/source/Alnwick_Castle) gatehouse

		- The *[Angel of the North](/source/Angel_of_the_North)* in [Gateshead](/source/Gateshead)

		- [Penshaw Monument](/source/Penshaw_Monument)

		- The [Bowes Museum](/source/Bowes_Museum) in [Barnard Castle](/source/Barnard_Castle)

		- [Hadrian's Wall](/source/Hadrian's_Wall)

		- [St Mary's lighthouse](/source/St_Mary's_Lighthouse)

		- [Tees Transporter Bridge](/source/Tees_Transporter_Bridge) connecting [Stockton](/source/Stockton-on-Tees) and [Middlesbrough](/source/Middlesbrough)

		- Redcar Beacon

## Demographics

See also: [Demographics of Tees Valley](/source/Demographics_of_Tees_Valley)

80km
50miles

**3**

**1**

**2**

Relative population map.

Total North East England population ([wikidata:Q47983](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47983)) = 2,669,941 (2019 estimation)
 (WD = Wikidata page)

[Hide/show county populations] North East England pop. 1 County Durham 855,900 WD 2 Northumberland 323,820 WD 3 Tyne and Wear 1,141,795 WD

Population pyramid in 2020

The North East has the smallest population of all English regions.

The North East with [Scotland](/source/Scotland), the [South West](/source/South_West_England) of England, [Wales](/source/Wales) and [Northern Ireland](/source/Northern_Ireland) are the British regions to have seen the least immigration in over 50 years.[34][*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] The Northeast of England as a region has the lowest rate of HIV infection in the UK,[35] but has the highest rate of heart attacks among men and of lung cancer among women in England, along with the highest male lung cancer rate in the UK.[36]

In 2010, the region had the second highest trade union membership among UK men.[37][*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*]

Higher education students from the North East are most likely to pick a university in their home region.[38] The last immigration wave before the 21st century was in the late 1990s as a result of the government's dispersal policy scheme that relocated asylum seekers and new arrivals throughout the country. In 2017, most migrants were non-EU born, and about 60,000 EU-born.[39]

### Ethnicity

Ethnic group 1971 estimations[40] 1981 estimations[41] 1991[42] 2001[43] 2011[44] 2021[45] Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % White: Total – 99.6% 2,544,069 99% 2,507,133 98.6% 2,455,416 97.61% 2,475,567 95.32% 2,462,720 93.1% White: British – – – – – – 2,425,592 96.42% 2,431,423 93.62% 2,397,557 90.6% White: Irish – – – – – – 8,682 8,035 8,384 0.3% White: Irish Traveller/Gypsy – – – – – – – – 1,684 2,621 0.1% White: Roma – – – – – – – – – – 2,375 0.1% White: Other – – – – – – 21,142 34,425 51,783 2.0% Asian or Asian British: Total – – – – 27,626 1.1% 39,630 1.57% 74,599 2.87% 98,046 3.6% Asian or Asian British: Indian – – – – 7,470 10,156 15,817 22,021 0.8% Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – – – 9,257 14,074 19,831 27,290 1.0% Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – – – 3,416 6,167 10,972 16,355 0.6% Asian or Asian British: Chinese – – – – 4,519 6,048 14,284 14,442 0.5% Asian or Asian British: Asian Other – – – – 2,964 3,185 13,695 17,938 0.7% Black or Black British: Total – – – – 4,057 0.2% 3,953 0.15% 13,220 0.5% 26,635 1% Black or Black British: African – – – – 1,428 2,597 10,982 22,066 0.8% Black or Black British: Caribbean – – – – 1,013 927 1,193 1,704 0.1% Black or Black British: Other – – – – 1,616 429 1,045 2,865 0.1% Mixed: Total – – – – – – 12,228 0.48% 22,449 0.86% 33,271 1.2% Mixed: White and Caribbean – – – – – – 2,783 5,938 5,650 0.2% Mixed: White and African – – – – – – 1,741 3,549 6,527 0.2% Mixed: White and Asian – – – – – – 4,733 8,022 12,490 0.5% Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – – – 2,971 4,940 8,604 0.3% Other: Total – – – – 4,753 0.2% 4,215 0.16% 11,051 0.42% 26,342 1% Other: Arab – – – – – – – – 5,850 10,406 0.4% Other: Any other ethnic group – – – – 4,753 0.2% 4,215 0.16% 5,201 15,936 0.6% Non-White: Total – 0.4% 26,247 1% 36,436 1.4% 60,026 2.4% 121,319 4.7% 184,294 6.9% Total – 100% 2,570,316 100% 2,543,569 100% 2,515,442 100% 2,596,886 100% 2,647,014 100%

### Population genetics

North East England, together with Tweeddale, was the ancient British tribal kingdom of [Bernicia](/source/Bernicia) (Bryneich) and is notable for providing the stable ancestry of its present indigenous population, which has been identified by DNA analysis to be an offshoot of the group "Scotland, Cumbria and the North of Ireland", but not so closely related to the other peoples of the UK.[46][47] In a 2022 study by Joscha Gretzinger et al., the population of North East England was found to be among the groups with the highest amount of Iron Age/Roman period [British Isles-related](/source/Insular_Celts) ancestry, being on par with [Cornish](/source/Cornish_people) people in that regard.[48]

### Teenage pregnancy

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Much of the data here is now over ten years old. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2023)

The Office for National Statistics in April 2013 report that the estimated number of conceptions to women aged under 18 in England and Wales in 2011 is the lowest since records began in 1969.[49] Conception statistics include pregnancies that result in either one or more live births or stillbirths or a legal abortion.

A comparison of rates across regions in England shows that the North East had the highest of under 18 conception rates in 2011, with 38.4 per thousand women aged 15–17. The South East had the lowest rate for women aged under 18 in 2011 with 26.1 per thousand women aged 15–17.[49]

### Social deprivation

A study into social deprivation was published in 2010 to help the local partners developing a Regional Strategy for the North East better understand the factors influencing deprivation in the region. The study had two main aspects: Firstly to establish if there are different types of deprived neighbourhoods in the Northeast, and if so, how deprived neighbourhoods can be better recognised. Secondly to present a summary of "what works" in tackling deprivation in each of these types of area.[50]

The report discusses the factors influencing deprivation and points out that it is a significant problem for the North East with 34% of the regions Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs) are amongst England's 20% most deprived in the 2007 [Indices of Deprivation](/source/Indices_of_deprivation_2007) (these indices have been [updated in 2010](/source/Indices_of_deprivation_2010)). It takes many years for areas to become deprived, suggesting that the underlying causes of area-based deprivation are long-term such as:

- Major changes in the employment base, which has changed the nature and spatial distribution of jobs in the UK and within specific regions and localities.

- The "residential sorting" effects of the public and private housing markets.

Industrial restructuring has disproportionately affected some communities and groups. In particular:

- Job losses in manufacturing and coalmining were most severely felt in the north of England, Scotland and Wales – and particular communities within these areas.

- As a result of the types of jobs that were lost, some demographic groups – particularly older working age males in skilled manual work – were more likely to be affected than others.[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*]

The region's most deprived council districts, as measured by the LSOA data[51] before County Durham and Northumberland became unitary authorities in 2007, are in descending order [Easington](/source/Easington_(district)) (7th in England), Middlesbrough (9th), Hartlepool (23rd), [Wear Valley](/source/Wear_Valley) (33rd), Sunderland (35th), Newcastle upon Tyne (37th), South Tyneside (38th), Wansbeck (46th), Redcar and Cleveland (50th), Gateshead (52nd), [Sedgefield](/source/Sedgefield_(borough)) (54th), [Derwentside](/source/Derwentside) (73rd), [Blyth Valley](/source/Blyth_Valley) (80th), and Stockton on Tees (98th). The least deprived council districts in 2007 were, in descending order, Tynedale, [Castle Morpeth](/source/Castle_Morpeth), [Teesdale](/source/Teesdale_(district)), then [Alnwick](/source/Alnwick_(district)). Since the April 2009 abolition of these four districts, Northumberland is the least deprived, followed by North Tyneside. Unemployment is a severe problem in the North East, where many children grow up in households where no adult works. In 2010 Easington had the highest rate in the country, as 40.3% of its households with children had no working adult, followed by Sedgefield with 34%.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*][*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*]

As of April 2013, youth unemployment in the North East was 24.8%, with 51,000 out of work.[52] In 2013, the Office for National Statistics report issued the statements highlighted in the table below:[53]

The North East compared to other regions in 2013 Rate Highest Lowest Employed South East (74.8%) North East (66.6%) Unemployed North East (10.1%) South West (6.2%) Inactive North East (25.8%) South East (19.8%) Claimant North East (7.2%) South East (2.7%)

In November 2017 the region's employment dropped to 5.5%, the joint highest unemployment rate in the UK.[54]

### ONS ITL

In the [ONS](/source/Office_for_National_Statistics) [International Territorial Levels](/source/International_Territorial_Levels) (ITL), North East England is a level-1 ITL region, coded "UKC", which is subdivided as follows:

ITL 1 Code ITL 2 Code ITL 3 Code North East England UKC Tees Valley and Durham UKC1 Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees UKC11 South Teesside (Middlesbrough and Redcar and Cleveland) UKC12 Darlington UKC13 Durham UKC14 Northumberland and Tyne and Wear UKC2 Northumberland UKC21 Tyneside (Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside) UKC22 Sunderland UKC23

## Religion

[Durham Cathedral](/source/Durham_Cathedral)

[Newcastle RC Cathedral](/source/Newcastle_RC_Cathedral)

[Gisborough Priory](/source/Gisborough_Priory)

[Tynemouth Priory](/source/Tynemouth_Priory)

12th-century wall-painting of St Cuthbert in Durham Cathedral

In 2013, the region had the highest proportion of Christians in Great Britain.[55] A number of the region's settlements expanded from around priories, abbeys and monasteries.

See Seat Church of England Durham Leeds (south Tees source side) Newcastle York (south Tees mouth side) Newcastle Cathedral Durham Cathedral Roman Catholic Newcastle and Hexham Middlesbrough (south Tees in the region) Middlesbrough Cathedral Newcastle RC Cathedral

Religion in North East England Religion 2021[56] 2011[57] 2001[58] Number % Number % Number % Christianity 1,343,948 50.8% 1,753,334 67.5% 2,014,608 80.1% Islam 72,102 2.7% 46,764 1.8% 26,925 1.1% Hinduism 10,924 0.4% 7,772 0.3% 4,370 0.2% Sikhism 7,206 0.3% 5,964 0.2% 4,780 0.2% Buddhism 7,026 0.3% 6,316 0.2% 3,097 0.1% Judaism 4,389 0.2% 4,503 0.2% 3,151 0.1% Other religion 9,950 0.4% 6,668 0.3% 3,886 0.2% No religion 1,058,122 40.0% 607,700 23.4% 276,196 11.0% Religion not stated 133,345 5.0% 157,865 6.1% 178,429 7.1% Total population 2,647,012 100% 2,596,886 100% 2,515,442 100%

## Economy

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Much of the data here is now over ten years old. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2023)

The latest statistical report from the [Office for National Statistics](/source/Office_for_National_Statistics) comparing the North East of England to other regions of the United Kingdom,[59] dated May 2012, states:

- The North East has the highest value of goods exports relative to the size of its economy, the highest percentage employed in the public sector and lowest gross household income per head of the English regions.

- The North East's exports of goods, expressed as a percentage of gross value added (GVA), were the highest of all the English regions at 29% in 2010, compared with the UK average of 20%. Over half the region's goods exports were to the EU (55%).[60]

- A quarter of employed people in the region worked in the public sector in Q4 2011 (24.6%), the highest proportion among the English regions, down from 26.9% in Q4 2009. In 2010, at local authority level the highest shares of public sector employee jobs were to be found in Newcastle upon Tyne and Middlesbrough (both over 33% of all employee jobs).

