# New England Colonies

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{{Short description|English and British American colonies (1620-1776)}} 
{{redirect|Anglia Nova|the medieval Black Sea colony|Nova Anglia}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = New England Colonies
| era                    = [British colonization of the Americas](/source/British_colonization_of_the_Americas) <br /> [Puritan migration to New England](/source/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%931640)) <br /> [American Revolution](/source/American_Revolution)
| event_start            = [Council for New England](/source/Council_for_New_England) founded
| date_start             = 1620 the New England Colonies were established
| year_start             = 1620
| event_end              = Reorganized as part of the [United Colonies](/source/United_Colonies)
| date_end               = 
| year_end               = 1776
| event1                 = [Landing of the ''Mayflower''](/source/Mayflower)
| date_event1            = 1620
| event2                 = Founding of [Boston](/source/Boston)
| date_event2            = 1630
| event3                 = [Providence Plantations](/source/Providence_Plantations)
| date_event3            = 1636
| event4                 = [New England Confederation](/source/New_England_Confederation) formed
| date_event4            = 1643
| event5                 = [Dominion of New England](/source/Dominion_of_New_England)
| date_event5            = 1686-1689
| event6                 = [British troops leave Boston](/source/Siege_of_Boston)
| date_event6            = 1776
| event_pre              = [Popham Colony](/source/Popham_Colony)
| date_pre               = 1607
| image_map              = A map of the most inhabited part of New England (2674889207).jpg
| image_map_alt          = Map of the New England Colonies in 1755
| image_map_caption      = Map of the New England Colonies in 1755
| footnote_a             = 
}}
The '''New England Colonies''' of [English](/source/Kingdom_of_England) and [British America](/source/British_America) included [Connecticut Colony](/source/Connecticut_Colony), the [Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations](/source/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations), [Massachusetts Bay Colony](/source/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony), [Plymouth Colony](/source/Plymouth_Colony), and the [Province of New Hampshire](/source/Province_of_New_Hampshire), as well as a few smaller short-lived colonies. The New England colonies were part of the [Thirteen Colonies](/source/Thirteen_Colonies) and eventually became five of the six states in [New England](/source/New_England), with Plymouth Colony absorbed into Massachusetts and [Maine](/source/Maine) separating from it.<ref>Gipson</ref> 

In 1616, [Captain John Smith](/source/John_Smith_(explorer)) authored ''[A Description of New England](/source/A_Description_of_New_England)'', which first applied the term "[New England](/source/New_England)"<ref>Bisceglia</ref> to the coastal lands from [Long Island Sound](/source/Long_Island_Sound) in the south to [Newfoundland](/source/Newfoundland) in the north.<ref>Smith</ref>

==Arriving in America==
thumb|The English royal charters granted land in the north to the Plymouth Company and land in the south to the London Company
England, France, and the Netherlands made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century, and those nations were often in contention over lands in the New World. French nobleman [Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts](/source/Pierre_Dugua_Sieur_de_Monts) established a settlement on [Saint Croix Island, Maine](/source/Saint_Croix_Island%2C_Maine) in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France. Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and [scurvy](/source/scurvy), and the survivors moved north out of New England to [Port-Royal](/source/Port-Royal_(Acadia)) of Nova Scotia (see symbol "R" on map to the right) in the spring of 1605.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stecroix2004.org/en/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010803065118/http://www.stecroix2004.org/en/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2001-08-03 |title=St. Croix Island History |last=St. Croix Celebration |access-date=2008-12-21 }}</ref>

[King James I of England](/source/King_James_VI_and_I) recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England, and he granted competing royal charters to the [Plymouth Company](/source/Plymouth_Company) and the [London Company](/source/London_Company). The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the bay of the [Kennebec River](/source/Kennebec_River) (then called the Sagadahoc River) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony, better known as [Popham Colony](/source/Popham_Colony) (see symbol "Po" on map to right) to honor financial backer Sir [John Popham](/source/John_Popham_(Lord_Chief_Justice)). The colonists faced a harsh winter, the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire, and mixed relations with the local Indian tribes.

