# Noongar language > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Noongar_language > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Noongar_language.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noongar_language > Source revision: 1342252082 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Southwestern Australian Aboriginal language This article should specify the language of its non-English content using {{lang}} or {{langx}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used - notably nys for Nyungar. See why. (October 2024) Noongar Nyungar Native to Australia Region Western Australia Ethnicity Noongar (Amangu, Ballardong, Yued, Kaneang, Koreng, Mineng, Njakinjaki, Njunga, Pibelmen, Pindjarup, Wardandi, Whadjuk, Wiilman, Wudjari) Native speakers <240 (2014)[1] Language family Pama–Nyungan Nyungic Noongar Dialects Wudjari (Kwetjman) Mineng (Minang) Bibbulman (Pipelman) Kaniyang (Kaneang) Wardandi Balardung (incl. Tjapanmay?) Yuat (Juat) Wiilman Whadjuk ?Pinjarup Writing system Latin Language codes ISO 639-3 nys – inclusive code [2] Individual codes: xgg – Koreng (Goreng) xrg – Mineng (Minang) xbp – Bibbulman (Pipelman) wxw – Wardandi pnj – Pinjarup xwj – Whadjuk (Wajuk) Linguist List qsz Juat (Yuat) Glottolog nyun1247 AIATSIS[3] W41 The Noongar language subgroup, and its individual varieties, before contact with Europeans References ^ Long (2014). ^ SIL Global (2025). ^ W41 Noongar at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies **Noongar** ([/ˈnʊŋɑːr/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)), also **Nyungar** ([/ˈnjʊŋɡɑːr/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)[a]), is an [Australian Aboriginal language](/source/Australian_Aboriginal_languages) or [dialect continuum](/source/Dialect_continuum), spoken by some members of the [Noongar](/source/Noongar) community and others. It is taught actively in Australia, including at schools, universities and through public broadcasting.[3][4] The [country](/source/Country_(Indigenous_Australians)) of the Noongar people is the southwest corner of [Western Australia](/source/Western_Australia). Within that region, many Noongar words have been [adopted](/source/Loanword) into [Australian English](/source/Australian_English), particularly names of plants and animals.[5] Noongar was first recorded in 1801 by [Matthew Flinders](/source/Matthew_Flinders), who made a number of word lists.[6] ## Varieties Map of Perth showing Noongar names for places where recorded in the [OpenStreetMap](/source/OpenStreetMap) project,[7] and English names where they are not. Names recorded for features such as [Swan River](/source/Swan_River_(Western_Australia)), [Perth Oval](/source/Perth_Oval) and [Galup](/source/Galup) are not shown in this map. As of March 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noongar_language&action=edit), there are 103 instances of the 'name:nys' tag used to record Noongar names in OpenStreetMap. It is generally agreed that there was no single, standard Noongar (or Nyungar) language before European settlement: it was a [subgroup](/source/Linkage_(linguistics)) (or possibly a [dialect continuum](/source/Dialect_continuum)) of closely related languages, whose speakers were differentiated geographically and, in some cases, by cultural practices. The dialects merged into the modern Noongar language following colonisation. A 1990 conference organised by the Nyoongar Language Project Advisory Panel recognised that the Noongar subgroup included at least three distinct languages. This was highlighted by the 2011 *Noongar Dictionary*, edited by Bernard Rooney, which was based on the Yuat (Juat) variety, from the northwest part of the Noongar subgroup area.[8] The highlighted area of the map shown here may correspond to the Noongar subgroup. The subdivisions shown correspond to individual [varieties](/source/Variety_(linguistics)). In modern Noongar, these varieties have merged. There is controversy in some cases as to whether all of these varieties were part of the original Noongar subgroup. Some may have been distinct languages and some may have belonged to neighbouring subgroups. Many linguists[*[who?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions)*] believe that the northernmost language shown, Amangu, was not part of the Noongar subgroup, was instead a part of the [Kartu subgroup](/source/Kartu_languages), and may have been a dialect of the Kartu language [Nhanda](/source/Nhanda_language). (As such, Amangu may have been synonymous with a dialect known as Nhanhagardi, which has also been classified, at different times, as a part of Nhanda, Noongar, or [Widi](/source/Badimaya_language).) There is a general consensus that the following varieties belong to the Noongar subgroup:[9] Wudjari, Minang, Bibelman (a.k.a. Pibelman; Bibbulman),[b] Kaneang (Kaniyang), Wardandi, Balardung (a.k.a. Ballardong; which probably included Tjapanmay/Djabanmai), and Yuat (Juat). Wiilman, Whadjuk (Wajuk) and Pinjarup are also usually regarded as dialects of Noongar, although this identification is not completely secure.