- Gross disposable household income (GDHI) of residents in the North East, at £13,300 per head in 2010, was 15% below the UK average and the lowest of the English regions. It ranged from £12,400 in Sunderland to £16,090 in Northumberland.

- The North East region contributed 3% of the UK's [GVA](/source/Gross_value_added). The region's headline GVA was £41.0 billion in 2010. The latest subregional data (2009) show that Tyneside generated 37% of the region's GVA at £14.6 billion.

- In 2009 manufacturing industries generated 14% of the region's total GVA, which is the largest industry contribution for the region.

- Productivity in 2010 (measured by GVA per hour worked) was 88% of the UK rate: one of the lowest of the English regions. Within the region, Northumberland's productivity was the third lowest in England at 75% of the UK rate in 2009.

- The region's employment rate was the lowest in England at 66.2% for Q4 2011. The latest subregional data for the year ending September 2011 show that North Tyneside had the highest employment rate at 72.6%.

- The North East had the highest rate of economic inactivity of the English regions, 25% of the population aged 16 to 64 in Q4 2011.

The North East is the most affordable region in the UK. Figures from 2017 indicate it is the UK region with lowest cost of living per household.[61] The 2023 data shows that for the first time since 2010 renting is now 11.3% cheaper than owning a mortgaged property in the North East.[62]

### Manufacturing

[Nissan Juke](/source/Nissan_Juke)

• [Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK](/source/Nissan_Motor_Manufacturing_UK) operates a major car manufacturing plant in [Sunderland](/source/Sunderland); currently producing the [Nissan Qashqai](/source/Nissan_Qashqai) and [Nissan Juke](/source/Nissan_Juke).

A [Class 801](/source/British_Rail_Class_801), manufactured in Newton Aycliffe

• [Hitachi](/source/Hitachi) manufactures railway [rolling stock](/source/Rolling_stock) in [County Durham](/source/County_Durham) at its [Newton Aycliffe site](/source/Hitachi_Newton_Aycliffe).

• [Cello Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cello_electronics&action=edit&redlink=1) produces electronics, including televisions and microwaves, at its site in [Bishop Auckland](/source/Bishop_Auckland), [County Durham](/source/County_Durham). Cello are currently the only manufacturer of [LED](/source/LED) televisions in the UK.

### Support organisations

Businesses in Northeast England are supported by the North East Chamber of Commerce.[63] The North East Chamber of Commerce (NECC) is based in Durham and has active sub committees working in all sub regions.

To further encourage [SMEs](/source/Small_%26_medium_enterprises) in the North East of England to Export, the Northeast Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) has collaborated with the North East Chamber of Commerce (NECC) and RTC North Limited to create a jointly owned subsidiary company Go Global Limited to manage the contract they have to deliver the [United Kingdom Trade & Investment](/source/UKTI) (UKTI), Government funded, support products and programme for all business sectors in their region. The UKTI business support products, to help grow international trade, are focused on supporting individual SMEs to grow their exports and they also support Trade Missions to new markets.[64]

The Northern Business Forum is an organisation created in the region to share knowledge and best practice between membership based business support organisations in the Northeast of England. The Forum creates a single voice for business when this is needed. This business led forum also links its member organisations to wider business issues, both locally and nationally, through the local and national business membership organisations that are also represented. Members of the forum include NECC, NEPIC, the [Federation of Small Businesses](/source/Federation_of_Small_Businesses) (FSB), [Confederation of British Industry](/source/Confederation_of_British_Industry) (CBI) North East, the [Make UK](/source/Make_UK) Northern, The [Institute of Directors](/source/Institute_of_Directors) (IOD) and RTC North.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

RTC North provide business expertise in specific growth areas such as product innovation, market research, technology transfer, commercialisation, business growth. North East Access to Finance (NEA2F) operates a business growth fund to help small and medium-sized businesses (SMES).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Enterprise zones

Businesses investing in the region are supported by the [Local Enterprise Partnerships](/source/Local_Enterprise_Partnerships) of Tees Valley (part of the [TVCA](/source/TVCA))[65] and the North East. Both these organisations manage [enterprise zones](/source/Enterprise_zone) (Invest North East England and Tees Valley Business) to encourage new business investors. There are also several Industry and Business led Cluster bodies in the region to network and engage companies on a sector basis and give local business-to-business advice and supply chain intelligence: the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) (chemicals-polymers-pharmaceuticals-biotech), the Northern Offshore Federation (NOF) (energy and offshore engineering), Service Network (accountants-finance-law firms-HR) and Make UK (defence related engineering), Design Network North (DNN) (design issues for all sectors.)

The Invest North East, was announced by the government in 2011.[66] The zone focuses on technology for low carbon vehicle development, marine offshore and subsea engineering, petrochemicals and renewable energy.[67] At the time of announcement the enterprise zone included two clusters of sites, an Ultra Low Carbon Vehicle zone in Sunderland and a zone on the River Tyne North Bank.[66] The Sunderland cluster is close to the Nissan plant and includes Turbine Business Park. It hosts [Gateshead College](/source/Gateshead_College)'s Future Technology Centre.[67] The cluster on the Tyne includes the Port of Tyne North Estate, Swan Hunter in North Tyneside, and Neptune Yard in Newcastle.[66] The zone was launched in April 2012.[67] In that year another cluster of sites, composing the Blyth Estuary Renewable Energy Zone at [Port of Blyth](/source/Port_of_Blyth), was added to the zone.[68] The enterprise zone contains ten sites over the three clusters, covering 115 hectares (280 acres) in total.[69]

## Industrial heritage

After more than 2,000 years of industrial activity as a result of abundant minerals such as salt and coal,[70][71] the [chemical industry](/source/Chemical_industry) of the Northeast England is today spread across the whole of the region,[72] with [pharmaceuticals](/source/Pharmaceuticals) being primarily produced in the north of the region, [speciality](/source/Speciality_chemicals) and [fine chemicals](/source/Fine_chemicals) spread across the middle of the region and [commodity chemicals](/source/Commodity_chemicals) and [petrochemicals](/source/Petrochemicals) on Teesside.

These companies are members of the [Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster](/source/Northeast_of_England_Process_Industry_Cluster) (NEPIC). The early chemical industry in this region, however, was primarily Tyneside based and associated with the manufacture of soap and glass. The most important chemical activity in the 18th and 19th centuries was the manufacture of alkali to make soap, which was when mixed with lime and sand and used to make glass.[73] The effects of the industrial revolution could be seen through an economy dominated by iron and steel, coal mining and shipbuilding. Rationalisation of chemical firms in 1891 left only four works on Tyneside.[73]

### Alkali manufacturing

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Friars Goose Alkali Works had the highest chimney in England to disperse hydrochloric acid fumes

Before the Industrial Revolution alkali was mostly used to aid the bleaching process of cloth. As the [Industrial Revolution](/source/Industrial_Revolution) took hold, increasing demand for alkali came from higher production of dyestuffs, and bleach. In 1798 John Losh and the Earl of Dundonald took out a lease for a rich supply of brine pumped from a nearby coal mine, the Walker pit, becoming the supplier of raw material for The [Losh, Wilson & Bell](/source/Losh%2C_Wilson_%26_Bell) Alkali works. The works were established at Walker-on-Tyne in 1807 and bleaching powder manufacture began there in 1830, Losh Brothers soon manufactured half the soda in England. By 1814 the [Leblanc process](/source/Leblanc_process) of making alkali from common salt was introduced to Britain. Alkali works using this process opened at [Tyne Dock](/source/Tyne_Dock) 1822, Felling shore [Tyneside](/source/Tyneside) 1826, Friars Goose [Gateshead](/source/Gateshead) 1828 and again on Felling Shore in 1834. Such works also produced soda, alum and Epsom salts.

The river frontage at South Shore of the [River Tyne](/source/River_Tyne) at Gateshead was one of the main locations for the chemical industry such that in the 19th century, which led to a cluster of iron, soap and alkali manufacturing.[74]

By 1828 the alkali works had a large problem controlling emissions of [hydrochloric acid](/source/Hydrochloric_acid) fumes which devastated the neighbouring countryside. One solution was to build tall chimneys to drive the fumes further away and in 1833 the tallest chimney in England was built at the Friars Goose Alkali Works.[73][75] The passing of the [Alkali Act 1863](/source/Alkali_Act_1863) in the UK Parliament brought about a further reduced pollution from these processes and was the first industrial environmental legislation to come into practice globally.

### Salt making

Salt-making in and around [Greatham](/source/Greatham%2C_County_Durham) (between Hartlepool and Billingham) had been important in Roman and medieval times,[76][77] and salt was also produced on Wearside from the 1580s, but by the 16th century the industry had been eclipsed by South Shields on the Tyne.[78] In 1894 the industry returned to Greatham with the establishment of the Greatham Salt and Brine Company by George Weddell. The works was later purchased by the famous salt-making company [Cerebos](/source/Cerebos) in 1903. By the mid-20th century, Cerebos was owned by the food conglomerate [Rank Hovis McDougall](/source/Rank_Hovis_McDougall), and the factory closed in 2002.[79]

### Glass

Glass manufacture has been an important industry in the Northeast of England since stained glass glaziers worked on the Wearmouth and Jarrow monasteries in 674 AD.[80][81] [Sunderland](/source/Sunderland) and Tyneside were noted for glass-making between the 17th and 19th centuries.[82] In 1827 about two fifths of all English glass was made in the Tyneside area and in 1845 South Shields was making more plate glass than anywhere else in England. Sunderland was also rising to prominence as a glass-making centre, with James Hartley's [Wear Glass Works](/source/Hartley_Wood_and_Co) opening in 1836,[83] and by 1865 one third of the sheet glass in England was supplied by his Sunderland works. The Candlish Glass Bottleworks was the largest in Europe, managed by [John Candlish](/source/John_Candlish)

[William Beilby](/source/William_Beilby) produced decorative glass items in Newcastle during the mid 1700s.

### Coal mining

Wynyard Park circa 1880 now a hotel, Wynyard Hall

[Coal mining](/source/Coal_mining) was one of the first industrial activities in Northeast England because the region was fortunate to have shallow seams of coal near the coast, which meant that material could be transported in and out by sea.[84] This led to the growth of ports in Sunderland, Newcastle, [Teesport](/source/Teesport) Middlesbrough, [Seaham](/source/Seaham), [Hartlepool](/source/Hartlepool) and [Blyth](/source/Blyth%2C_Northumberland). The energy from coal underpinned the development of many of the industries around these ports. As discussed in the classic historical review of "Victorian Cities" by [Asa Briggs](/source/Asa_Briggs), Middlesbrough was developed as a port downstream of [Yarm](/source/Yarm) and Stockton to take bigger coal ships.[85]

The Northumberland-Durham coalfield was one of the earliest coal mining areas to be worked in the country, with the Romans extracting coal here which caused the area to become an important source of coal in the 13th and 14th centuries.[86] Many current towns and villages across the region were originally settlements set up for the coal miners. For example, Seaham is a port community that was developed to handle output of the coal mining interests of Charles William Vane-Tempest-Stewart the 3rd [Marquis of Londonderry](/source/Marquis_of_Londonderry), a military leader and business man who became one of the UK's richest men due to his coal mining developments.[87][88] The Marquis built his business interests using the inherited wealth of his wife Francis Anne. The Marquis also built [Wynyard Hall](/source/Wynyard_Hall), one of the country's finest country houses in the region as a palace for his family and his royal connections.[89]

London was one of the places which received coal from the area and there are references to shipments of coal being sent to the capital, for example 526 cauldrons of coal from Tyneside to London in 1376 for smiths involved in building Windsor Castle. Before the growth of mining companies, the coal from the North East was often sent to London using monks. The coal was often called sea coal because it often washed up from undersea outcrops on the Northumbrian coast. This could explain the name Se-coles Lane in London.[84] It also led to the colloquial phrase "taking [coals to Newcastle](/source/Coals_to_Newcastle)", meaning why take something to a place that already has an excess of it. The north east mine owners operated a [cartel](/source/Cartel) to keep up London prices; much studied by economic historians, it may have been the longest-lasting cartel that has ever existed.