Colony leader Captain [George Popham](/source/George_Popham) died, and decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by an older brother— at which point, all of the colonists decided to return to England. It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship ''Mary and John'' and on a new ship built by the colony named ''[Virginia of Sagadahoc](/source/Virginia_of_Sagadahoc)''. The 30-ton ''Virginia'' was the first sea-going ship ever built in North America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfship.org/Maines_First_Ship/Home.html|title=Maine's First Ship: Historic Overview|publisher=Maine's First Ship|access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century, with the French constructing [Fort Pentagouet](/source/Fort_Pentagouet) near Castine, Maine in 1613. The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was the first longer-term settlement in New England. It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English, French, and Dutch colonists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.champlain2004.org/html/06/0603_e.html|title=New France Forts|publisher= New France New Horizons|access-date=2009-01-10}}</ref>

In 1614, Dutch explorer [Adriaen Block](/source/Adriaen_Block) traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the [Connecticut River](/source/Connecticut_River) as far as [Hartford, Connecticut](/source/Hartford%2C_Connecticut). By 1623, the [Dutch West India Company](/source/Dutch_West_India_Company) regularly traded for furs there, and they eventually fortified it for protection from the [Pequot](/source/Pequot) Indians and named the site "House of Hope" (also identified as "[Fort Hoop](/source/Fort_Hoop)," "Good Hope," and "Hope").<ref>New York Historical Society, p. 260</ref>

==Establishing the New England Colonies==
A group of Puritans commonly called [the Pilgrims](/source/Pilgrim_(Plymouth_Colony)) arrived on the ''[Mayflower](/source/Mayflower)'' from England and the Netherlands to establish [Plymouth Colony](/source/Plymouth_Colony) in Massachusetts, the second successful English colony in America following [Jamestown, Virginia](/source/Jamestown%2C_Virginia). About half of the 102 passengers on the ''Mayflower'' died that first winter, mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/plymouth/Maysource.html
|title=Passengers on the Mayflower: Ages & Occupations, Origins & Connections 
|last=Deetz
|first=Patricia Scot
|work=The Plymouth Colony Archive Project
|author2=James F. Deetz
 |access-date=2008-11-10}}</ref> In 1621, an Indian named [Squanto](/source/Squanto) taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish. His assistance was invaluable and helped them to survive the early years of colonization. The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto's [Patuxet](/source/Wampanoag_people) tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nativeamericans.com/Squanto.htm |last=NativeAmericans.com |title=Squanto (The History of Tisquantum) |access-date=September 20, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605025252/http://www.nativeamericans.com/Squanto.htm |archive-date=June 5, 2007 }}</ref>

The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits, but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration. [Edward Winslow](/source/Edward_Winslow) and [William Bradford](/source/William_Bradford_(Plymouth_governor)) published an account of their experiences called [Mourt's Relation](/source/Mourt's_Relation) (1622).<ref>{{cite book | last = Bradford| first = William | title = Mourt's Relation, or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth | publisher = J. K. Wiggin | location = Boston | year = 1865 | url = https://archive.org/details/mourtsrelationo00dextgoog | access-date = 2008-12-23}}</ref> This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and dangers encountered by the Pilgrims, but it encouraged other Puritans to immigrate during the [Great Migration](/source/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%9340)) between 1620 and 1640.

thumb|right|Major boundaries of Massachusetts Bay and neighboring colonial claims in the 17th and 18th centuries; modern state boundaries are partially overlaid for context