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The Koreng (Goreng) people are thought to have spoken a dialect of, or closely related to, Wudjari, in which case their language would have been part of the Noongar subgroup.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] [Njakinjaki](/source/Njakinjaki) (Nyakinyaki) was possibly a dialect of [Kalaamaya](/source/Kalaamaya_language) – a language related to, but separate from, the original Noongar subgroup. It is not clear if the [Njunga](/source/Njunga) (or Nunga) dialect was significantly different from Wudjari. However, according to [Norman Tindale](/source/Norman_Tindale), the Njunga people rejected the name Wudjari and had adopted some of the customs of their non-Noongar-speaking eastern neighbours, the [Ngadjunmaya](/source/Ngadjunmaya_language).[10] ## Documentation The Noongar names for birds were included in [Serventy](/source/Dom_Serventy) and [Whittell](/source/H._M._Whittell)'s *[Birds of Western Australia](/source/Birds_of_Western_Australia_(book))* (1948), noting their regional variations.[11][*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*] A later review and synthesis of recorded names and consultation with Noongars produced a list of recommended orthography and pronunciation for birds (2009) occurring in the region.[11][*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*] The author, Ian Abbott, also published these recommendations for plants (1983) and mammals (2001), and proposed that these replace other vernacular in common use.[12] A number of small wordlists were recorded in the early days of the [Swan River Colony](/source/Swan_River_Colony), for example [Robert Menli Lyon](/source/Robert_Menli_Lyon)'s 1833 publication *A Glance at the Manners and Language of Aboriginal Inhabitants of Western Australia*. Lyon acquired much of his information from [Yagan](/source/Yagan) while Yagan was incarcerated on [Carnac Island](/source/Carnac_Island). Despite the significance of Lyon's work in being the first of its kind, [George Fletcher Moore](/source/George_Fletcher_Moore) described Lyon's work as "containing many inaccuracies and much that was fanciful".[13][*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*] During August and October 1839 the *[Perth Gazette](/source/Perth_Gazette)* published *Vocabulary of the Aboriginal people of Western Australia*, written by Lieutenant [Grey](/source/George_Grey) of HM 83rd Regiment.[14][15] Grey spent twelve months studying the languages of the Noongar people and came to the conclusion that there was much in common between them. Just prior to publication, he received from Mr Bussel of the [Busselton](/source/Busselton) district a list of 320 words from that region which was near identical to those he had collected in the Swan River region. Much to Grey's disappointment, his work was published in an unfinished list as he was leaving the colony, but he believed that the publication would assist in communication between settlers and Noongar people. Also noted by Grey was that the Noongar language had no soft ⟨c⟩ sound, there was no use of ⟨f⟩ and that ⟨h⟩ was very rarely used and never at the start of a word.[16] Serious documentation of the Noongar language began in 1842 with the publication of *[A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language in Common Use Amongst the Aborigines of Western Australia](/source/A_Descriptive_Vocabulary_of_the_Language_in_Common_Use_Amongst_the_Aborigines_of_Western_Australia)* by [George Fletcher Moore](/source/George_Fletcher_Moore), later republished in 1884 as part of [Moore's diary](/source/Diary_of_George_Fletcher_Moore). This work included a substantial wordlist of Noongar. The first modern linguistic research on Noongar was carried out by [Gerhardt Laves](/source/Gerhardt_Laves) on the variety known as "Koreng", near [Albany](/source/Albany%2C_Western_Australia) in 1930, but this material was lost for many years and has only recently been recovered. Beginning in the 1930s and then more intensively in the 1960s [Wilfrid Douglas](/source/Wilfrid_Douglas) learnt and studied Noongar, eventually producing a grammar, dictionary, and other materials.[17] More recently, Noongar people have taken a major role in this work as researchers, for example Rose Whitehurst who compiled the *Noongar Dictionary* in her work for the Noongar Language and Culture Centre.