Further information: [Limitation of the Vend](/source/Limitation_of_the_Vend)

Improvements in technology meant equipment could be built to go deeper than ever before. One example was the High Main seam at Walker Colliery on Tyneside, which became one of the deepest coal mines in the world, thanks to large engine cylinders which helped drain the mine.[90] Other mining developments from this region include water level and ventilation techniques introduced by John Buddle who also helped to introduce the [miner's safety lamp](/source/Miner's_safety_lamp) which was invented here by [Stephenson](/source/George_Stephenson) and [Davy](/source/Humphry_Davy).

Miners in the cage ready for their descent, Monkwearmouth Colliery, 1993.

Sir Humphry Davy, after contemplating a communication he had received from Reverend Dr [Robert Gray](/source/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)) Rector of [Bishopwearmouth](/source/Bishopwearmouth) (later Bishop of Bristol) regarding the problem of gas in mines, took up the challenge of solving the problem of providing light in "[fire-damp](/source/Fire-damp)" ridden collieries. He started the work with several days of discussions with John Buddle, the overseer at Wallsend Colliery, other colliery owners and finally the Reverend John Hodgson, Vicar of Jarrow. Davy also collected samples of "fire-damp" before returning to his laboratory in London. Two designs of his lamps emerged and were tested at the most hazardous pits in the country, then at Newcastle-upon- Tyne and [Whitehaven](/source/Whitehaven) in [Cumberland](/source/Cumberland), and were a resounding success. He later published his paper on "The safety lamp for coal mines and some researches on flame" in 1818, which made underground coal mines much more safe. George Stephenson a colliery engineer at Killingworth Main Colliery also invented a safety lamp which was successfully tested on 21 October 1815. This became known as the "Geordie" lamp. As a result, some in the Northeast then tried to challenge the delivery of some Ceremonial Plate to Davy but the Davy Lamper's won the day and on 25 September 1817 a dinner service as presented to Davy from the coal owners at the Queen's Head in Newcastle. Davy declined to take out a patent on his lamp design effectively giving it to the nation and the world's coal miners.[91]

The moment when the new safety lamp was first tested was recorded by John Buddle in a report from the Select Committee on Accidents in Mines on 4 September 1835 "I first tried the lamp in an explosive mixture on the surface; and then took it to the mine; it is impossible for me to express my feelings at the time when I first suspended the lamp in the mine and saw it red hot. I said to those around me: "We have at last subdued this monster [fire-damp]." With some describing it as one of the most significant moments in the industrialisation of the world."[92]

As an example of the many coal mines (colloquially known as pits) that were created in the Northeast's Monkwearmouth Colliery (or Wearmouth Colliery) was a large deep pit that went out under the [North Sea](/source/North_Sea). It was located on the north bank of the [River Wear](/source/River_Wear) and was the largest pit in Sunderland and one of the most important in [County Durham](/source/County_Durham). The mine opened in 1835 and was the last to remain operating in the Durham Coalfield, with the last shift leaving the pit on 10 December 1993 and ending over 800 years of commercial underground coal mining in the region.[93] The Colliery site has been cleared to make way for the Sunderland A.F.C's [Stadium of Light](/source/Stadium_of_Light) which opened in July 1997. The mine is commemorated by a large sculpture of a miners lamp at the entrance to the stadium.

The [Durham Coalfield](/source/Durham_Coalfield) remains a national resource for the UK economy today and for the future. Most of the mines in the region were closed during the years of UK Prime Minister [Margaret Thatcher](/source/Margaret_Thatcher) (see [UK miners' strike (1984–1985)](/source/UK_miners'_strike_(1984%E2%80%931985))) however several large open cast coal mines are still operational in the region.

Today[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] companies like Five-Quarter are investigating the use of the latest technology for underground [coal gasification](/source/Coal_gasification) to access the Durham Coalfield reserves. Professor Paul Younger of [Newcastle University](/source/Newcastle_University) in 2011 reported[94] that "Around 75 per cent of the coal in the North East is still underground, even though we have been mining it on an industrial scale longer than anyone else in the world. Previously a lot of this coal was too deep for conventional mining, or too far off shore. Even today this resource could never be exploited by conventional means, but the technology to harness that resource has now become cost effective." Accessing these reserves is of particular importance to the local chemical industry.[95]

### Shipbuilding

[Shipbuilding](/source/Shipbuilding) was once one of this region's largest industrial sectors. Ships were built on the [River Wear](/source/River_Wear) at Sunderland from at least 1346 and on the [River Tees](/source/River_Tees) at Stockton from at least 1470,[96] with the Northeast of England more generally being the birthplace of some of the world's greatest vessels. This was recognised in 2013 with the regions shipbuilding heritage and global impact being recognised by [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) and placed on their [Memory of the World Register](/source/Memory_of_the_World_Register), ranking the regions shipbuilding heritage alongside iconic items such as the Domesday Book in terms of historical importance.[97]

#### Wood to iron and steel

The early ships were built of wood, but in the 19th century there was a move towards building ships of iron then steel. Ships were built across the region, especially along [Tyneside](/source/Tyneside) in Jarrow and [Wearside](/source/Wearside) in Sunderland and also in smaller ports like Blyth, [Whitby](/source/Whitby) and Hartlepool. Sunderland's early development was due to coal but it later transitioned to become the largest shipbuilding town in the world[98] giving the town its fame. The first recorded shipbuilder was Thomas Menville at [Hendon](/source/Hendon%2C_Tyne_and_Wear) in 1346.[99]

By 1790 Sunderland was building around nineteen ships per year making it the most important shipbuilding centre in the United Kingdom. By 1840 there were 65 shipyards such that over 150 wooden vessels were built at Sunderland in 1850. At this time 2,025 shipwrights worked in the town and some 2,000 others were employed in related industries. Sunderland's first iron ships were built from 1852 and wooden shipbuilding ceased here in 1876. Sunderland shipbuilders included Austin and Son, William Pickersgill and William Doxford.[96]

It was between 1790 and 1805 that Thomas Haw of Stockton began building ships for the [Napoleonic wars](/source/Napoleonic_wars). Shipbuilding did not begin in Middlesbrough until 1833 when a wooden sailing ship called *The Middlesbro* was built. Teesside's first iron ship was built in Thornaby in 1854, it was a screw steamer called *The Advance*, and Teesside's first steel ship was *Little Lucy* built in 1858. One famous Teesside-built ship was the 377-foot (115 m) long *Talpore*, built by Pearse and Co of Stockton in 1860. It was a [troop ship](/source/Troop_ship) for the River Indus, and was the world's largest river steamer at the time.[100] An archive of the ships built on Teesside has been created,[101]

In Hartlepool Thomas Richardson of Castle Eden and John Parkin of Sunderland established a shipyard at Old Hartlepool in 1835 and built The Castle Eden ship. The shipbuilding company of William Gray was established here in 1862 and Gray became one of the most influential men in the town. He was the first mayor of West Hartlepool in 1887. William Gray shipbuilders won the Blue Ribband prize for maximum output in 1878, 1882, 1888, 1895, 1898 and 1900. The yard closed in 1961.[102]

RMS *Mauretania* on its Tyneside builder's ways before launch in 1906

On Tyneside, [Charles Mark Palmer](/source/Charles_Mark_Palmer), born in [South Shields](/source/South_Shields), established a yard at Jarrow in 1851 and built its first iron collier, *The John Bowes*, in the following year. It was the first ever seagoing screw collier and was built for John Bowes of Barnard Castle for shipping coal to London. Palmer was also famed for building the first rolled armour plates for [warships](/source/Warship) in 1854. William Smith and Co launched the 1,600-ton *Blenheim* in 1848.

W. G. Armstrong, the northern engineer, acquired an interest in the Tyneside shipbuilding firm of Mitchells in 1882, and the company of [W. G. Armstrong](/source/W.G._Armstrong), Mitchell and Co was formed. The yard built [battleships](/source/Battleship) as well as a ship called *Gluckauf*, which was arguably the world's first oil tanker.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] It was [launched](/source/Ceremonial_ship_launching) by the yard in 1886. Scotsman Charles Mitchell started building ships at Walker-on-Tyne in 1852 and purchased a 6.5-acre (2.6 ha) site at [Wallsend](/source/Wallsend) in 1873 to soak up excess orders from his Walker shipyard. The new yard failed financially and was handed to his brother-in-law Charles Swan. Charles and his brother Henry were directors of the Wallsend Slipway Company, a repair yard established by Mitchell in 1871. In 1878 Charles arranged a partnership with Sunderland shipbuilder George Hunter, but in 1879 Charles died after falling overboard from a channel steamer whilst returning from the Continent with his wife. Hunter went into temporary partnership with Swan's wife before becoming managing director in 1880. [Swan Hunters](/source/Swan_Hunter_Shipyard) built their first steel ship at Wallsend in 1884 and their first oil tanker in 1889.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Most early ships built at the Swan Hunter yard were smaller, like colliers and barges, but in 1898 it built its first [ocean liner](/source/Ocean_liner), *Ultonia,* with a further 21 liners being built between 1898 and 1903. The most famous ship ever launched there was undoubtedly [*Mauretania*](/source/RMS_Mauretania_(1906)), a transatlantic ocean liner that launched on 20 September 1906. The ship was 790-foot (240 m) long, with a [Beam (nautical)](/source/Beam_(nautical)) of 88 ft (27 m) and a [gross register tonnage](/source/Gross_register_tonnage) of 31,938 tons. It carried 2,000 passengers on its maiden voyage on 16 November 1907 and won the [Blue Riband](/source/Blue_Riband) for the fastest crossing of the Atlantic, a record held for 22 years.[96]

#### Maritime innovation

A major pioneering innovation in marine engineering was the steam turbine, invented by [Charles Algernon Parsons](/source/Charles_Algernon_Parsons). He patented the first steam turbine on Tyneside in 1884. Parsons, born in Ireland in 1854, was the youngest son of the [Earl of Rosse](/source/Earl_of_Rosse) and a keen inventor, who was a junior partner in the Tyneside engineering firm of Clarke Chapman. In 1894 Parsons' Marine Turbine Company launched [*Turbinia*](/source/Turbinia), the first ship to be powered by electric turbines. She can be still be seen (and boarded) at the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.[103]

#### 20th-century decline

Shipyard closures in the 20th century took place during economic slumps and occurred in two phases, between 1909–1933 and 1960–1993. Early closures included Smiths Dock at [North Shields](/source/North_Shields) in 1909, which became a ship repair yard, Armstrongs of Elswick in 1921, Richardson Duck of Stockton (1925), Priestman's of Sunderland (1933) and Palmers of Jarrow and [Hebburn](/source/Hebburn) (1933). There were 28 North East closures in this period of which 14 were on the Tyne, 7 on the Wear, 6 on the Tees and 1 at Hartlepool. Six shipyards closed in the 1960s including W.Gray of Hartlepool (1961), Short Brothers of Sunderland (1964) and The Blyth Shipbuilding Company (1966). There were five closures in the region in the 1970s including the Furness yard at Haverton Hill, near Stockton, in 1979.[96]

#### Science and engineering

Tyne Bridge built by Middlesbrough Company Dorman Long

The coal and shipbuilding industry that once dominated the North East suffered a marked decline during the second half of the 20th century. [Tyneside](/source/Tyneside) is now re-inventing itself as an international centre of art, culture and through [The Centre For Life](/source/Centre_for_Life), [scientific](/source/Scientific) [research](/source/Research), especially in [healthcare](/source/Healthcare) and [biotechnology](/source/Biotechnology). [Newcastle University](/source/Newcastle_University) is now a leading institution in the development of [stem cell](/source/Stem_cell) technology being the first in the United Kingdom and the second institution in Europe to obtain a licence to do such work.[104] As with the rest of the region, Sunderland suffered economic decline during the last century, but is now becoming an important area for [quaternary industry](/source/Quaternary_industry), bioscience, computing and [high](/source/High_technology) tech industries. The economy of Sunderland is now dominated by the [Nissan](/source/Nissan_Sunderland)'s European car manufacturing facility and supply chain which is also leading that company's development of [electric vehicles](/source/Electric_vehicles).[105]

The economy of Teesside continues to be largely based on the [petrochemical](/source/Petrochemical), [commodity chemical](/source/Commodity_chemical) and [steel industries](/source/Steel_industry) that form a significant part of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC), but newer industries such as offshore engineering and [digital computing](/source/Digital_computing), particularly in the field of [Game design](/source/Game_design), have emerged from Teesside University.[106] [Northumberland](/source/Northumberland), although largely rural and an important tourist location with its castles, beaches, and history has a nationally significant concentration of pharmaceutical manufacturing companies around Cramlington and Prudhoe.[107] The county has also seen a huge investment into the creation of the UKs largest reservoir, [Kielder Water](/source/Kielder_Water), enabling the Northeast to attract more industry. Kielder forest around the reservoir is known to have the darkest night sky in England,[108] making it an ideal location for both professional and amateur astronomers.