The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies, buildings, and food supplies, learning from the Pilgrims' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony. In 1623, the [Plymouth Council for New England](/source/Plymouth_Council_for_New_England) (successor to the Plymouth Company) established a small fishing village at [Cape Ann](/source/Cape_Ann) under the supervision of the [Dorchester Company](/source/Dorchester_Company). The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby [Naumkeag](/source/Naumkeag) after the Dorchester Company dropped support, and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White. Other settlements were started in nearby areas; however, the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s.<ref>{{cite book | last = Young | first = Alexander | title = Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1623-1636 | publisher = C. C. Little and J. Brown | location = Boston | year = 1846 | page = [https://archive.org/details/chroniclesfirst01youngoog/page/n36 26] | url = https://archive.org/details/chroniclesfirst01youngoog | access-date = 2008-12-23}}</ref>

A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630, leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England. Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the ''Mayflower'', except that the ''Mayflower'' Pilgrims felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England, whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church. The separate colonies were governed independently of one another until 1691, when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the [Massachusetts Bay Colony](/source/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony) to form the [Province of Massachusetts Bay](/source/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay).

===Spreading out===
The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves, which was a central tenet of Puritan worship.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01-2.html
|title=America as a Religious Refuge: The Seventeenth Century
|last=The Library of Congress Web Site
|website=[Library of Congress](/source/Library_of_Congress)
|date=4 June 1998
|access-date=2008-11-11
}}</ref> However, dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. [John Wheelwright](/source/John_Wheelwright) left with his followers to establish a colony in New Hampshire and then went on to Maine.

It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when [Roger Williams](/source/Roger_Williams) was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences. One source of contention was his view that government and religion should be separate; he also believed that the colonies should purchase land at fair prices from the [Wampanoag](/source/Wampanoag_people) and [Narragansett](/source/Narragansett_(tribe)) tribes. Massachusetts officials intended to forcibly deport him back to England, but he escaped and walked through deep snow from [Salem, Massachusetts](/source/Salem%2C_Massachusetts) to [Raynham, Massachusetts](/source/Raynham%2C_Massachusetts), a distance of 55 miles. The Indian tribes helped him to survive and sold him land for a new colony which he named [Providence Plantations](/source/Providence_Plantations) in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony. It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and separation of church from state. Other dissenters established two settlements on Rhode Island (now called [Aquidneck Island](/source/Aquidneck_Island)) and another settlement in [Warwick](/source/Warwick%2C_Rhode_Island); these four settlements eventually united to form the [Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations](/source/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rogerwilliams.org/biography.htm
|title=Biography of Roger Williams
|last=Roger Williams
|first=Family Association
|access-date=2009-02-07
|archive-date=2009-02-17
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217214140/http://rogerwilliams.org/biography.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

thumb|right|Map of the Connecticut, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies
[Thomas Hooker](/source/Thomas_Hooker) left Massachusetts in 1636 with 100 followers and founded a settlement just north of the Dutch [Fort Hoop](/source/Fort_Hoop) which grew into [Connecticut Colony](/source/Connecticut_Colony). The community was first named Newtown then renamed [Hartford](/source/Hartford) to honor the English town of [Hertford](/source/Hertford). One of the reasons why Hooker left Massachusetts Bay was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government, which he believed should include any adult male owning property. He obtained a royal charter and established [Fundamental Orders](/source/Fundamental_Orders), considered to be one of the first constitutions in America. Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony, including [New Haven Colony](/source/New_Haven_Colony) and [Saybrook Colony](/source/Saybrook_Colony).

==Commerce==
The earliest colonies in New England were usually fishing villages or farming communities on the more fertile land along the rivers. The rocky soil in the New England Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies, but the land provided rich resources, including lumber that was highly valued. Lumber was also a resource that could be exported back to England, where there was a shortage of wood. In addition, the hunting of wildlife provided furs to be traded and food for the table.

The New England Colonies were located along the Atlantic coast where there was an abundance of marketable sea life. Excellent harbors and some inland waterways offered protection for ships and were also valuable for freshwater fishing. By the end of the 17th century, New England colonists had created an Atlantic trade network that connected them to the English homeland as well as to the [Slave Coast of West Africa](/source/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa), plantations in the West Indies, and the Iberian Peninsula. Colonists relied upon British and European imports for glass, linens, hardware, machinery, and other items for the household.