[18] In 2012 Tim McCabe finished a PhD on Noongar place names, songs and stories,[19] having been taught a variety of the language by Clive Humphreys of [Kellerberrin](/source/Kellerberrin%2C_Western_Australia), and is teaching Noongar to inmates in Perth prisons.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Peter Bindon and Ross Chadwick have compiled an authoritative cross referenced "A Nyoongar Wordlist: from the South West of Western Australia", by assembling material from all of the above writers[*[specify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*] in their original spelling. It is clear from this reference that the orthographies used reflected not only dialectical differences, but also how the various authors "heard" and transcribed spoken Noongar.[13] ## Current situation ### Neo-Nyungar Neo-Nyungar Region SW Australia Native speakers 443 (2016 census)[20][failed verification] Language family Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Anglic English Australian English Neo-Nyungar Language codes ISO 639-3 – Linguist List eng-neo Glottolog None An English dialect with Noongar [admixture](/source/Mixed_language), known as **Neo-Nyungar**, is the community dialect of the Nyungar people.[21][*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*][20][*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*] ### Number of speakers On the [2016 census](/source/2016_Australian_census), 443 people identified themselves as speaking Noongar at home.[22] Since the late 20th century, there has been increased interest in reviving the Noongar/Nyungar language, including teaching it at many schools throughout the south west of [Western Australia](/source/Western_Australia). As of 2022[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noongar_language&action=edit) it is one of the 24 Aboriginal languages being taught at 68 schools in Western Australia to around 10,000 students.[23][24] [Curtin University](/source/Curtin_University) offers an open online Noongar language and culture course.[3] ### Noongar Language Centre The Noongar Language and Culture Centre was set up at the Bunbury Aboriginal Progress Association in 1986, and grew to include offices in [Northam](/source/Northam%2C_Western_Australia) and Perth. Authors such as [Charmaine Bennell](/source/Charmaine_Bennell) have released several books in the language.[25] Educators [Glenys Collard](/source/Glenys_Collard) and Rose Whitehurst started recording elders speaking using Noongar language in 1990.[26] In 1997 at a meeting of around 200 Noongar people at [Marribank](/source/Marribank), a standard [orthography](/source/Orthography) was agreed on for teaching the language in schools. A unanimous vote decided that the language would be spelt "Nyoongar", but later, as teaching and learning resources were being developed for the [Languages Other Than English](/source/Languages_Other_Than_English) (LOTE) curriculum which would be taught in schools, it was decided to change to "Noongar".[27] By 2010, 37 schools in the [South West](/source/South_West_(Western_Australia)) and [Perth](/source/Perth) were teaching the language.[26] In 2014, the Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation (NBLCAC) was incorporated, and the [Commonwealth Government](/source/Commonwealth_Government) provided funding for four years from 2015 under the Indigenous Languages Support program to establish the Noongar Language Centre.[27] The offices are located in [Cannington](/source/Cannington%2C_Western_Australia).[28] ### Noongarpedia "Djena djen", performed by [Noongarpedia](/source/Noongarpedia) mob, written by Wirlomin Noongar Language and Stories Project In 2015 Professor [Len Collard](/source/Len_Collard) from the School of Indigenous Studies at the [University of Western Australia](/source/University_of_Western_Australia) challenged the science behind the claim that it is an endangered language, citing the lack of rigour in the data. Collard began leading a project to create the "[Noongarpedia](/source/Noongarpedia)", recording the language in a [wiki](/source/Wiki) format, allowing for expansion over time.[5] The project is continuing as of April 2021[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noongar_language&action=edit), with the site growing in the [Wikimedia Incubator](/source/Wikimedia_Incubator). It is the first Wikipedia in an Aboriginal Australian language site, but it is intended to be [bilingual](/source/Bilingual), so as to be used as a teaching aid in schools.