The [City of Durham](/source/Durham%2C_England) with [its University](/source/Durham_University), [Castle](/source/Durham_Castle) and [Cathedral](/source/Durham_Cathedral), attracts many tourists and also a significant number of knowledge intensive businesses (KIBS) in architecture, engineering, technology and measurement science. At [Sedgefield](/source/Sedgefield) in County Durham, [NETPark](/source/NETPark) is home to the Centre for Process Innovation's [Printable Electronics Technology Centre](/source/Printable_Electronics_Technology_Centre), a nationally important centre for the development of [printed electronics](/source/Printed_electronics) and a number of other emerging electronics companies such as Kromek.

[Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge](/source/Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge)

Today,[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] the members of the [Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster](/source/Northeast_of_England_Process_Industry_Cluster) (NEPIC) represent about one third of the regional industrial economy. The NEPIC is constituted by commodity chemical, [petrochemical](/source/Petrochemical), [speciality chemical](/source/Speciality_chemical), [pharmaceutical](/source/Pharmaceutical), [biotechnology](/source/Biotechnology), [polymer](/source/Polymer), [renewable material](/source/Renewable_material) and [renewable energy](/source/Renewable_energy) companies and the associated supply chains. The Teesside industry is located on three large chemical sites at [Wilton](/source/Wilton%2C_Redcar_and_Cleveland), [Billingham](/source/Billingham) and [Seal Sands](/source/Seal_Sands) at the mouth of the River Tees and [Teesport](/source/Teesport), the third largest port in the UK and the tenth in Western Europe and is important logistical infrastructure supporting the commodity chemical and steel members of NEPIC. In the 21st century [PD Ports](/source/PD_Ports), owners of Teesport, have been developing it as a Port Centric Logistical Centre. This strategy has seen a number of significant importing and distribution facilities for the north of the UK being built here, including distribution centres for the distribution operations of Asda/Walmart and Tesco supermarket chains.[109]

NEPIC has two offices in the region: one in the north in Sunderland, serving the pharmaceutical and speciality chemical industries on Tyneside and in south Northumberland, and one in the south at [Wilton](/source/Wilton_International) near Redcar, serving the commodity chemical and steel industry of Teesside and operating amongst several process sector and supply chain companies that work out of the process industry research centre, The Wilton Centre, one of Europe's largest technical development laboratory facilities. The head office of the [Centre for Process Innovation](/source/Centre_for_Process_Innovation), part of the UK's [High Value Manufacturing Catapult](/source/High_Value_Manufacturing_Catapult), is based in this multi-occupancy technical development centre along with their pioneering National Industrial Biotechnology Facility.[110][111]

### Innovations

This region has a strong history in technological innovation:

The [friction match](/source/Match) was invented in Stockton-on-Tees in 1826 by [John Walker](/source/John_Walker_(inventor)).

[George Stephenson](/source/George_Stephenson) (9 June 1781 – 12 August 1848) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer who built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use steam locomotives. Renowned as the father of railways,[112] George Stephenson was born in Wylam, Northumberland, 9.3 miles (15.0 km) west of Newcastle upon Tyne.

[Sir Joseph Wilson Swan](/source/Sir_Joseph_Wilson_Swan) (31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was a British physicist and chemist from Sunderland, County Durham now the (City of Sunderland). He is most famous for inventing an [incandescent light bulb](/source/Incandescent_light_bulb) before its invention by the American [Thomas Edison](/source/Thomas_Edison). Swan first demonstrated the light bulb at a lecture the [Literary and Philosophical Society](/source/Literary_and_Philosophical_Society) and Miners Institute on [Mosley Street](/source/History_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne), Newcastle upon Tyne on 18 December 1878. Mosley Street, Newcastle upon Tyne is reputed to be the first street in the world to be lit by [electric light](/source/Electric_light).[113]

*Turbinia*

[Charles Algernon Parsons](/source/Charles_Algernon_Parsons) invented the steam turbine in 1884, and having foreseen its potential to power ships he set up the Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company with five associates in 1893. To develop this he had the experimental vessel [*Turbinia*](/source/Turbinia) built in a light design of steel by the firm of Brown and Hood, based at [Wallsend on Tyne](/source/Wallsend_on_Tyne). He also pioneered in the field of [electricity generation](/source/Electricity_generation), establishing the [Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company](/source/Newcastle_and_District_Electric_Lighting_Company) in 1889. The company opened the first power station in the world to generate electricity using [turbo generators](/source/Turbo_generator) in 1890, at [Forth Banks](/source/Forth_Banks_Power_Station) in Newcastle.

[William George Armstrong](/source/William_George_Armstrong), 1st Baron Armstrong, CB, FRS (26 November 1810 – 27 December 1900) was an effective Tyneside industrialist who founded the Armstrong Whitworth manufacturing empire. He was responsible for the development of the hydraulic crane and many military armaments. His house at [Cragside](/source/Cragside), Northumberland was the first in the world to be lit by [hydro-electricity](/source/Hydro-electricity), using [incandescent lamps](/source/Incandescent_lamps) provided by the inventor [Joseph Swan](/source/Joseph_Swan).

In 1936 the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass, [Perspex](/source/Perspex), began by ICI Acrylics and the material is still manufactured in the region by [Lucite International](/source/Lucite) now part of [Mitsubishi Corporation](/source/Mitsubishi_Corporation). During the Second World War acrylic glass was used for submarine periscopes, windshields, canopies, and gun turrets for aeroplanes.[114] Shortages in raw materials and price pressures have led to innovation by Lucite who developed their patented Alpha Technology in this region. This technology is now the leading technology used in the manufacture of acrylics around the world. It uses new feedstock's and has a cost advantage of 40% over conventional processing methods.[115]

[Newcastle University](/source/Newcastle_University) was the first in the UK and the second in Europe to receive a licence to perform research on stem cells and is a leading centre for such research today. Dr [Karim Nayernia](/source/Karim_Nayernia) was the first to isolate spermatogonial stem cells at this University. Many new healthcare developments have arisen from this stem cell expertise in the region.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Today, the region has five universities with a number of research departments: [Durham University](/source/Durham_University), Newcastle University, [Northumbria University](/source/Northumbria_University), [University of Sunderland](/source/University_of_Sunderland) and Teesside University, which have a portfolio of many innovative businesses that have spun out of their research and teaching departments.[116]

## Sport

### Football

Alf Common of England, the world's first £1,000 footballer

A precursor of modern football is still seen in the region at some annual [Shrove Tuesday](/source/Shrove_Tuesday) games at [Alnwick](/source/Alnwick), [Chester-le-Street](/source/Chester-le-Street) and [Sedgefield](/source/Sedgefield) and many of such games have pre-Norman origins.[117] In 1280 at [Ulgham](/source/Ulgham) near [Morpeth](/source/Morpeth%2C_Northumberland) Northumberland, records show that Henry of Ellington was killed playing football when David Le Keu's knife went into Henry's belly and killed him.[118][119] Organised football teams as we know today did not appear until the 1870s. [Middlesbrough Football Club](/source/Middlesbrough_Football_Club) was formed by local cricket players in 1876, [Sunderland Association Football Club](/source/Sunderland_Association_Football_Club) in 1879 and [Newcastle United Football Club](/source/Newcastle_United_Football_Club) was formed in 1892 by uniting Newcastle West End FC with Newcastle East End.[120]

Darlington formed in 1861 (re-formed 1883 and in 2012) and West Hartlepool of 1881 became [Hartlepool United](/source/Hartlepool_United) in 1908. In 1888 Sunderland and Middlesbrough were troubled by rival break-away teams called Sunderland Albion and Middlesbrough Ironopolis, both of which were lost before the 20th century began. Sunderland won the league championship three times in the 1890s and Newcastle United were first division champions three times in the early 1900s, reaching the FA Cup Final three times before winning it at the fourth attempt in 1910.[121]

Today[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] top quality professional football remains in the northeast of England. In the 2025-2026 season, Newcastle United and Sunderland are [Premier League](/source/Premier_League) teams, whilst Middlesbrough are in the [EFL Championship](/source/EFL_Championship), Hartlepool and [Gateshead FC](/source/Gateshead_FC) compete in the [National League](/source/National_League_(division)). [St James' Park](/source/St_James'_Park) in Newcastle, the [Stadium of Light](/source/Stadium_of_Light) in Sunderland and [The Riverside Stadium](/source/Riverside_Stadium) in Middlesbrough are all first class football venues often used for international games at all levels. The region is represented in the [2023-24 Women's Championship](/source/2023-24_Women's_Championship) by [Durham W.F.C.](/source/Durham_W.F.C.), who play home games on the campus of [Durham University](/source/Durham_University#Sport) and [Sunderland A.F.C.](/source/Sunderland_A.F.C._Women), who call [Hetton-le-Hole](/source/Hetton-le-Hole) home; they currently have no representatives in the top-tier [Women's Super League](/source/Women's_Super_League).

