# Neurological disorder

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Any disorder of the nervous system

Medical condition

Neurological disorder Neurons in person with epilepsy, 40x magnified Specialty Neurology

A **neurological disorder** is any [disorder](/source/Disorder_(medicine)#Disorder) of the [nervous system](/source/Nervous_system). Structural, [biochemical](/source/Biochemical) or electrical abnormalities in the [brain](/source/Brain), [spinal cord](/source/Spinal_cord), or other [nerves](/source/Nerves) can result in a range of [symptoms](/source/Symptoms). Examples of symptoms include [paralysis](/source/Paralysis), [muscle weakness](/source/Muscle_weakness), poor [coordination](/source/Motor_coordination), loss of [sensation](/source/Sensory_system), [seizures](/source/Seizure), [confusion](/source/Confusion), [pain](/source/Pain), [tauopathies](/source/Tauopathy), and [altered levels of consciousness](/source/Altered_level_of_consciousness). There are many [recognized neurological disorders](/source/List_of_neurological_disorders); some are relatively common, but many are rare.

Interventions for neurological disorders include preventive measures, [lifestyle changes](/source/Lifestyle_medicine), [physiotherapy](/source/Physiotherapy) or other [therapy](/source/Therapy), neurorehabilitation, [pain management](/source/Pain_management), [medication](/source/Medication), [operations](/source/Surgery) performed by [neurosurgeons](/source/Neurosurgeons), or a specific diet.[1][2] The [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization) estimated in 2006 that neurological disorders and their [sequelae](/source/Sequelae) (direct consequences) affect as many as one billion people worldwide and identified [health inequalities](/source/Health_inequalities) and [social stigma](/source/Social_stigma)/[discrimination](/source/Discrimination) as major factors contributing to the associated [disability](/source/Disability) and their impact.[3]

## Causes

Part of the causal chain leading to [Alzheimer's disease](/source/Alzheimer's_disease)

Although the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by tough [membranes](/source/Meninges), enclosed in the bones of the [skull](/source/Human_skull) and spinal [vertebrae](/source/Vertebra), and chemically isolated by the [blood-brain barrier](/source/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier), they are very susceptible if compromised. [Nerves](/source/Nerve) tend to lie deep under the skin but can still become exposed to damage. Individual [neurons](/source/Neuron), the [neural circuits](/source/Neural_circuit), and the nerves into which they form are susceptible to electrochemical and structural disruption. [Neuroregeneration](/source/Neuroregeneration) may occur in the [peripheral nervous system](/source/Peripheral_nervous_system) and thus overcome or work around injuries to some extent, but it is thought to be rare in the brain and spinal cord.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The specific causes of neurological problems vary but can include [genetic disorders](/source/Genetic_disorder), [congenital abnormalities](/source/Congenital_abnormality) or [disorders](/source/Congenital_disorder), [infections](/source/Infection), [lifestyle](/source/Lifestyle_(sociology)), or [environmental health](/source/Environmental_health) problems such as [pollution](/source/Brain_health_and_pollution), [malnutrition](/source/Malnutrition), [brain damage](/source/Brain_damage), [spinal cord injury](/source/Spinal_cord_injury), [nerve injury](/source/Nerve_injury), or [gluten sensitivity](/source/Gluten-related_disorders) (with or without intestinal damage or digestive symptoms).[2][4] Metal poisoning, where metals accumulate in the human body and disrupt biological processes, has been reported to induce neurological problems, at least in the case of [lead](/source/Lead_poisoning).[4] The neurological problem may start in another [body system](/source/Body_system) that interacts with the nervous system. For example, [cerebrovascular disease](/source/Cerebrovascular_disease) involves brain injury due to problems with the [blood vessels](/source/Blood_vessel) ([cardiovascular system](/source/Cardiovascular_system)) supplying the brain; [autoimmune disorders](/source/Autoimmune_disease) involve damage caused by the body's own [immune system](/source/Immune_system); [lysosomal storage diseases](/source/Lysosomal_storage_disease) such as [Niemann–Pick disease](/source/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease) can lead to neurological deterioration. The [National Institute for Health and Care Excellence](/source/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence) recommends considering the evaluation of underlying [coeliac disease](/source/Coeliac_disease) in people with unexplained neurological symptoms, particularly [peripheral neuropathy](/source/Peripheral_neuropathy) or [ataxia](/source/Ataxia).[5]

In a substantial minority of cases of neurological symptoms, no neurological [cause](/source/Etiology) can be identified using current testing procedures, and such "[idiopathic](/source/Idiopathic)" conditions can invite different theories about what is occurring.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Generally speaking, a substantial number of neurological disorders may have originated from a previous clinically not recognized viral infection. For example, it is thought that infection with the [Hepatitis E](/source/Hepatitis_E) virus, which is often initially asymptomatic may provoke neurological disorders,[6] but there are many other examples as well.