[29] ### Language through the arts Singer-songwriter [Gina Williams](/source/Gina_Williams) has promoted the use of the language through song, including [lullabies](/source/Lullaby) for children and a translation of the song "[Moon River](/source/Moon_River)".[30] An adaption and translation of the [Shakespearean](/source/Shakespeare) tragedy *[Macbeth](/source/Macbeth)* into Noongar was performed at the 2020 [Perth Festival](/source/Perth_Festival). The play, named *Hecate*, is produced by [Yirra Yaakin Theatre Company](/source/Yirra_Yaakin_Theatre_Company) with [Bell Shakespeare](/source/Bell_Shakespeare), and performed by an all-Noongar cast. The play took years to translate, and has sparked wider interest in reviving the language.[30][31] On July 2022, rock band [King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard](/source/King_Gizzard_%26_the_Lizard_Wizard) released a special edition of their album *[Butterfly 3000](/source/Butterfly_3000)* with all its 10 songs translated into Noongar by Merinda Hansen and Lois Spehn-Jackson; all proceedings of this edition are donated to the Langford Aboriginal Association.[32] ### Mobile apps Several [mobile apps](/source/Mobile_app) have been created that use Noongar language, both written and spoken. These include a plant identification app,[33] dictionary,[34] and cultural information.[35] ## Phonology The following are the sounds in the Noongar language:[18] ### Vowels Front Central Back High i u Mid e o Low a ### Consonants Peripheral Laminal Apical Labial Velar Palatal Alveolar Retroflex Plosive b/p ɡ/k ɟ/c d/t ɖ/ʈ Nasal m ŋ ɲ n ɳ Lateral ʎ l ɭ Rhotic r Approximant w j ɻ /r/ can be heard as either [r, ɾ] or a glide [ɹ]. ## Pronunciation Basic counting 1 through to 10 plus twenty Letter IPA and English sound Nyunga sound B /b/; "book" boodjar (country) D /d/; "dog" darbal (estuary) DJ or TJ /ɟ/; similar to "jewish" djen (foot) or nortj (death) NY /ɲ/; "canyon" nyungar NG /ŋ/; "sing" ngow (malleefowl) ## Grammar Noongar grammar is fairly typical of [Pama–Nyungan languages](/source/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages) in that it is [agglutinating](/source/Agglutinative_language), with words and phrases formed by the addition of affixes to verb and noun stems.[36] [Word order](/source/Word_order) in Noongar is free, but generally tends to follow a [subject–object–verb](/source/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb) pattern.[37] Because there are several [varieties](/source/Dialect) of Noongar,[38] aspects of grammar, syntax and orthography are highly regionally variable. ### Verbs Like most Australian languages, Noongar has a complex tense and aspect system.[39] The plain verb stem functions as both the infinitive and the present tense. Verb phrases are formed by adding suffixes or adverbs to the verb stem.[40] The following adverbs are used to indicate [grammatical tense](/source/Grammatical_tense) or [aspect](/source/Grammatical_aspect).[40][41] - *boorda* later (*boorda ngaarn*, "will eat later") - *mila* future (*mila ngaarn*, "will eat after a while") - *doora* conditional (*doora ngaarn*, "should eat") Some tense/aspect distinctions are indicated by use of a verb suffix. In Noongar, the past or preterite tense is the same as the past participle.[40] - *-iny* progressive (*ngaarniny*, "eating") - *-ga* past (*ngaarnga*, "ate, had eaten") A few adverbs are used with the past tense to indicate the amount of time since the event of the verb took place.[40] - *gorah* a long time (*gorah gaarnga*, "ate a long time ago") - *karamb* a short time (*karamb ngaarnga*, "ate a little while ago") - *gori* just now (*gori ngaarnga*, "just ate") ### Nouns There are no articles in Noongar.[42][43] Nouns (as well as adjectives) take a variety of suffixes which indicate [grammatical case](/source/Grammatical_case), specifically relating to motion or direction, among other distinctions.[44][45] -(a)k locative boorn-ak, "in the tree" -(a)k purposive daatj-ak, "for meat" -(a)l instrumental kitj-al, "by means of a spear" -an/ang genitive noon-an kabarli, "your grandmother" -(a)p place-of boorn-ap, "place of trees" -koorl illative keba-koorl, "towards the water" -ool ablative kep-ool, "away from the water" -ngat adessive keba-ngat, "near the water" -(a)biny translative moorditj-abiny, "becoming strong" -mokiny semblative dwert-mokiny, "like a dog" -boorong having or existing moorn-boorong, "getting dark" -broo abessive bwoka-broo, "without a coat" -kadak comitative mereny-kadak, "with food" -mit used-for kitjal baal daatj-mit barangin'y, "a spear is used for hunting kangaroos" -koop belong-to, inhabitant of bilya-koop, "river dweller" -djil emphatic kwaba-djil, "very good" -mart species or family bwardong-mart, "crow species" -(i)l agentive suffix used with ergative Colours spelt both in Noongar and English The direct object of a sentence (what might be called the dative) can also be expressed with the locative suffix -*ak*.