#### First "world cup" winners and influential amateurs

Amateur and semi-professional football clubs like [Bishop Auckland](/source/Bishop_Auckland_F.C.) and [Blyth Spartans A.F.C.](/source/Blyth_Spartans_A.F.C.) have had success and public attention through [Football Association Cup](/source/FA_Cup) runs, but the most famous achievement was by [West Auckland Town FC](/source/West_Auckland_Town_FC) in 1910: they were invited to take part in a competition in Italy to compete for what was then labelled the soccer World Cup. West Auckland won the competition against some of Europe's biggest sides; they defeated [Juventus](/source/Juventus) 2–0 in the final. They successfully defended the title the following year. The first World Cup trophy played for in these tournaments, [Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy](/source/Sir_Thomas_Lipton_Trophy), which was being held in West Auckland Working Men's Club, was stolen in 1994 and never recovered. An exact replica of the original trophy was commissioned and is now held by West Auckland FC. The story of West Auckland's success was made into a film called "A Captain's Tale", starring actor [Dennis Waterman](/source/Dennis_Waterman) as club captain Jones.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Players from some of the region's minor league teams have gone on to influence football on the world stage. [Jack Greenwell](/source/Jack_Greenwell) (John Richard Greenwell), an ex-coal miner who played non-league football for [Crook Town A.F.C.](/source/Crook_Town_A.F.C.) from 1901 to 1912, went to Spain and played 88 games for Barcelona before becoming their manager in 1917. Greenwell's achievements at Barcelona include winning five Catalan championships and two [Copas del Rey](/source/Copas_del_Rey). He also managed Espanyol, Mallorca and Valencia. On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he moved to South America to manage the Peruvian and Colombian national teams; he died in 1942 in [Bogotá](/source/Bogot%C3%A1).[122]

#### Notable associated footballers

There are many notable footballers from the Northeast of England. Sunderland's [Alf Common](/source/Alf_Common) became the world's first £1,000 player when he was signed by Middlesbrough in 1905.[123] Other pre Second World War and immediate post war greats were [Charles Buchan](/source/Charlie_Buchan), who created and edited the iconic magazine "Football Monthly",[124] [George Camsell](/source/George_Camsell), [Hughie Gallacher](/source/Hughie_Gallacher), [Wilf Mannion](/source/Wilf_Mannion), [Raich Carter](/source/Raich_Carter), [Bob Gurney](/source/Bob_Gurney) all of whom are described in a famous book by the "Clown Prince of Football" [Len Shackleton](/source/Len_Shackleton). Mr Shackleton's book shot to immediate fame and caused a storm when first published because chapter 9, named "The Average Director's Knowledge of Football", was produced as a blank page.[125] Local Heroes after the Second World War included [Joe Harvey](/source/Joe_Harvey_(footballer)), [Jackie Milburn](/source/Jackie_Milburn),[126] [Brian Clough](/source/Brian_Clough)[127] and Newcastle's [Bobby Moncur](/source/Bobby_Moncur) who led his team to win the Inter City Fairs Cup in 1969.[128]

Wilf Mannion's Statue at Middlesbrough's Riverside Stadium

Perhaps the two most significant English players to come from this region are [Bobby Charlton](/source/Bobby_Charlton) and [Jackie Charlton](/source/Jackie_Charlton) who learnt their early football after being born and raised in the coal mining town of [Ashington](/source/Ashington).[129][130] They were incidentally related to Jackie Milburn who was their uncle. Bobby joined [Manchester United](/source/Manchester_United) and Jackie [Leeds United](/source/Leeds_United) both contributing much to the success and history of their respective clubs. They both became permanent fixtures in [Alf Ramsey](/source/Alf_Ramsey)'s 1966 England World Cup winning team.[131]

[Malcolm Macdonald](/source/Malcolm_Macdonald) was a successful Newcastle player of the 1970s. Sunderland goalkeeper [Jim Montgomery](/source/Jimmy_Montgomery)'s double save, which helped Sunderland, which was then a Second Division club, beat Leeds United to win the 1973 FA Cup Final by an [Ian Porterfield](/source/Ian_Porterfield) goal, is an incident that is frequently recalled. Great players of the 1980s and 1990s include local born internationals like [Peter Beardsley](/source/Peter_Beardsley), [Paul Gascoigne](/source/Paul_Gascoigne), [Chris Waddle](/source/Chris_Waddle) and [Alan Shearer](/source/Alan_Shearer). Shearer remains the highest scoring player in Premier League history with 260 goals in 441 appearances.[132] In the early 2000s Middlesbrough also joined the top clubs in English Football and played for a number of years in the Premier League and winning the League Cup in 2004. The Brazilian [Juninho Paulista](/source/Juninho_Paulista) was an influential player for Middlesbrough during their time in the top flight, a time when the [Middlesbrough](/source/Middlesbrough_F.C.) football academy became famous for producing a number of young top flight players such as [Stewart Downing](/source/Stewart_Downing), [James Morrison](/source/James_Morrison_(footballer)), [Lee Cattermole](/source/Lee_Cattermole), [Adam Johnson](/source/Adam_Johnson_(footballer))[133] and, more recently, [Ben Gibson](/source/Ben_Gibson).[134]

In recent times, the Northeast, especially Sunderland, has produced many notable female footballers. Of the 23 players in England's [2019 Women's World Cup](/source/2019_Women's_World_Cup) squad, five players were born in the North East and had played for [Sunderland A.F.C. Women](/source/Sunderland_A.F.C._Women) at some point in their careers: [Lucy Bronze](/source/Lucy_Bronze) (who would go on to win four [Champions League](/source/UEFA_Women's_Champions_League) titles with [Lyon](/source/Olympique_Lyonnais_F%C3%A9minin) and [Barcelona](/source/FC_Barcelona_Femen%C3%AD)), [Carly Telford](/source/Carly_Telford), [Demi Stokes](/source/Demi_Stokes), [Jill Scott](/source/Jill_Scott_(footballer)) and [Steph Houghton](/source/Steph_Houghton).[135] Further, [Lucy Staniforth](/source/Lucy_Staniforth), also a member of the 2019 World Cup squad, moved to Bronze's hometown of [Alnwick](/source/Alnwick) at the age of 10 and played for Sunderland, whilst [Jordan Nobbs](/source/Jordan_Nobbs), a regular [Lioness](/source/England_women's_national_football_team) who missed 2019 through injury but was a silver medalist in [2023](/source/2023_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup) along with Bronze, hails from [Stockton-on-Tees](/source/Stockton-on-Tees) and came through the youth system in Sunderland, eventually graduating to the first team. [Euro 2022](/source/Euro_2022) golden boot winner and [Arsenal](/source/Arsenal_W.F.C.) star [Beth Mead](/source/Beth_Mead) is a native of [Whitby](/source/Whitby), located just south of North East England, but plied her trade at [Middlesbrough](/source/Middlesbrough_F.C._Women) before moving to Sunderland A.F.C. in 2011, where she became the youngest WSL Golden Boot winner at the age of 20 in 2015.

### Horse racing

Early races were mentioned in 1613 at [Woodham](/source/Woodham%2C_County_Durham) near Aycliffe and were held at Newcastle's Killingworth Moor from 1632 before moving to the Town Moor. The 'Pitmen's Derby' or [Northumberland Plate](/source/Northumberland_Plate) was held from 1833 and moved to [Gosforth](/source/Gosforth) in 1882. Georgian races were held at places like [Barnard Castle](/source/Barnard_Castle), [Bishop Auckland](/source/Bishop_Auckland), [Blaydon](/source/Blaydon), [Chester-le-Street](/source/Chester-le-Street), [Darlington](/source/Darlington), Durham, Gateshead, [Hebburn](/source/Hebburn), [Heighington](/source/Heighington%2C_County_Durham), [Lanchester](/source/Lanchester%2C_County_Durham), [Ryton](/source/Ryton%2C_Tyne_and_Wear), Sedgefield, South Shields, Stockton-on-Tees, Sunderland, [Tanfield](/source/Tanfield%2C_Durham), [Whickham](/source/Whickham) and [Witton Gilbert](/source/Witton_Gilbert). A 1740 Act banned smaller meetings but some meetings like Durham survived into the late 19th or early 20th centuries.[136] Racing at Blaydon, which ended in 1916, was commemorated in an 1862 music hall song "[Blaydon Races](/source/Blaydon_Races)". Modern day horse racing is still popular and regular events still take place at Redcar, Newcastle and Sedgefield Race Courses.[137]

### Golf

Golf is a Scottish import to many countries but it is said to have been played in this region by [St Cuthbert](/source/St_Cuthbert) on the dunes of the Northumberland coast. The oldest club in Northeast England was [Alnmouth](/source/Alnmouth) founded in 1869 – the fourth oldest in the country and is now Alnmouth Village Club and an interesting 9 hole links course.[138] There are three fine old [links](/source/Links_(golf)) courses in this region at Seaton Carew, Goswick and Redcar.

"The Doctor", a testing golf hole named after Dr McCuaig, founder of Seaton Carew Golf Club. (par 3 encircled by 8 bunkers)

The first golf course appeared in County Durham in 1874[139][140][141] at [Seaton Carew Golf Club](/source/Seaton_Carew_Golf_Club) near Hartlepool.[142] It was to become the only course in the whole of the counties of Durham and [Yorkshire](/source/Yorkshire) and was originally called the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club and reference to this today remains in the Club's badge. Seaton Carew is the 10th oldest Golf Club in England.[143] The Club was set up by a newly qualified surgeon from Edinburgh, who played at Musselburgh, when he realised there was nowhere for him to continue to practice his passion for the game. This was Dr. Duncan McCuaig, who had moved down to Teesside shortly after qualifying at [University of Edinburgh](/source/University_of_Edinburgh). His memory can be recalled when one plays the third hole, a challenging par 3, named "The Doctor". Over the years some of the finest golfers in the country have played the links at Seaton Carew, including the legendary "[Great Triumvirate](/source/Great_Triumvirate_(golf))" of Golf [Harry Vardon](/source/Harry_Vardon), [John Henry "J H" Taylor](/source/John_Henry_Taylor) and [James Braid](/source/James_Braid_(golfer)) and several other Open Champions.[139][140]

[Alister MacKenzie](/source/Alister_MacKenzie), the designer of [Augusta National Golf Club](/source/Augusta_National_Golf_Club) in [Augusta, Georgia](/source/Augusta%2C_Georgia), home of [The Masters](/source/The_Masters), and the [Cypress Point](/source/Cypress_Point) golf course in [California](/source/California), lengthened the Seaton Carew Course in 1925 to 6,500 yards and designed new holes eastwards including the planting of over 2,000 buckthorn bushes. In 1937, [Walter Hagen](/source/Walter_Hagen) played an exhibition match at Seaton Carew during a tour of Europe and commented "It is a splendid course, the links are well groomed. It is not an easy course and provides a good test of golf. It is one I would like to play quite often".[144] This club by varying the playing sequence of the 22 holes can create 5 different course layouts. In 2014, "flyovers" of all 5 Seaton Carew Golf Course layouts were created with commentaries by TV commentator [Peter Alliss](/source/Peter_Alliss).[145] Alliss comments: "The tenth oldest in England and a true championship links to challenge all levels of players."[146]

Seaton Carew Golf Club is regular host to top amateur golf competitions. Golf England's [Brabazon Trophy](/source/Brabazon_Trophy) was held at this Club in 1985 and the winner, [Peter Baker](/source/Peter_Baker_(golfer)), went on to Ryder Cup and European Tour success after sharing this amateur title with the North East's Roger Roper (Roper turned professional at the age of 50 in 2007 to compete on the Seniors Professional Tour[147][148]). In June 2014, the Brabazon Trophy tournament returned to Seaton Carew and in line with the illustrious outcomes for past winners on this course a bright future was predicted for the winner Ben Stow from Wiltshire. Stow equalled the course record on the final day with a "birdie" on the final hole to win the Barabzon Trophy by one shot.[149] He subsequently competed internationally, winning the 2018 Prague Golf Challenge.[150]

[Goswick](/source/Goswick) near Berwick on Tweed is a James Braid design masterpiece which is widely acknowledged as a classic Northumberland links course[151] so much so, that the Royal and Ancient Golf Club (R&A) chose Goswick as a regional qualifier for the [Open Championship](/source/Open_Championship) for five years from 2008. At [Redcar](/source/Redcar) on Teesside, the [Cleveland Golf Course](http://www.clevelandgolfclub.co.uk/) of 1887 is the oldest in Yorkshire. The Tyneside Golf Club at [Ryton](/source/Ryton%2C_Tyne_and_Wear) dates from 1880 but there may have been earlier courses in the region. During the [English Civil War](/source/English_Civil_War) of 1642–1651, [King Charles](/source/King_Charles_I_of_England) played 'Goff' in the Shield Fields of the suburb of Pandon near Newcastle during his imprisonment in the town.[152]

Today inland golf courses are abundant in the northeast of England,[153] [Middlesbrough's Brass Castle Golf Club](http://www.middlesbroughgolfclub.co.uk/) and [Brancepeth](/source/Brancepeth%2C_County_Durham) Golf Club being two excellent examples from many but those new courses created in the late 20th and early 21st centuries at [Wynyard](/source/Wynyard_Golf_Club), Rockciffe Hall, Slalely Hall and Close House, have rapidly gained an international reputation and regularly hold professional events such as the Seve Trophy[154] and the Seniors Tour.[155]

The region has two professional golfers who are currently prominent in many professional golf tour events: [Kenny Ferrie](/source/Kenneth_Ferrie) from [Ashington](/source/Ashington) and [Graeme Storm](/source/Graeme_Storm) from Hartlepool have both won events on the prestigious [European Tour](/source/European_Tour).