Numerous examples have been described of neurological disorders that are associated with [mutated](/source/Mutation) [DNA repair](/source/DNA_repair) genes (for reviews see[7]). Inadequate repair of DNA damages can lead directly to cell death and [neuron](/source/Neuron) depletion as well as disruptions in the pattern of [epigenetic alterations](/source/Epigenetics) required for normal neuronal function.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### DNA damage

Neurons are highly oxygenated cells and as a consequence [DNA damage](/source/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)) caused by chronic exposure to endogenous [reactive oxygen species](/source/Reactive_oxygen_species) is a substantial challenge for neurons.[8] [Germline mutations](/source/Germline_mutation) deficient in the [repair of DNA damages](/source/DNA_repair) cause neuronal dysfunction and are etiologically linked to many neurological disorders.[8] For example, the neurological disorders, [amyotrophic lateral sclerosis](/source/ALS) (ALS) and [frontotemporal dementia](/source/Frontotemporal_dementia) (FTD) are linked to DNA damage accumulation and DNA repair deficiency.[9]

## Classification

Deaths due to neurological conditions per million persons 2012

  18–52

  53–68

  69–84

  85–99

  100–131

  132-157

  158-186

  187-243

  244-477

  478-1,482

Neurological disorders can be categorized according to the primary location affected, the primary type of dysfunction involved, or the primary type of cause. The broadest division is between [central nervous system disorders](/source/Central_nervous_system_disease) and [peripheral nervous system](/source/Peripheral_nervous_system) disorders. The [Merck Manual](/source/Merck_Manual) lists brain, spinal cord disorders, and nerve disorders in the following overlapping categories:[10]

Nervous system Human nervous system Identifiers MeSH D009422 Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

- [Brain](/source/Brain): - Brain dysfunction according to type: - [Apraxia](/source/Apraxia) (patterns or sequences of movements) - [Agnosia](/source/Agnosia) (identifying things or people) - [Amnesia](/source/Amnesia) (memory) - [Aphasia](/source/Aphasia) (language) - [Dysarthria](/source/Dysarthria) (speech)

- [Spinal cord](/source/Spinal_cord) disorders

- Peripheral nervous system disorders (e.g., [Peripheral neuropathy](/source/Peripheral_neuropathy))

- [Cranial nerve disorder](/source/Cranial_nerve_disorder) (e.g., [trigeminal neuralgia](/source/Trigeminal_neuralgia))

- [Autonomic nervous system](/source/Autonomic_nervous_system) disorders (e.g., [dysautonomia](/source/Dysautonomia), [multiple system atrophy](/source/Multiple_system_atrophy))

- [Epilepsy](/source/Seizure_disorder)

- [Movement disorders](/source/Movement_disorder) of the central and peripheral nervous system such as [Parkinson's disease](/source/Parkinson's_disease), [essential tremor](/source/Essential_tremor), [amyotrophic lateral sclerosis](/source/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis) (ALS),[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*] and [Tourette syndrome](/source/Tourette's_syndrome)[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*]

- [Sleep disorders](/source/Sleep_disorder) (e.g., [narcolepsy](/source/Narcolepsy))

- Some [speech disorders](/source/Speech_disorder) (e.g., [stuttering](/source/Stuttering))

- [Headaches](/source/Headache) (e.g., [migraine](/source/Migraines), [cluster headache](/source/Cluster_headache), [tension headache](/source/Tension_headache))

- [Pain](/source/Pain) (e.g., [complex regional pain syndrome](/source/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome), [fibromyalgia](/source/Fibromyalgia))

- [Delirium](/source/Delirium)

- [Dementia](/source/Dementia) (e.g., [Alzheimer's disease](/source/Alzheimer's_disease))

- [Coma](/source/Coma) and [impaired consciousness](/source/Disorder_of_consciousness), (e.g., [stupor](/source/Stupor))

- [Stroke](/source/Stroke)

- [Tumors](/source/Tumors) of the nervous system (e.g., [cancer](/source/Cancer))

- [Multiple sclerosis](/source/Multiple_sclerosis) and other [demyelinating diseases](/source/Demyelinating_disease)

- Brain [infections](/source/Infection)

- [Meningitis](/source/Meningitis)

- [Prion diseases](/source/Prion) (a type of infectious agent)

Neurological disorders in non-human [animals](/source/Animals) are treated by [veterinarians](/source/Veterinarians).[11][12]