[46][47] [Grammatical number](/source/Grammatical_number) is likewise expressed by the addition of suffixes. Nouns that end in vowels take the plural suffix -*man*, whereas nouns that end in consonants take -*gar*.[48][49] Inanimate nouns, that is, nouns that do not denote human beings, can also be pluralized by the simple addition of a numeral.[49] ### Pronouns Noongar pronouns are declined exactly as nouns, taking the same endings.[47][50] Thus, possessive pronouns are formed by the addition of the regular genitive suffix -*ang*.[50] Conversely, object pronouns are formed by the addition of the -*any* suffix.[50] Notably, there does not appear to be a great deal of pronominal variation across dialectal lines.[48] - - Subject Object Possessive I ngany nganyany nganyang he/she/it baal baalany baalang they baalap baalabany baalabang you noonook noonany noonang we ngalak ngalany ngalang Noongar features a set of [dual number](/source/Dual_(grammatical_number)) pronouns which identify interpersonal relationships based on [kinship](/source/Kinship) or marriage. The "fraternal" dual pronouns are used by and for people who are siblings or close friends, "paternal" dual pronouns are used by and for people who are paternal relatives (parent-child, uncle-niece and so forth),[51] and "marital" pronouns are used by and for people who are married to each other or are in-laws.[52] - - Fraternal Paternal Marital 1st person ngali ngala nganik 2nd person nubal nubal nubin 3rd person bula bulala bulen Typically, if the subject of a sentence is not qualified by a numeral or adjective, a subject-marker pronoun is used. Thus: *yongka **baal** boyak yaakiny* (lit. "kangaroo **it** on-rock standing"), "the kangaroo is standing on the rock."[53] ### Adjectives Adjectives precede nouns.[53] Some adjectives form the comparative by addition of the suffix -*jin* but more generally the comparative is formed by [reduplication](/source/Reduplication), a common feature in Pama-Nyungan languages.[54] The same is also true for intensified or emphatic adjectives, comparable to the English word *very*. The superlative is formed by the addition of -*jil*.[55] ### Negation Statements are negated by adding the appropriate particle to the end of the sentence. There are three negation particles: - *bart* used generally with verbs - *yuada* used generally with adjectives There is also an adverbial negation word, *bru*, roughly equivalent to the English *less* or *without*.[56] ### Interrogatives Questions are formed by the addition of the interrogative interjection *kannah* alongside the infinitive root of the verb.[57] ## Vocabulary Many words vary in a regular way from dialect to dialect, depending on the area. For example: the words for [bandicoot](/source/Bandicoot) include *quernt* (south) and *quenda* (west); the word for water may be *käip* (south) or *kapi* (west), or the word for fire may vary from *kaall* to *karl*. A large number of modern place names in Western Australia end in *[-up](/source/-up)*, such as [Joondalup](/source/Joondalup), [Nannup](/source/Nannup%2C_Western_Australia) and [Manjimup](/source/Manjimup%2C_Western_Australia). This is because in the Noongar language, *-up* means "place of". For example, the name [Ongerup](/source/Ongerup%2C_Western_Australia) means "place of the male kangaroo".[58] The word *gur*, *ger* or *ker* in Noongar meant "a gathering". Daisy Bates suggests that central to Noongar culture was the *karlupgur*, referring to those that gather around the hearth (*karlup*).[59][60] Noongar words which have been adopted into [Western Australian English](/source/Western_Australian_English), or more widely [in English](/source/List_of_English_words_of_Australian_Aboriginal_origin), include the given name Kylie, "boomerang",[61] *gilgie* or *jilgie*, the freshwater [crayfish](/source/Crayfish) *[Cherax quinquecarinatus](/source/Cherax_quinquecarinatus)*, and *gidgie* or *gidgee*, "spear". The word for smoke, *karrik*, was adopted for the family of compounds known as [karrikins](/source/Karrikin).[61] The word *[quokka](/source/Quokka)*, denoting a type of small [macropod](/source/Macropodidae), is thought to come from Noongar.