The largest corporate golf day in the United Kingdom is held annually each September by the members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) when 180 golfers play both the Slaley Hunting and Priestman courses simultaneously, after a shot gun start.[156]

### Cricket

The Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street

Cricket has long been a popular sport in the Northeast of England and is said to date back to Elizabethan times. [Yorkshire County Cricket Club](/source/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club) was formed in 1863 and Durham County Cricket Club in 1882. After many years of success in the [Minor Counties Championship](/source/Minor_Counties_Championship), Durham joined Yorkshire in the senior counties championship in 1992. The Riverside cricket stadium, the home of [Durham County Cricket Club](/source/Durham_County_Cricket_Club)[157] in Chester-le-Street, in full view of Lumley Castle, is now one of the most picturesque cricket venues in the UK.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] This venue now regularly hosts international cricket; its first "Ashes" Test Match between England and Australia was in August 2013.[158] With 320 runs and 15 wickets on the last day of the match, the venue provided "the most high-octane day of a thrilling Test match", and England took an unassailable 3–0 lead against the Australians in the five-match Ashes Test series.[159]

### Athletics

[Athletics](/source/Athletics_(sport)) is a sport of rising popularity since the olympic and international success of Northeast athletes [Brendan Foster](/source/Brendan_Foster) in the 1970s and [Steve Cram](/source/Steve_Cram) in the 1980s. Both won international medals and broke world records in middle and long-distance running. Brendan Foster established the annual [Great North Run](/source/Great_North_Run), one of the best known half marathons in which thousands of participants run from Newcastle to South Shields. Brendan Foster, a former school teacher in this region, is also recognised as the driving force behind the creation of the [Gateshead International Athletics Stadium](/source/Gateshead_International_Stadium) which now regularly hosts International Athletics meets and other sporting events.

In 2013 the 33rd [Great North Run](/source/Great_North_Run) had 56,000 participants most of whom were raising money for charity. The elite races had Olympic gold medalists and world champion long-distance runners participating including in the men's race, [Mo Farah](/source/Mo_Farah), [Kenenisa Bekele](/source/Kenenisa_Bekele) and a regular supporter of the event [Haile Gebrselassie](/source/Haile_Gebrselassie). Ethiopian Bekele won the men's event just ahead of Farah. Kenya's [Priscah Jeptoo](/source/Priscah_Jeptoo) came first the women's race and multi Olympic gold medalist [David Weir](/source/David_Weir_(athlete)) won the wheelchair event.[160] The founder of the event, [Brendan Foster](/source/Brendan_Foster) was reported to be looking forward to 2014 when the Great North Run was scheduled to have its millionth finisher – becoming the first [International Athletics Association](/source/IAAF) Event (IAAF) event in the world to reach such a milestone.[161]

The 2014 Great North Run made history with [Mo Farah](/source/Mo_Farah) winning the men's race in a new personal best of just 1 hour. He was challenged all the way but he held off strong competition from Kenya's Mike Kigen.[162] The millionth finisher of the race was 51-year-old Tracey Cramond of Darlington, who ran to raise funds for the local Teesside charity Butterwick Hospice.[163]

## Media

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[BBC Broadcasting Centre, Newcastle](/source/BBC_North_East_and_Cumbria)

Local media includes:

Regional television is provided by the [BBC North East and Cumbria](/source/BBC_North_East_and_Cumbria), which broadcasts the regional evening *[Look North](/source/BBC_Look_North_(North_East_and_Cumbria))* programme from [Spital Tongues](/source/Spital_Tongues) in Newcastle. Its commercial rival, [ITV Tyne Tees & Border](/source/ITV_Tyne_Tees_%26_Border), broadcasts the evening programme *[ITV News Tyne Tees](/source/ITV_News_Tyne_Tees)* from Gateshead.

Local BBC radio stations are [BBC Newcastle](/source/BBC_Newcastle) and [BBC Tees](/source/BBC_Tees). Commercial radio stations include [Hits Radio North East](/source/Hits_Radio_North_East), [Hits Radio Teesside](/source/Hits_Radio_Teesside), [Heart North East](/source/Heart_North_East), [Capital North East](/source/Capital_North_East), [Smooth North East](/source/Smooth_North_East), [Greatest Hits Radio Teesside](/source/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Teesside), [Greatest Hits Radio North East](/source/Greatest_Hits_Radio_North_East) and [Nation Radio North East](/source/Nation_Radio_North_East). There are also [Nova Radio North East](/source/Nova_Radio_North_East), [Radio Hartlepool](/source/Radio_Hartlepool) and [Spark FM](/source/Spark_FM) community radio stations.

Regional newspapers include the *[Evening Chronicle](/source/Evening_Chronicle),*[Sunderland Echo](/source/Sunderland_Echo)*, [The Journal](/source/The_Journal_(Newcastle_upon_Tyne_newspaper)),* *[Evening Gazette](/source/Evening_Gazette_(Teesside))*, *[Shields Gazette](/source/Shields_Gazette)*, *[Hartlepool Mail](/source/Hartlepool_Mail)*, *[The Northern Echo](/source/The_Northern_Echo)* and the *Darlington and Stockton Times*. There are also free publications such as *[The Ferryhill Chapter](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ferryhill_Chapter&action=edit&redlink=1)*, *[Bishop Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Press&action=edit&redlink=1)*, *[The Hartlepool Post](/source/The_Hartlepool_Post)* and *[Shildon Town Crier](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shildon_Town_Crier&action=edit&redlink=1)*.

## Transport

### Rail

Commuter rail services in the region

[Darlington](/source/Darlington_railway_station) Station

- [East Coast Main Line](/source/East_Coast_Main_Line) (ECML) calls at [Newcastle](/source/Newcastle_Central_Railway_Station), [Durham](/source/Durham_railway_station) and [Darlington](/source/Darlington_railway_station), with fast connections to London and Edinburgh. In May 2018 the UK Government announced that the line was to be re-nationalized for the second time since privatisation in 1997.[164]

- [Durham Coast Line](/source/Durham_Coast_Line) connects [Tyne and Wear](/source/Tyne_and_Wear) as well as [Tees Valley](/source/Tees_Valley) with the main line.

- [London North Eastern Railway](/source/London_North_Eastern_Railway) serves the full length of the ECML and operates most of the stations on the route.

- [Grand Central](/source/Grand_Central_(train_operating_company)) links the region with London since December 2007. It does not have electric trains, and uses the [Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line](/source/Northallerton%E2%80%93Eaglescliffe_Line) and Durham Coast Line. Local services along these and most other local routes in the North East are provided by [Northern](/source/Northern_(train_operating_company)), based in Manchester. [TransPennine Express](/source/TransPennine_Express), also based in Manchester, have long-distance services from the region, via Scarborough and [West Yorkshire](/source/West_Yorkshire), to Manchester.

- The [Tyne and Wear Metro](/source/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro) is a light rail network which serves the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear's centres as well as at [Newcastle Airport](/source/Newcastle_International_Airport) and stadiums such as the [St James' Park](/source/St_James'_Park), the [Stadium of Light](/source/Stadium_of_Light), and [Gateshead International](/source/Gateshead_International_Stadium).

### Road

 *[Angel of the North](/source/Angel_of_the_North)* seen while entering [Tyneside](/source/Tyneside)

See also: [Transport in Tyne and Wear](/source/Transport_in_Tyne_and_Wear) and [Tees Valley](/source/Tees_Valley)

The North East's main arterial carriageway is the [A1 road](/source/A1_road_(Great_Britain)), which mirrors the East Coast Main Line's course. In County Durham this road is of [motorway](/source/Motorway) standard and is known as the [A1(M)](/source/A1(M)), and in March 2018 a section of A1(M) was opened between [Barton](/source/Barton%2C_North_Yorkshire) and [Leeming Bar](/source/Leeming_Bar) in [North Yorkshire](/source/North_Yorkshire) providing a continuous link to the motorway network in the rest of England. However, the A1 is still an all-purpose road in Tyne and Wear and Northumberland, and is controversially still single carriageway north of [Morpeth](/source/Morpeth%2C_Northumberland), despite being the main trunk route connecting [Edinburgh](/source/Edinburgh) and Newcastle upon Tyne and having a terrible safety record.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

A second north–south dual carriageway link is provided by the [A19](/source/A19_road) which heads north from [Thirsk](/source/Thirsk) (accessed via the A168 from the A1(M) at Dishforth), serving [Teesside](/source/Teesside), [Peterlee](/source/Peterlee) and [Sunderland](/source/Sunderland) before heading through the [Tyne Tunnel](/source/Tyne_Tunnel) to meet the A1 at [Seaton Burn](/source/Seaton_Burn). The Tyne Tunnel was opened as a single-carriageway in 1967, with a second tunnel opening in February 2011 for dual-ing.

The [course of the A1 through Tyne and Wear](/source/A1_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne) has changed twice during the late 20th century. Originally passing through the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne then, in 1977, it was re-routed to the east of the city through the Tyne Tunnel. In 1993 a second rerouting occurred, along Newcastle Western Bypass, west of the city. Each of these resulted in standing roads to be renumbered, the A1 [forms the boundary](/source/Great_Britain_road_numbering_scheme) and roads between beginning with 1 and 6.

The [A66](/source/A66_road) (Tees Valley) and [A68](/source/A68_road) (often following the [Roman road](/source/Roman_road) [Dere Street](/source/Dere_Street)) are cross-country roads over the [North Pennines](/source/North_Pennines). The [A69](/source/A69_road) heads west along the Tyne Valley to [Carlisle](/source/Carlisle) in [Cumbria](/source/Cumbria).

### Sea

[Queen of Scandinavia](/source/MS_Princess_Maria) berthed at North Shields

The ferry terminal at [North Shields](/source/North_Shields) is accessed via the A187 from the Tyne Tunnel. [DFDS](/source/DFDS) operate two ferries a day to [Amsterdam](/source/Amsterdam) and, formerly, one a day on the [Stavanger](/source/Stavanger) – [Haugesund](/source/Haugesund) – [Bergen](/source/Bergen) route.

### Air

The two main airports are [Newcastle Airport](/source/Newcastle_International_Airport), located north of the city near [Ponteland](/source/Ponteland), and [Teesside International Airport](/source/Teesside_International_Airport), located east of Darlington.

[Great North Air Ambulance](/source/Great_North_Air_Ambulance)

The region's population is served by a charitable service known as the [Great North Air Ambulance](/source/Great_North_Air_Ambulance) for those who need rapid transfer to a hospital or medical assistance in difficult or remote locations.