The [Southern Colonies](/source/Southern_Colonies) could produce tobacco, rice, and indigo in exchange for imports, whereas New England's colonies could not offer much to England beyond fish, furs, and lumber. Inflation was a major issue in the economy. During the 18th century, shipbuilding drew upon the abundant lumber and revived the economy, often under the direction of the British Crown.<ref>. N.p.. Web. 20 Aug 2013. <https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/britain-and-the-settling-of-the-colonies-1600-1750/settling-new-england/commerce-in-the-new-england-colonies/>.</ref>

In 1652, the [Massachusetts General Court](/source/Massachusetts_General_Court) authorized Boston silversmith [John Hull](/source/John_Hull_(merchant)) to produce [local coinage](/source/pine_tree_shilling) in shilling, sixpence, and threepence denominations to address a coin shortage in the colony.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barth|2014|p=499}}</ref> The colony's economy had been entirely dependent on barter and foreign currency, including English, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, and counterfeit coins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Hermann F. |date=1937 |title=John Hull: Mintmaster |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=669;673 |doi=10.2307/359931 |jstor=359931}}</ref> In 1661, after the [restoration of the monarchy](/source/Stuart_Restoration), the English government considered the Boston mint to be treasonous.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barth|2014|p=500}}</ref> However, the colony ignored the English demands to cease operations until at least 1682, when Hull's contract expired as mint master, and the colony did not move to renew his contract or appoint a new mint master.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barth|2014|p=514}}</ref> The coinage was a contributing factor to the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in 1684.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barth|2014|p=520}}</ref>

==Indian slavery in the New England Colonies==
[American Indians](/source/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) who were captured during various conflicts in New England, such as the [Pequot War](/source/Pequot_War) (1636–1638) and [King Philip's War](/source/King_Philip's_War) (1675–1678), were sometimes sold into slavery.<ref>{{cite book |last=Newell |first=Margret Ellen |date=2015 |title=Brethren by Nature: New England Indians, Colonists, and the Origins of American Slavery |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/57597 |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=1–158|isbn=978-0-8014-5648-0 }}</ref> Utilizing captured prisoners of war as a source of forced labor was common in Europe; during the [Wars of the Three Kingdoms](/source/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms), prisoners of war were frequently [indentured](/source/Indentured_servitude) and transported to plantations in [Barbados](/source/Barbados) and [Jamaica](/source/Colony_of_Jamaica).<ref>Nathaniel Philbrick. ''Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War'' (Viking 2006) p. 253</ref>

[Plymouth Colony](/source/Plymouth_Colony) ranger [Benjamin Church](/source/Benjamin_Church_(ranger)) spoke out against the practice of enslaving Indians in the summer of 1675, describing the practice as "an action so hateful... that [I] opposed it to the loss of the goodwill and respect of some that before were good friends." However, Church was not opposed to [black slavery](/source/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States), owning black slaves like many of his fellow colonists.<ref>Nathaniel Philbrick. ''Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War'' (Viking 2006) pp 253, 345</ref> During King Philip's War, some captured Indians were enslaved and transported aboard New England merchant ships to the [West Indies](/source/West_Indies), where they were sold to European planters. Various colonial councils decreed that "no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony."<ref>Nathaniel Philbrick. ''Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War'' (Viking 2006) p. 345</ref> Margret Ellen Newell estimates that hundreds of Indians were enslaved during the colonial conflicts,<ref>{{cite book |last=Newell |first=Margret Ellen |date=2015 |title=Brethren by Nature: New England Indians, Colonists, and the Origins of American Slavery |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/57597 |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=Cornell University Press |page=7|isbn=978-0-8014-5648-0 }}</ref> while Nathaniel Philbrick estimates that at least 1,000 New England Indians were sold into slavery during King Philip's War, with more than half coming from Plymouth.<ref>Nathaniel Philbrick. ''Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War'' (Viking 2006) p. 332</ref>

==Education==
In the New England Colonies, the first settlements of [Pilgrims](/source/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)) and the other [Puritans](/source/Puritans) who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves. Depending upon social and financial status, education was taught by the parents home-schooling their children, public grammar schools, and private governesses, which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more.