[62][*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include)*] Vocabulary list from Blake (1981)[63][page needed] English Nyungar man nyungar woman yok mother ngangk father mam head kat eye miyel nose muly ear twangk mouth tya tongue tyarliny tooth ngorlak hand mar breast pip stomach kopurl urine kump faeces kwun thigh yaty foot tyin bone kwety blood ngup dog twert snake nurn kangaroo yongka possum kelang spider kar emu wety swan marlee eaglehawk warlity crow wartang sun ngangk moon miyak star malyern stone poy water kep camp may fire karl smoke puy food marany meat taty stand yakiny sit nyininy see tyinanginy go kurliny get paranginy hit paminy kill watanginy I ngany you nyun one keny two kutyal ocean waadan river bilya Perth Boorloo Swan River Derbarl Yerrigan[dubious – discuss] ## See also - [Boodjar Nyungar Placenames](/source/Boodjar_Nyungar_Placenames) ## Notes 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [ISO 639-3](/source/ISO_639-3) uses *Nyungar*, changed from *Nyunga* in 2019[1] with the rationale "Australian government used and currently published name".[2] 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Spelling may vary, especially in the case of "Bilelman" and "Nadji Nadji", which are apparent errors for Bibbulman and Njakinjaki. ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESIL_Global2025_4-0)** [SIL Global (2025)](#CITEREFSIL_Global2025). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESIL_International2018_5-0)** [SIL International (2018)](#CITEREFSIL_International2018). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtin_University2025_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtin_University2025_7-1) [Curtin University (2025)](#CITEREFCurtin_University2025). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEABC_Education2021_8-0)** [ABC Education (2021)](#CITEREFABC_Education2021). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollard2015_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollard2015_9-1) [Collard (2015)](#CITEREFCollard2015). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaartdijin_Noongar2025_10-0)** [Kaartdijin Noongar (2025)](#CITEREFKaartdijin_Noongar2025). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerth_Metropolitan_Area_11-0)** [Perth Metropolitan Area](#CITEREFPerth_Metropolitan_Area). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERooney2011_12-0)** [Rooney (2011)](#CITEREFRooney2011). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustralian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studiesn.d._13-0)** [Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (n.d.)](#CITEREFAustralian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studiesn.d.). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth_Australian_Museum2019_15-0)** [South Australian Museum (2019)](#CITEREFSouth_Australian_Museum2019). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott2009_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott2009_16-1) [Abbott (2009)](#CITEREFAbbott2009). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott2001_17-0)** [Abbott (2001)](#CITEREFAbbott2001). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBindonChadwick2011_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBindonChadwick2011_18-1) [Bindon & Chadwick (2011)](#CITEREFBindonChadwick2011). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustralian_Dictionary_of_Biography1966_19-0)** [Australian Dictionary of Biography (1966)](#CITEREFAustralian_Dictionary_of_Biography1966). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey1839a_20-0)** [Grey (1839a)](#CITEREFGrey1839a). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey1839b_21-0)** [Grey (1839b)](#CITEREFGrey1839b). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas1996_22-0)** [Douglas (1996)](#CITEREFDouglas1996). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehurst1997_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehurst1997_23-1) [Whitehurst (1997)](#CITEREFWhitehurst1997). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCabe2012_24-0)** [McCabe (2012)](#CITEREFMcCabe2012). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhardSimonsFennig2025a_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhardSimonsFennig2025a_25-1) [Eberhard, Simons & Fennig (2025a)](#CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2025a). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEberhardSimonsFennig2025b_26-0)** [Eberhard, Simons & Fennig (2025b)](#CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2025b). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2022_27-0)** [Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022)](#CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2022). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2022_28-0)** [Bourke (2022)](#CITEREFBourke2022). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne2021_29-0)** [Wynne (2021)](#CITEREFWynne2021). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatchelor_Press2013_30-0)** [Batchelor Press (2013)](#CITEREFBatchelor_Press2013). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2010_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2010_31-1) [Kennedy (2010)](#CITEREFKennedy2010). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoongar_Boodjar_Language_Cultural_Aboriginal_Corporation2025a_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoongar_Boodjar_Language_Cultural_Aboriginal_Corporation2025a_32-1) [Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation (2025a)](#CITEREFNoongar_Boodjar_Language_Cultural_Aboriginal_Corporation2025a). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoongar_Boodjar_Language_Cultural_Aboriginal_Corporation2025b_33-0)** [Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation (2025b)](#CITEREFNoongar_Boodjar_Language_Cultural_Aboriginal_Corporation2025b). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2016_34-0)** [Woods (2016)](#CITEREFWoods2016). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2020_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2020_35-1) [Turner (2020)](#CITEREFTurner2020). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerth_Festival2019_36-0)** [Perth Festival (2019)](#CITEREFPerth_Festival2019). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENITV_News2022_37-0)** [NITV News (2022)](#CITEREFNITV_News2022). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahamanJohnstonChampion202122–37_38-0)** [Rahaman, Johnston & Champion 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[doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/07268602.2012.662888](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07268602.2012.662888). - [Symmons, Charles](/source/Charles_Augustus_John_Symmons) (1842). ["Grammatical Introduction to the Study of the Aboriginal Language of Western Australia"](https://collection.sl.nsw.gov.au/record/74Vv0ZxMpzQy). *Western Australia Almanack*. Retrieved 31 March 2025 – via State Library of New South Wales. - Turner, Rebecca (25 January 2020). ["Noongar language reborn in Hecate, an Aboriginal translation of Shakespeare's Macbeth at Perth Festival"](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-25/shakespeares-macbeth-translated-into-noongar-language-hecate/11875152). *ABC News*. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 26 January 2020. - ["A Noongar word for 'smoke' finds a place in science"](http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/20090219889/biomedical-biomolecular-and-chemical-sciences/a-noongar-word-smoke-finds-a-place-scien). *[University of Western Australia](/source/University_of_Western_Australia)*. 6 March 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2025. - Whitehurst, Rose (1997). [*Noongar Dictionary. Noongar to English and English to Noongar*](https://web.archive.org/web/20190808224034/https://d1y4ma8ribhabl.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Noongar-Dictionary-Second-Edition.pdf) (PDF) (2nd ed.). East Perth: Noongar Language and Culture Centre. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-646-12355-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-12355-6). Archived from [the original](https://d1y4ma8ribhabl.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Noongar-Dictionary-Second-Edition.pdf) (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2025. - Woods, Meghan (10 November 2016). ["NoongarPedia created as first Wikipedia site in Aboriginal language"](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-11/noongarpedia-created-as-first-wikipedia-site-aboriginal-language/8012360). *ABC News*. [Radio National](/source/Radio_National) (*Awaye!*). [Australian Broadcasting Corporation](/source/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation). Retrieved 3 April 2025. - Wynne, Emma (1 August 2021). ["WA schools take first steps towards offering formal Noongar language learning"](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-04/noongar-language-to-be-taught-in-south-west-wa-schools/100045124). *ABC News*. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 July 2022. The fact is that the overwhelming majority of our schools are in Noongar country, so we feel a real significant need to expand the support that we provide for teachers of Noongar in particular. ## External links ***[Noongar test](https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/nys)*** of [Wikipedia](/source/Wikipedia) at [Wikimedia Incubator](https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator) - [Bibliography of Bibbulman language and people resources](http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/bibbulman.pdf), at the [Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies](/source/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies) - [Noongarpedia word list](https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/nys/Main_Page) (under construction) - [Billardong Noongar Waangkany Ballardong Noongar dictionary](http://www.wheatbeltnrm.org.au/sites/default/files/knowledge_hub/documents/Nyungar%20Dictionary%20-%20Final%20-%20Website.pdf) - [Digital Daisy Bates](http://bates.org.au/), digitised and geo-tagged lists of Aboriginal words, including Noongar [Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals): - [Linguistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linguistics) - [Western Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia) - [Languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Languages) **Noongar language** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects): - [**Definitions**](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Nyunga_entry_guidelines) from Wiktionary - [**Media**](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Noongar_language) from Commons v t e Pama–Nyungan languages Paman languages North Adithinngithigh Andjingith Anguthimri Alngith Linnithigh Mpakwithi Ndra'ngith Arritinngithigh Awngthim Luthigh Mpalitjanh Mbiywom Ndrangith Ndwa'ngith Ngkoth Unjadi Uradhi Atampaya Yinwum Wudhadhi Yadhaykenu Angkamuthi Northeast Umpila Wik Ayabadhu Kugu-Muminh Pakanha Wik-Me'nh Wik-Mungkan Wik-Ngathan Wik-Ompom Lamalamic Lamalama Morrobolam Yalanjic Barrow Point Gugu Yalandyi Kuku Nyungkal Guugu Yimidhirr Southwest Koko-Bera Kok Thawa Kunjen Ogh-Undjan Kuuk Thaayorre Kuuk Yak Yir-Yoront Norman Kurtjar Kuthant Thaypan Alungul Angkula Aghu Tharrnggala Ikarranggal Takalak Thaypan Southern Mbara-Yanga Mbabaram Walangama Wamin Other Djabugay Flinders Island Gugadj Kok Narr Mbariman-Gudhinma Umbindhamu Eastern Pama–Nyungan Dyirbalic Dyirbal Nyawaygi Warrgamay Wulguru Yuru Maric Badjiri Bidjara Biri Biri proper Kingkel Bayali Darumbal Warrongo Yanda–Guwa ? Yirandhali ? Waka–Kabic Barunggam Gabi-Gabi Gureng Gureng Tulua Wakawaka Wuliwuli Durubalic Guwar–Pimpama Janday Nunukul Turrbal Gumbaynggiric Kumbainggar Yaygir Wiradhuric Gamilaraay Ngiyambaa Wiradjuri Yuin–Kuric Darkinjung Dharug Dhanggati Ngarigo Ngunnawal–Gundungurra Tharawal Dharawal Dhurga Dyirringany Thawa Yugambal? Marbal Worimi Awabakal Gathang Gippsland Dhudhuroa Gunaikurnai Bidhawal Pallanganmiddang Yugambeh–Bandjalang Waalubal Yugambeh Githabul Bundjalung Other Anewan Kalaw Lagaw Ya Yidiny Bigambul Guyambal Lower Burdekin Bindal Southern Pama–Nyungan Yotayotic Yabula-Yabula Yorta Yorta Kulinic Kolakngat Kulin Dja Dja Wurrung Wathaurong Western Victoria Wemba Wemba Barababaraba Ledji-Ledji Madhi-Madhi Nari-Nari Wadi-Wadi Wergaia Woiwurrung–Taungurung–Bunurong Bindjali Drual Bungandidj Dhauwurd Wurrung Kuurn Kopan Noot Lower Murray Keramin Ngayawung Yaralde Yitha-Yitha Yuyu Thura-Yura Adnyamathanha Barngarla Kaurna Kuyani Narungga Nauo Ngadjuri Nukunu Wirangu Mirniny Mirning Ngadjunmaya Nyungic Galaagu Kalaamaya Natingero Nyungar Western Pama–Nyungan Kartu Badimaya Malgana Thaagurda Nhanda–Nhanhagardi Wajarri Yinggarda Kanyara–Mantharta Kanyara Burduna–Bayungu Thalanyji–Pinikura Mantharta Tharrgari Warriyangka Thiin Jiwarli Ngayarta Jurruru Kurrama Martuthunira Ngarla Ngarluma-Kariyarra Nhuwala Nyamal Nyiyaparli Panyjima Yindjibarndi Yinhawangka Marrngu Karajarri Mangala Nyangumarta Northern Pama–Nyungan Ngumpin–Yapa Ngarrga Warlmanpa Warlpiri Ngumpin Walmajarri Djaru Gurindji Bilinarra Mudburra Warumungu Warumungu Warluwaric Wagaya Bularnu Yindjilandji Warluwarra Yanyuwa Kalkatungic Kalkatungu Yalarnnga Mayi Mayi-Kulan Mayi-Kutuna Ngawun Yolŋu Dhaŋu Dhuwal Djaŋu Djinba Djinaŋ Ritharrŋu Nhaŋu Central Pama–Nyungan Wati Ngardi Wanman Western Desert Arandic Arrernte Kaytetye Lower Arrernte Pertame Karnic Arabana Diyari Pirlatapa Mithaka Ngamini Yarluyandi Ngura Pitta Pitta Wanggamala Wangka-Yutjurru Wilson River Bundhamara new Wangkumara/Garlali Yandruwandha Other Baagandji Bulloo River old Wangkumara/Garlali Muruwari Barranbinja Yarli Macro-Pama–Nyungan? Macro-Gunwinyguan Maningrida Burarra Ndjébbana Gurr-goni Nakkara Mangarrayi-Marran Alawa Mangarrayi Marra Warndarrang Yugul Gunwinyguan Anindilyakwa Dalabon Gunbarlang Jawoyn Kunwinjku Ngalakgan Ngandi Nunggubuyu Rembarrnga Uwinymil Waray Other Gaagudju Kungarakany Wardaman Wagiman Tangkic Kayardild Lardil Minkin Gangalidda (Yukulta) Yangkaal Garrwan Garrwa Gunindiri Waanyi Italics indicate extinct languages --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Noongar language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noongar_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noongar_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.