# Nirgal Vallis

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Vallis on Mars

Nirgal Vallis Nirgal Vallis based on THEMIS day-time image Coordinates 28°24′S 42°00′W / 28.4°S 42°W / -28.4; -42 Naming the word for "Mars" in Babylonian

**Nirgal Vallis** is a long river channel bordering the [Coprates quadrangle](/source/Coprates_quadrangle) and [Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle](/source/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle) of [Mars](/source/Mars) at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 610 km long and is named after [Nergal](/source/Nergal), the [Babylonian](/source/Babylonian_language) god of war and counterpart to the Roman god of war [Mars](/source/Mars_(mythology)).[1] Nirgal Vallis had a discharge of 4800 cubic meters/second.[2] The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the eastern half is a tightly sinuous, deeply entrenched valley. Nirgal Valles ends at [Uzboi Vallis](/source/Uzboi_Vallis). Tributaries are very short and end in steep-walled valley heads, often called "amphitheater-headed valleys." The shape of these valley heads is like [cirques](/source/Cirques) on the Earth.[3]

Water from Nirgal Vallis contributed to a great flood that went through the rim of [Holden Crater](/source/Holden_(Martian_crater)) and helped form a lake in the crater. It is estimated that Nirgal Vallis had a discharge of 4800 cubic meters/second.[4] Water from Nirgal Vallis was inbounded in [Uzboi Vallis](/source/Uzboi_Vallis) because the rim of Holden Crater blocked the flow. At a certain point the stored water broke through the rim of Holden and created a lake 200–250 m deep.[5] Water with a depth of at least 50 m entered Holden at a rate that 5-10 times the discharge of the Mississippi River.[6][7][8][9] Terraces and the presence of large rocks (tens of meters across) support these high discharge rates.[5][6][10][11][12]

		- Map showing locations Nirgal Vallis and other nearby valleys

		- [Viking Orbiter 1](/source/Viking_program) image showing the entire valley

## Nirgal Vallis and sapping

Nirgal Valles is one of the longest valley networks on [Mars](/source/Mars). It is so large that it is found on two quadrangles. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated under ground. One mechanism that has been advanced is [sapping](/source/Groundwater_sapping).[13] In this case, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. It forms alcoves and stubby tributaries; these features are visible in the pictures below of Nirgal Vallis taken with [Mars Odyssey](/source/Mars_Odyssey)'s [THEMIS](/source/THEMIS).

		- Nirgal Vallis, as seen by THEMIS.

		- Nirgal Vallis Close-up, as seen by THEMIS.

## See also

- [Geology of Mars](/source/Geology_of_Mars) – Geology of fourth planet from the Sun

- [Groundwater on Mars](/source/Groundwater_on_Mars) – Water held in permeable ground

- [Lakes on Mars](/source/Lakes_on_Mars) – Former bodies of water on Mars

- [List of quadrangles on Mars](/source/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars) – Geographic subunits of the surface of Mars

- [Vallis](/source/Vallis_(planetary_geology)) – Valley landform on other planets (mostly Mars)

- [Uzboi-Landon-Morava](/source/Uzboi-Landon-Morava) (ULM) – Martian geological feature

- [Water on Mars](/source/Water_on_Mars) – Study of past and present water on Mars

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Nirgal Vallis"](https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4307). *Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature*. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Irwin, J., R. Craddock, R. Howard. 2005. Interior channels in Martian valley networks: Discharge and runoff production. Geology: 33,489-492.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Baker, V. 1982. The Channels of Mars. University of Texas Press. Austin

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Irwin, J., R. Craddock, R. Howard. 2005. Interior channels in Martian valley networks: Discharge and runoff production. Geology: 33,489-492.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Grant,_J._2010_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Grant,_J._2010_5-1) Grant, J., R. Irwin, S. Wilson. 2010. Aqueous depositional settings in Holden crater, Mars In Cabrol, N. and E. Grin (eds.). 2010. Lakes on Mars. Elsevier. NY.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Grant,_J._2002_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Grant,_J._2002_6-1) Grant, J., T. Parker. 2002. Drainage evolution of the Margaritifer Sinus region, Mars. J. Geophysic. Res. 107, doi:10.1029/2001JE001678.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Komar, P. 1979. Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on Earth. Icarus: 37, 156-181.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Grant, J. et al. 2008. HiRISE imaging of impact megabreccia and sub-meter aqueous strata in Holden Crater, Mars. Geology: 36, 195-198.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Irwin, et al. 2005. An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 2. Increased runoff and paleolake development. J. Geophysical. Res. 110, E12S14, doi: 10.1029/2005JE002460.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Boothroyd, J. 1983. Fluvial drainage systems in the Ladon Basin area: Margaritifer Sinus area, Mars. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs 15, 530

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Grant, J. 1987. The geomorphic evolution of Eastern Margaritifer Sinus, Mars. Adv. Planet. Geol. NASA Tech memo. 89871, 1-268.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Parker, T. 1985. Geomorphology and geology of the southwestern Margaritifer Sinus-northern Argyre region of Mars, California State University, M. S. Thesis, Los Angeles, California

1. **[^](#cite_ref-V07617003_13-0)** ["Nirgal Vallis (Released 16 September 2003)"](http://themis.asu.edu/zoom-20030916a). [Arizona State University](/source/Arizona_State_University).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Nirgal Vallis](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nirgal_Vallis).

- Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (6 October 1997). ["Surveyor At Mars"](https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap971006.html). *[Astronomy Picture of the Day](/source/Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day)*. [NASA](/source/NASA).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Nirgal Vallis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirgal_Vallis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirgal_Vallis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.