==Composition==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ New England Colonies
|-
! Coat of Arms/Seal !! Name !! Capital !! Year(s) !! Colony type !! Notes
|-
| 105px || [Plymouth](/source/Plymouth_Colony) || [Plymouth](/source/Plymouth%2C_Massachusetts) || 1620–1686<br>1689–1691 || [Self-governing](/source/Self-governing_colony) || Merged into the Dominion of New England in 1686, reformed in 1689, and then merged into Massachusetts in 1691
|-
| 105px ||[Massachusetts Bay](/source/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony) || [Charlestown](/source/Charlestown%2C_Massachusetts)<br>[Salem](/source/Salem%2C_Massachusetts)<br>[Boston](/source/Boston) || 1628–1686<br>1689–1691 || Self-governing || Merged into the Dominion of New England in 1686, reformed in 1689, and then dissolved in 1691
|-
| 105px || [Saybrook](/source/Saybrook_Colony) || [Saybrook](/source/Old_Saybrook%2C_Connecticut) || 1635–1644 || Self-governing || Absorbed by the Connecticut Colony in 1644
|-
| None || [New Haven](/source/New_Haven_Colony) || [New Haven](/source/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut) || 1638–1664 || Self-governing || Absorbed by the Connecticut Colony in 1664
|-
| 105px || [Connecticut River](/source/Connecticut_Colony) || [Hartford](/source/Hartford%2C_Connecticut) || 1636–1776 || Self-governing || Declared independence and reconstituted as the [State of Connecticut](/source/State_of_Connecticut) in 1776
|-
| 105px ||[New Hampshire](/source/Province_of_New_Hampshire) || [Portsmouth](/source/Portsmouth%2C_New_Hampshire)<br>[Exeter](/source/Exeter%2C_New_Hampshire) || 1629–1641<br>1679–1686<br>1689–1776 || Self-governing || At various times absorbed by and/or governed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Province of Massachusetts Bay, declared independence in 1776
|-
| 105px ||[Rhode Island and Providence Plantations](/source/Colony_of_Rhode_Island) || [Providence](/source/Providence%2C_Rhode_Island)<br>[Newport](/source/Newport%2C_Rhode_Island) || 1636–1686<br>1689-1776 || Self-governing || Declared independence from Great Britain in 1776 and reorganized as the [State of Rhode Island](/source/State_of_Rhode_Island)
|-
| 105px || [Dominion of New England](/source/Dominion_of_New_England) || [Boston](/source/Boston) || 1686-1689 || [Direct rule government](/source/Direct_rule) || Dissolved as a result of the [Glorious Revolution](/source/Glorious_Revolution) in 1689
|-
| 105px<br>Royal Seal<br>105px<br>[Congress Seal](/source/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress) || [Province of Massachusetts Bay](/source/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay) || [Boston](/source/Boston)<br>(''de jure'')<br>[Salem](/source/Salem%2C_Massachusetts)<br>[Concord](/source/Concord%2C_Massachusetts)<br>[Cambridge](/source/Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts)<br>[Watertown](/source/Watertown%2C_Massachusetts)<br>(1774-1776 ''de facto'') || 1691–1780* || Self-governing (1691–1774)<br>Direct rule colonial government (1774–1775)<br>[Provisional government](/source/Provisional_government) (1775–1780)|| *From 1776-1780 the Province of Massachusetts Bay existed as a state of the [United States](/source/Confederation_Period). Reconstituted as the [Commonwealth of Massachusetts](/source/Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts) in 1780.
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Other settlements in New England and territories at one point controlled by New England {{iclist|date=April 2023}}
| - || [Province of Maine](/source/Province_of_Maine) || [Casco Bay](/source/Casco_Bay) || 1622–1652<br>1680-1686<br>1689-1692 || [Proprietary colony](/source/Proprietary_colony) || Merged into the Massachusetts Bay Colony, then into the Dominion of New England in 1686, and absorbed by the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1692
|-
| - ||[Popham](/source/Popham_Colony) || [Fort St. George](/source/Phippsburg%2C_Maine) || 1607-1608 || Proprietary colony || Abandoned
|-
| - || [Sagadahock](/source/Territory_of_Sagadahock) || - || 1608/9-1691 || Proprietary colony || Incorporated in Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691
|-
| - || [Wessagusset](/source/Wessagusset_Colony) || [Weymouth](/source/Weymouth%2C_Massachusetts) || 1622-1623 || Proprietary Colony || Joined Plymouth Colony
|-
| - || [Merrymount Colony](/source/Merrymount_Colony) || [Quincy](/source/Quincy%2C_Massachusetts) || 1624-1630 || Proprietary Colony || Destroyed by Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Colonies.
|-
| - || [Lygonia](/source/Lygonia) || [Portland](/source/Portland%2C_Maine)<br>[Saco](/source/Saco%2C_Maine)<br>[Scarborough](/source/Scarborough%2C_Maine)|| 1630-1658 || Proprietary Colony || Territory contested with the Province of Maine, joined Massachusetts Bay in 1658
|-
| 105px<br>Provincial arms || [Nova Scotia](/source/Nova_Scotia) || - || - || - || Part of the Province of Massachusetts Bay 1691-1696
|-
| 105px<br>Royal arms || [Province of New York](/source/Province_of_New_York) || - || - || - || Part of the Dominion of New England 1686-1689
|-
| 105px<br>Royal arms || [East Jersey](/source/East_Jersey) || - || - || - || Part of the Dominion of New England 1686-1689
|-
| 105px<br>Royal arms || [West Jersey](/source/West_Jersey) || - || - || - || Part of the Dominion of New England 1686-1689
|}