### Transport policy

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)

Long term planning for transport in the region has involved the development of sub regional strategies. This planning also needs to take into account region wide transport schemes such as those carried out by the [Highways Agency](/source/Highways_Agency) and [Network Rail](/source/Network_Rail).[165] These activities in the United Kingdom now fall into the remit of the [Local Enterprise Partnerships](/source/Local_Enterprise_Partnerships) (LEPs) which in the Northeast of England are [Tees valley Unlimited](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002185100/https://www.teesvalleyunlimited.gov.uk/) and the [North East LEP](http://www.nelep.co.uk/).[166] Bodies such as the Northeast Chamber of Commerce (NECC) and the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) are providers of significant practical insights to policy makers.[167][168]

Within the region the local transport authorities plan for the future by producing [Local Transport Plans (LTP)](/source/Local_transport_plan) which outline their strategies, policies and implementation programmes.[169] The most recent LTP is that for the period 2006–11. In the North East region the following transport authorities have published their LTP online: the 5 [Tees Valley](/source/Tees_Valley) authorities,[170][171][172][173][174] [Durham](/source/Durham%2C_England),[175] [Tyne and Wear](/source/Tyne_and_Wear)[176] and [Northumberland](/source/Northumberland).[177]

## Education

This section needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "North East England" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Main article: [Lists of schools in England § North East of England](/source/Lists_of_schools_in_England#North_East_of_England)

### Primary

There are over 250 nursery/primary schools in the County Durham area of the north east, which range from schools with their own nursery, to schools that are either infant only or junior only.[178] Areas such as [Gosforth](/source/Gosforth) have first schools which have neither years 5 nor 6, and therefore educate children up to the age of 8 and 9.

### Secondary

[Hummersknott School](/source/Hummersknott_School) near Darlington

The North East education system consists largely of [comprehensive schools](/source/Comprehensive_school), but a number of private and independent schools are found in Newcastle, Sunderland, Durham, Darlington, Stockton and in particular, Northumberland.

In 2014 a number of the regions schools were in the top 20% of schools as measured by SSAT — the UK organisation for school improvement and collaboration — and have been awarded an SSAT Educational Outcomes Award recognising their successes. These schools are Burnside Business & Enterprise College, in Newcastle, Castle View Enterprise Academy, in Sunderland, Emmanuel College, in Gateshead, Greenfield Community College, in Newton Aycliffe, Northumberland Church of England Academy, in Ashington and The North Durham Academy in Stanley.[179] The awards, recognised high attainment and outstanding continuous improvement.

The schools in the top 20% for high attainment in GCSE exams were Burnside Business and Enterprise College and Northumberland Church of England Academy

The region's secondary school attendance is the lowest in England at around 125,000, with the next lowest in the [East Midlands](/source/East_Midlands). [Truancy](/source/Truancy) at its schools is a mixed picture. It has the second highest overall rate for urban areas, after [Yorkshire and the Humber](/source/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber), but the lowest rate in England in its rural areas. Middlesbrough has the region's highest rate with 7.2% persistent truants, which is the second highest rate in England after Manchester (7.3%). Next is Newcastle upon Tyne, with 6.4%, then the former district of [Wansbeck](/source/Wansbeck_District), with 6.3%

At [General Certificate of Secondary Education](/source/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education) (GCSE) level, the region's performance is similar to that of other largely urban areas, although its results are generally below the national average. Middlesbrough tends to perform the worst, and to produce results well below the national average. [Local education authorities](/source/Local_education_authorities) (LEAs) in the North East have improved at GCSE in recent years. North Tyneside performed the best in 2011, followed by Gateshead, Northumberland, and Darlington. No LEA in the North-East was above the 2011 national GCSE average. South Tyneside was the lowest for the [English Baccalaureate](/source/English_Baccalaureate), followed by Middlesbrough and Hartlepool. Gateshead and North Tyneside were the highest, and Gateshead was the only LEA above the national average for this measure.

The region's [parochial schools](/source/Parochial_school) tend to perform better at GCSE: these include [St Thomas More Catholic School, Blaydon](/source/St_Thomas_More_Catholic_School%2C_Blaydon); [Emmanuel College, Gateshead](/source/Emmanuel_College%2C_Gateshead); [All Saints Academy, Ingleby Barwick](/source/All_Saints_Academy%2C_Ingleby_Barwick); [The English Martyrs School, Hartlepool](/source/EMS_Hartlepool); [St Bede's Catholic School, Lanchester](/source/St_Bede's_Catholic_School%2C_Lanchester) and the [Carmel College, Darlington](/source/Carmel_College%2C_Darlington). Other regional schools that perform well include [Whitley Bay High School](/source/Whitley_Bay_High_School), [Marden High School](/source/Marden_High_School) in Cullercoats, the [Macmillan Academy](/source/Macmillan_Academy) in Middlesbrough, [Park View School](/source/Park_View_School_(Chester-le-Street)) in Chester-le Street and the [Hurworth School](/source/Hurworth_School) near Darlington. Northumberland schools have a [three-tier system](/source/Three-tier_education), 12 year olds go into high school instead of 11 year olds going into a secondary school.

[Dame Allan's Schools](/source/Dame_Allan's_Schools), [Royal Grammar School](/source/Royal_Grammar_School%2C_Newcastle) (NRGS), [Barnard Castle School](/source/Barnard_Castle_School) and [Durham School](/source/Durham_School) are all members of [The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference](/source/The_Headmasters'_and_Headmistresses'_Conference). The [Central Newcastle High School](/source/Central_Newcastle_High_School) and the Royal Grammar School were named as among the nation's top 100 independent schools in 2006. Durham School is considered to be one of the oldest schools in the UK, and its Old Boys were the founding members of the original [Newcastle Falcons](/source/Newcastle_Falcons) Rugby club. [Mowden Hall School](/source/Mowden_Hall_School), a selective day and boarding [prep school](/source/Preparatory_school_(UK)) in Northumberland, is another independent school.

### College

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[QE Sixth Form College](/source/Queen_Elizabeth_Sixth_Form_College) in Darlington

There are sixteen [further education](/source/Further_education) colleges in the region.[180] The main such colleges are [East Durham College](/source/East_Durham_College), [Newcastle College](/source/Newcastle_College), [New College Durham](/source/New_College_Durham), [Darlington College](/source/Darlington_College), [Gateshead College](/source/Gateshead_College), [Bishop Auckland College](/source/Bishop_Auckland_College), [Stockton Riverside College](/source/Stockton_Riverside_College), [Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College](/source/Queen_Elizabeth_Sixth_Form_College), [Hartlepool College of Further Education](/source/Hartlepool_College_of_Further_Education), [Middlesbrough College](/source/Middlesbrough_College), [Northern School of Art and Design](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_School_of_Art_and_Design&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Sunderland College](/source/Sunderland_College). [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

North East LEAs at A-level are improving,[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] but produce results below those of other areas of England. Sunderland performed the best in 2011, with consistently good results, followed by Hartlepool and Darlington, which are above the national average, and unrepresentative of most areas in the North East. Darlington's [Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College](/source/Queen_Elizabeth_Sixth_Form_College) is one of the highest-rated colleges in England. The area's [Catholic schools](/source/Catholic_school) all do reasonably well at A level. Stockton-on-Tees, Redcar and Cleveland and Newcastle were also above England's average.

Many of region's colleges provide [higher education](/source/Higher_education) validated by a university.

### University

Newcastle University

The North East has five universities; [Durham University](/source/Durham_University), [Newcastle University](/source/Newcastle_University) (both in the [Russell Group](/source/Russell_Group)), [Northumbria University](/source/Northumbria_University) in [Newcastle](/source/Newcastle_upon_Tyne), [Teesside University](/source/Teesside_University) ([Middlesbrough](/source/Middlesbrough) and [Darlington](/source/Darlington)) and the [University of Sunderland](/source/University_of_Sunderland).

## See also

- [North East England portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_East_England)

- [Kingdom of Northumbria](/source/Kingdom_of_Northumbria)

- [Bernicia](/source/Bernicia)

- [Northumbrian music](/source/Northumbrian_music)

- [Northumbrian smallpipes](/source/Northumbrian_smallpipes)

- [English of Northumbria](/source/English_of_Northumbria)

- [List of urban areas in the United Kingdom](/source/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom)

- [Demographics of Tees Valley](/source/Demographics_of_Tees_Valley)

