# Niraval

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
In [Carnatic music](/source/Carnatic_music), '''Neraval''' also known as ''' Niraval''' or '''Sahitya Vinyasa''' is the elaboration and improvisation of melody for a particular line. Usually, just one or two lines of text from the song (from the [anupallavi](/source/Anupallavi_(music)) or [charanam](/source/charanam) part of the [kriti](/source/Kriti_(music))) are sung repeatedly, but with improvised elaborations.<ref name="Higgins1987">{{cite journal  | last = Higgins |first = J. B.
|title = Performing Arts in India: Essays on Music, Dance, and Drama| journal = Asian Music |volume = 18 | issue = 2 |pages = 103–118  |year = 1987 | doi=10.2307/833942|jstor = 833942
}}</ref> The part of lyrics is chosen which is self-contained in terms of its meaning and context and has an elegant structure amenable for repetition with variations. In general, such elaboration follow the rhythmic patterns in the original lyrics ([talam](/source/Tala_(music))),<ref>Randel (2003), p562</ref> and each word in the lines of text stay set within their original place (''idam'') in the [tala](/source/Tala_(music)) cycle,<ref name="Viswanathan 1998 p232">Viswanathan & Cormack (1998), p232</ref> though minor variations that remain faithful to the syllabic patterns of the sahityam are considered fine. The lines are then also played at different levels of speed which can include double speed, triple speed, quadruple speed and even [sextuple](/source/sextuple) speed.<ref name="Henry2002">{{cite journal  | last = Henry |first = E. O.
|title = The Rationalization of Intensity in Indian Music| journal = Ethnomusicology |volume = 46 | issue = 1 |pages = 33–35  |year = 2002  | doi = 10.2307/852807  | jstor = 852807  | publisher = Society for Ethnomusicology}}</ref> The neraval is one of the features in the extempore improvisation aspect (''Manodharma Sangita'') of Carnatic music, and is intended to highlight the [Raga](/source/Raga) bhava effectively. It is usually performed by the more advanced performers.<ref name="Higgins1987"/>

== Examples ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
Examples of Krithis containing lines best suited for neraval:

*''[Vathapi Ganapathim](/source/Vathapi_Ganapathim)'' in [Hamsadhwani](/source/Hamsadhwani) at "Pranava Swarupa Vakratundam"
* ''Balagopala'' in [Bhairavi](/source/Bhairavi_(Carnatic)) at "Neela neeradha shareera dheerathara",
*''Entara Nithana'' in [Harikambhoji](/source/Harikambhoji) at "Sheshudu Shivuniki Bushudu Lakshmana",
*''Nidhichaala Sukhama'' in [Kalyani (raga)](/source/Kalyani_(raga)) at "Mamathabandhanayutha Narasthuthi Sukhama?" or "Sumathi Thyagaraja Keerthana Sukhama?"
*''O Rangasayee'' in [Kambhoji](/source/Kambhoji) at "Bhuloka Vaikuntam ithiyani",
*''Ennaganu Ramabhajana'' in [Kamavardhini](/source/Kamavardhini) at "Rama Chiluka Nokata Penchi Prema Matalalada Nerpi",
*''Raghuvara Nannu'' in [Kamavardhini](/source/Kamavardhini) at "Manasuna Niki"
*''Pakkala Nilabadi'' in [Kharaharapriya](/source/Kharaharapriya) at " Tanuvurce vandana mona ninchuchu nara" or "Manasuna"
*''Palinchu Kamakshi'' in [Madhyamavati](/source/Madhyamavati) at "Kanthamagu Peru Pondhithivi Kaarunyamurthivai jagamu",
*''Rama Rama Gunaseema'' in [Simhendramadhyamam](/source/Simhendramadhyamam) at "Munimaanasa dhama Mrughamatha Sulalama",
*''Rama nee Samanamevaru'' in [Kharaharapriya](/source/Kharaharapriya) at "Paluku palukulaku tene"
*''Saroja Dhala Netri'' in [Sankarabharanam](/source/Sankarabharanam_(raga)) at "Sama Gana Vinodhini gunadhama Shyamakrishnanuthe",
*''Shambho Mahadeva'' in [Kamavardhini](/source/Kamavardhini) at "Shambho Mahadeva Sharanagathajana rakshaka",
*''Jagadoddharana'' in [Kapi](/source/Kapi_(raga)) at "Purandara Vithalana"
*''[Narayana Ninna Namada](/source/Narayana_Ninna_Namada)'' in [Shuddha Dhanyasi](/source/Shuddha_Dhanyasi) at "Ento Purandaravithalarayana"
*''Sri Venkateshwara'' in [Thodi](/source/Hanumatodi) at "Maarajanakam Madhavanamakam",

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|last=Randel|first=Don Michael|year=2003|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=United States|ref=Randel2003}}
* Viswanathan, T. & Cormack, Jody (1998). In {{cite book|title=In the Course of Performance: Studies in the World of Musical Improvisation|last=Nettl|first=Bruno|authorlink=Bruno Nettl|author2=Russell, Melinda|publisher=[University of Chicago Press](/source/University_of_Chicago_Press)|location=[Chicago](/source/Chicago) & [London](/source/London)|ref=NettlRussell1998|isbn=0-226-57411-3|date=15 December 1998|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/incourseofperfor0000unse}}

== See also ==
* [Glossary of Carnatic music](/source/Glossary_of_Carnatic_music)

Category:Carnatic music
Category:Carnatic music terminology

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Niraval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niraval) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niraval?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.