==See also==
* [Middle Colonies](/source/Middle_Colonies)
* [Southern Colonies](/source/Southern_Colonies)
* [Chesapeake Colonies](/source/Chesapeake_Colonies)
* [Thirteen Colonies](/source/Thirteen_Colonies)
* [History of Massachusetts](/source/History_of_Massachusetts)
* [Historical outline of Massachusetts](/source/Historical_outline_of_Massachusetts)
* [British Colonial America](/source/British_Colonial_America)
* [New England](/source/New_England)
* [History of New England](/source/History_of_New_England)
* [Dominion of New England](/source/Dominion_of_New_England)
* [New England Confederation](/source/New_England_Confederation)

==Notes==
{{reflist|33em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=Jonathan Edward |date=2014 |title='A Peculiar Stampe of Our Owne': The Massachusetts Mint and the Battle over Sovereignty, 1652-1691 |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=490–525 |doi=10.1162/TNEQ_a_00396 |jstor=43285101|hdl=2286/R.I.26592 |s2cid=57571000 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080212/LIFE/802120318|title=John Smith: The man who named New England | date=12 February 2008|first=Michael|last= Bisceglia|newspaper=Sea Coast Online|access-date=April 28, 2013}}
* {{cite book|last=Gipson|first= Lawrence|title= The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes) (1936-1970)|publisher=Knopf}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJtSAAAAcAAJ|title=Collections of the New York Historical Society|year=1841|publisher=H. Ludwig|location = New York}}
* {{cite journal|last=Smith|first= John |editor= Royster, Paul |title=A Description of New England (1616): An Online Electronic Text Edition |year=1616|journal= Electronic Texts in American Studies|number= Paper 4|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/4}}

{{Thirteen Colonies}}
{{Portal bar|British Empire|Monarchy|North America}}<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add "Portal:United States" as it would be historically inaccurate. Thank you. -->
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Category:Thirteen Colonies
Colonies
Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
Category:Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [New England Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Colonies) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Colonies?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.