## Notes

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_1-0)** ["Standard Area Measurements (Latest) for Administrative Areas in the United Kingdom"](https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom/about). *[Open Geography Portal](/source/ONS_Open_Geography_Portal)*. Office for National Statistics. 24 April 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-popstats_2-0)** ["Mid-Year Population Estimates, United Kingdom, June 2024"](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2024/mye24tablesuk.xlsx). *[Office for National Statistics](/source/Office_for_National_Statistics)*. 26 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_3-1) [UK Census](/source/2021_United_Kingdom_census) (2021). ["2021 Census Area Profile – North East Region (E12000001)"](https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E12000001). *Nomis*. [Office for National Statistics](/source/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)). Retrieved 14 August 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["World Heretige List: Durham Cathedral and Castle"](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/370). UNESCO. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090219003730/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/370) from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["World Heretige List: Frontiers of the Roman Empire"](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430). UNESCO. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170506113424/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430) from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Segedunum, Where Roman Life Begins"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130912090628/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/segedunum-roman-fort.html). Tyne & Wear Archives and Museums. Archived from [the original](http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/segedunum-roman-fort.html) on 12 September 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Great North Museum Hancock, Roman Empire"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140513074317/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/great-north-museum/whats-on/displays/roman-empire.html). Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums. Archived from [the original](http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/great-north-museum/whats-on/displays/roman-empire.html) on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. ["The Twin Monastery of Wearmouth Jarrow"](https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5681/). *UNESCO World Heritage Centre*. Retrieved 7 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Lindisfarne Gospels"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/features/gospels/gospels_tense_past.shtml). BBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100811032451/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/features/gospels/gospels_tense_past.shtml) from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["St Cuthbert Reburied in Durham Cathedral"](http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/st-cuthbert-reburied-durham-cathedral). history today. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140513120319/http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/st-cuthbert-reburied-durham-cathedral) from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Green, Peter. ["In Search of St. Hilda"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140203101919/http://www.wilfrid.com/saints/search_of_hilda06.htm). Parish Church of St. Wilfrid, Bognor. Archived from [the original](http://www.wilfrid.com/saints/search_of_hilda06.htm) on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Venerable Bede"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131019072711/http://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/history/bede). Durham World Heritage Site. Archived from [the original](http://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/history/bede) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["The Lindisfarne Gospels"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/features/gospels/gospels_tense_past.shtml). British Broadcasting Corp. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100811032451/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/features/gospels/gospels_tense_past.shtml) from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Hirst, Kris. ["Viking Raids: The Early Medieval Practice of Viking Raids"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130523072439/http://archaeology.about.com/od/vikings/qt/viking_raid.htm). About.com Guide. Archived from [the original](http://archaeology.about.com/od/vikings/qt/viking_raid.htm) on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Simpson, David. ["History of Northumbria:Viking era 866 AD to 1066 AD"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130730071112/http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/VikingNorthumbria.html). EnglandsNortheast. Archived from [the original](http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/VikingNorthumbria.html) on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Wood, Michael (1986). *Domesday:A Search for the Roots of England*. Guild Publishing. p. 129.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [Oliver, Neil](/source/Neil_Oliver) (2012). *Vikings A History*. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 237. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-297-86787-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86787-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Richardson, Sarah (24 June 2013). ["Migration: Geordie Vikings"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130728050724/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/migration-geordie-vikings/). Laing Art Gallery. Archived from [the original](http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/migration-geordie-vikings/) on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["When was Newcastle Castle built?"](https://www.newcastlecastle.co.uk/castle-blog/when-was-newcastle-castle-built). *Newcastle Castle*. Retrieved 22 August 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["European elections 2009: North East region"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5291337/European-elections-2009-North-East-region.html). *The Telegraph*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101031135712/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/5291337/European-elections-2009-North-East-region.html) from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2013.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-106)** Walker, Martin. ["Cash approved for £4.2m Teesside digital centre"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130821075011/https://bdaily.co.uk/creative/20-08-2013/cash-approved-for-42m-teesside-digital-centre/). BDaily. Archived from [the original](https://bdaily.co.uk/creative/20-08-2013/cash-approved-for-42m-teesside-digital-centre/) on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-109)** ["PD Ports Aims to Make Logistics More Logical"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171140/http://www.pdportcentriclogistics.co.uk/pd-ports-aims-to-make-logistics-more-logical/). PD Ports. Archived from [the original](http://www.pdportcentriclogistics.co.uk/pd-ports-aims-to-make-logistics-more-logical/) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2013.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-112)** ["History of Stockton on Tees"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230902/http://www.stocktonteesside.co.uk/history.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.stocktonteesside.co.uk/history.html) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-113)** ["Sir Joseph Swan, The Literary & Philosophical Society of Newcastle"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140429190301/http://www.rsc.org/get-involved/chemical-landmarks/UK/JosephSwan.asp). Royal Society of Chemistry. 3 February 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.rsc.org/get-involved/chemical-landmarks/UK/JosephSwan.asp) on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-117)** Hornby, Hugh (2008). *Uppies and Downies: The Extraordinary Football Games of Britain*. English Heritage. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-905624-64-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905624-64-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-118)** Brown, Janet. ["Ulgham Genealogy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150427021603/http://ulgham.tripod.com/ulgen/ulgenL.htm). Archived from [the original](http://ulgham.tripod.com/ulgen/ulgenL.htm) on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Magoun_119-0)** Francis Peabody Magoun, 1929, "Football in Medieval England and Middle-English literature" (*The American Historical Review*, v. 35, No. 1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hutchinson_1997_120-0)** Hutchinson, Roger (1997). *The Toon: A complete History of Newcastle United Football Club*. Mainstream Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85158-956-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85158-956-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-121)** Simpson, David. ["Sport in the North East 1700 to 1999"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130209010448/http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Sport.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Sport.html) on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-122)** Leatherdale, Duncan (5 October 2013). ["Barcelona Jack's granddaughter returns to her roots in Crook"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150114142502/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/10719118.Barcelona_Jack_s_granddaughter_returns_to_her_roots_in_Crook/). *Northern Echo*. Archived from [the original](http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/10719118.Barcelona_Jack_s_granddaughter_returns_to_her_roots_in_Crook/) on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-123)** Proud, Keith (18 August 2013). ["The Player with the Common Touch"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131211095605/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/features/columnists/memories/teesside/3603267.The_player_with_the_Common_touch_/). *The Northern Echo*. Archived from [the original](http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/features/columnists/memories/teesside/3603267.The_player_with_the_Common_touch_/) on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-124)** Buchan, Charles (1956). *A lifetime in Football*. Mainstream Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84596-654-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-654-6). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-125)** Shackleton, Len (2000). *Return of the Clown Prince*. GHKN Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-9538244-0-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9538244-0-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-126)** Milburn, Jack (2003). *Jackie Milburn: A Man of Two Halves*. Mainstream Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-84018-804-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84018-804-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-127)** Clough, Brian (2002). *Cloughie: Walking on Water*. Headline Book Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7472-6567-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7472-6567-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-128)** Jeffry, Jim (2009). *Newcastle United: The 1968–69 Fairs Cup Story*. Breedon Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85983-737-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-737-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-129)** Charlton, Bobby (2007). [*The Autobiography, My Manchester United Years*](https://archive.org/details/sirbobbycharlton0000char). Headline. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7553-1619-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1619-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-130)** Charlton, Jack (1996). [*Jack Charlton The Autobiography*](https://archive.org/details/autobiography0000char). Partridge Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85225-256-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85225-256-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-131)** Mckinstry, Leo (2006). [*Sir Alf*](https://archive.org/details/siralf00leom). HarperSport. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-00-719379-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-719379-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-132)** ["Player profile: Alan Shearer"](http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.career-history.html/alan-shearer). Premier League 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140108105549/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.career-history.html/alan-shearer) from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-133)** Tallentire, Philip (6 November 2016). "Agree with this top 5 graduates from Middlesbrough FC's Rockliffe Park Academy?". GazetteLive.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-134)** Tallentire, Philip (25 March 2017). "'Be like Ben Gibson': Middlesbrough Academy boss David Parnaby's advice for Dael Fry". GazetteLive.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-135)** Challies, Josh (1 July 2019). ["Sunderland and the North East's role in England's World Cup"](https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sunderland-england-women-world-cup-16512766). *ChronicleLive*. Retrieved 4 September 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-136)** Simpson, Dave. ["Sport in the North East 1700 to 1999"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130209010448/http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Sport.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Sport.html) on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-137)** ["Racing in the North East"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131021011357/http://racecoursehospitality.net/Racing_in_the_North_East.aspx). Northeast Racecourse Hospitality. Archived from [the original](http://www.racecoursehospitality.net/Racing_in_the_North_East.aspx) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-138)** ["History of Alnmouth GC"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130728145425/http://www.alnmouthgolfclub.com/pages.php/page/83cdb148-a240-102c-9079-001ec9b331b2/view_section.html). Alnmouth Golf Club. Archived from [the original](http://www.alnmouthgolfclub.com/pages.php/page/83cdb148-a240-102c-9079-001ec9b331b2/view_section.html) on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hornby_1974_139-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hornby_1974_139-1) Hornby, Derek (1974). *The History of Seaton Carew Golf Club*. Seaton Carew Golf Club.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Trotter_2001_140-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Trotter_2001_140-1) Trotter, Ron (2001). *125 Years of Golf at Seaton Carew 1874–1999*. Seaton Carew Golf Club.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-141)** "Recalling a Century of Golf at Seaton Carew". *Hartlepool Mail*. 5 March 1974.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-142)** ["Seaton Carew Golf Club"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130724085500/http://www.seatoncarewgolfclub.co.uk/pages.php/index.html). Seaton Carew Golf Club. Archived from [the original](http://www.seatoncarewgolfclub.co.uk/pages.php/index.html) on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-143)** Smith, Rob (24 October 2008). ["Top 100 Golf Courses"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100117131929/http://www.golf-monthly.co.uk/courses/tophundred/278744/no-91-seaton-carew.html). Golf Monthly. Archived from [the original](http://www.golf-monthly.co.uk/courses/tophundred/278744/no-91-seaton-carew.html) on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-144)** Trotter, Ron (2001). *125 Years of Golf at Seaton Carew 1847 -1999*. Seaton Carew Golf Club.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-145)** ["Course Flyover"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140716213035/http://www.seatoncarewgolfclub.co.uk/pages.php/page/51febeef-c137-11e3-9d88-002590a5fe03/view_section.html). Seaton Carew Golf Club. Archived from [the original](http://www.seatoncarewgolfclub.co.uk/pages.php/page/51febeef-c137-11e3-9d88-002590a5fe03/view_section.html) on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-146)** Robinson, Paul (July 2014). "Northern Golfer – Seaton Carew". Offstone. p. 14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-147)** ["PGA Tour Roger Roper"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150503015214/http://www.sportsnetwork.com/merge/tsnform.aspx?c=latimes&page=golf-m%2Fstat%2FGL_playerBio.aspx%3FPlayerID%3D10781%2C). The Sports Network. Archived from [the original](http://www.sportsnetwork.com/merge/tsnform.aspx?c=latimes&page=golf-m/stat/GL_playerBio.aspx?PlayerID=10781,) on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-148)** ["Roger enjoys a senior moment"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203301/http://www.northerngolfer.co.uk/roger-enjoys-a-senior-moment/). Northern Golfer. July 2011. Archived from [the original](http://www.northerngolfer.co.uk/roger-enjoys-a-senior-moment/) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-149)** ["Brabazon Trophy: Big Ben creates a little bit of history for Seaton Carew"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134742/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/11308286.Brabazon_Trophy__Big_Ben_creates_a_little_bit_of_history_for_Seaton_Carew/). *The Northern Echo*. 29 June 2014. Archived from [the original](http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/11308286.Brabazon_Trophy__Big_Ben_creates_a_little_bit_of_history_for_Seaton_Carew/) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-European_Tour_2021_150-0)** ["Player profile Ben Stow"](https://www.europeantour.com/players/ben-stow-38254/?tour=european-tour). *European Tour*. Retrieved 14 August 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-151)** ["Goswick Links Golf Club"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130828043737/http://www.goswicklinksgc.co.uk/). Goswick Links Golf Club. Archived from [the original](http://www.goswicklinksgc.co.uk/) on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-152)** McKenzie, Eneas. ["The suburbs of Pandon"](http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43339). British History Online. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130907070154/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43339) from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-153)** ["Golf Courses in England"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130814061538/http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/england.html). Golf Today. Archived from [the original](http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/england.html) on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-155)** ["Rockliffe Hall clinches major European golf tournament bringing thousands to the region"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085228/https://bdaily.co.uk/hospitality/21-08-2013/rockliffe-hall-clinches-major-european-golf-tournament-bringing-thousands-to-the-region/). BDaily. Archived from [the original](https://bdaily.co.uk/hospitality/21-08-2013/rockliffe-hall-clinches-major-european-golf-tournament-bringing-thousands-to-the-region/) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-166)** ["Written Statement to Parliament on Local transport body funding allocations"](https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/local-transport-body-funding-allocations). UK Government. 16 July 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130901153108/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/local-transport-body-funding-allocations) from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-167)** "Northeast Business Transport Priorities January 2013" (Document). North East Chamber of Commerce. January 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-168)** ["State of the Nation 2013, North East Transport"](http://www.ice.org.uk/getattachment/9acd4612-5e4e-4a29-b95a-ea797d7a5191/State-of-the-Nation-Transport-ICE-North-East.aspx). *Institution of Civil Engineers*. Retrieved 23 August 2013.[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-169)** ["The LTP process"](http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100513051107/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/ltp/theltpprocess). *Department for Transport*. The National Archives. Archived from [the original](http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/ltp/theltpprocess) on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2012.

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## Further reading

- Cunningham, Sean. "Henry VII and rebellion in north-eastern England, 1485–1492: bonds of allegiance and the establishment of Tudor authority." *Northern History* 32.1 (1996): 42–74.

- Ellis, Steven G. "Region and Frontier in the English State: the English Far North, 1296–1603" (2009) [online](http://www.cliohworld.net/onlread/4/05.pdf).

- Green, Adrian Gareth, and Anthony James Pollard, eds. *Regional identities in north-east England, 1300–2000* (Boydell Press, 2007).

- Lancaster, Bill. "The North East, England's most distinctive region." in *An agenda for regional history* (2007): 27+.

- Lomas R. *North-east England in the Middle Ages* (Edinburgh, 1992).

- Namier, Lewis. "North-Eastern England in the Eighteenth Century." *History Today* (July 1953) 3#7 pp 484–489.

- Palliser, David Michael. *Medieval York: 600–1540* (Oxford University Press, 2014).

- Pollard, A. J. *North-eastern England During the Wars of Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics, 1450–1500* (Oxford University Press, 1990).

- Tomaney, John. "In search of English regionalism: the case of the North East." *Scottish Affairs* 28.1 (1999): 62–82.

## External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for ***[North East England](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/North_East_England#Q47983)***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [North East England](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North_East_England).

- [Government Office for the North East official site](https://web.archive.org/web/20081228021047/http://www.go-ne.gov.uk/)

- [Association of Northeast Councils (ANEC)](https://web.archive.org/web/20090228063123/http://www.northeastcouncils.gov.uk/)

- [Northeast Chamber of Commerce (NECC)](http://www.necc.co.uk/)

- [Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC)](http://www.nepic.co.uk/)

- [North East Local Enterprise Partnership (NELEP)](http://nelep.co.uk/)

- [North East Enterprise Zone](http://nelep.co.uk/enterprise-zone/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133253/http://nelep.co.uk/enterprise-zone/) 2 April 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Tees Valley Unlimited (TVU)](https://web.archive.org/web/20131002185100/https://www.teesvalleyunlimited.gov.uk/)

- [Tees Valley Enterprise Zone](https://web.archive.org/web/20141129175106/https://www.teesvalleyunlimited.gov.uk/tees-valley/enterprise-zone.aspx)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [North East England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.