## Treatments

There are a wide range of treatments for neurological disorders from [surgery](/source/Surgery) to neural rehabilitation. [Neurotherapy](/source/Neurotherapy) relies on knowledge from traditional medicine and uses a scientific approach and evidence-based practice. Some of its methods are non-invasive. Neurotherapy is a medical treatment that involves the targeted systemic administration of an energetic stimulus or chemical agent to a specific neurological area.[13] Some neuromodulation techniques are still considered alternative medicine (medical procedures that are not easily integrated into the mainstream healthcare model) due to their novelty and lack of supporting evidence.[14] The wide range of neurotherapy methods can be divided into four domains depending on the use of energy stimulation: acoustic energy, electric energy, electromagnetic radiation, and magnetic energy.[13]

## Mental functioning

A [neurological examination](/source/Neurological_examination) can, to some extent, assess the impact of neurological damage and disease on brain function in terms of [behavior](/source/Behavior), [memory](/source/Memory), or [cognition](/source/Cognition). [Behavioral neurology](/source/Behavioral_neurology) specializes in this area. In addition, [clinical neuropsychology](/source/Clinical_neuropsychology) uses [neuropsychological assessment](/source/Neuropsychological_assessment) to precisely identify and track problems in mental functioning, usually after some sort of brain injury or neurological impairment.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Alternatively, a condition might first be detected through the presence of abnormalities in mental functioning, and further assessment may indicate an underlying neurological disorder. There are sometimes unclear boundaries in the distinction between disorders treated within neurology, and [mental disorders](/source/Mental_disorders) treated within the other medical specialty of [psychiatry](/source/Psychiatry), or other [mental health professions](/source/Mental_health_professions) such as [clinical psychology](/source/Clinical_psychology). In practice, cases may present as one type, but be assessed as more appropriate to the other.[15] [Neuropsychiatry](/source/Neuropsychiatry) deals with [mental disorders](/source/Mental_disorders) arising from specific identified diseases of the nervous system.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

One area that can be contested is in cases of [idiopathic](/source/Idiopathic) neurological symptoms - conditions where the cause cannot be established. It can be decided in some cases, perhaps by [exclusion of any accepted diagnosis](/source/Diagnosis_of_exclusion), that higher-level brain/mental activity is causing symptoms, referred to as [functional symptoms](/source/Functional_symptom), rather than the symptoms originating in the area of the nervous system from which they may appear to originate. Cases involving these symptoms are classified as [functional disorders](/source/Functional_disorder) ("functional" in this context is usually contrasted with the old term "[organic disease](/source/Organic_disease)"). For example, in [functional neurologic disorder](/source/Functional_neurologic_disorder) (FND), those affected present with various neurological symptoms such as [functional seizures](/source/Non-epileptic_seizure), [numbness](/source/Numbness), [paresthesia](/source/Paresthesia), and [weakness](/source/Weakness), among others. Such cases may be contentiously interpreted as being "psychological" rather than "neurological." If the onset functional symptoms appear to be causally linked to emotional states or responses to social [stress](/source/Stress_(biological)) or social contexts, it may be referred to as [conversion disorder](/source/Conversion_disorder).[16]

On the other hand, [dissociation](/source/Dissociation_(psychology)) refers to partial or complete disruption of the integration of a person's conscious functioning, such that a person may feel detached from one's emotions, body and/or immediate surroundings. In extreme cases, this may be diagnosed as [depersonalization-derealization disorder](/source/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder). There are also conditions viewed as neurological where a person appears to consciously register neurological stimuli that cannot possibly be coming from the part of the nervous system to which they would normally be attributed, such as [phantom pain](/source/Phantom_pain) or [synesthesia](/source/Synesthesia), or where limbs act without conscious direction, as in [alien hand syndrome](/source/Alien_hand_syndrome).

Some of the fields that contribute to understanding mental functioning

Conditions that are classed as [mental disorders](/source/Mental_disorder), [learning disabilities](/source/Learning_disabilities), and forms of [intellectual disability](/source/Intellectual_disability), are not themselves usually dealt with as neurological disorders. [Biological psychiatry](/source/Biological_psychiatry) seeks to understand mental disorders in terms of their basis in the nervous system, however. In clinical practice, mental disorders are usually indicated by a [mental state examination](/source/Mental_state_examination), or other type of structured interview or questionnaire process. At the present time, [neuroimaging](/source/Neuroimaging) (brain scans) alone cannot accurately diagnose a mental disorder or tell the risk of developing one; however, it can be used to rule out other medical conditions such as a [brain tumor](/source/Brain_tumor).[17] In research, neuroimaging and other neurological tests can show correlations between reported and observed mental difficulties and certain aspects of neural function or differences in brain structure. In general, numerous fields intersect to try to understand the basic processes involved in mental functioning, many of which are brought together in [cognitive science](/source/Cognitive_science). The distinction between neurological and mental disorders can be a matter of some debate, either in regard to specific facts about the cause of a condition or in regard to the general understanding of brain and [mind](/source/Mind).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## See also

- [Central nervous system](/source/Central_nervous_system)

- [European Brain Council](/source/European_Brain_Council)

- [Human brain](/source/Human_brain)

- [Mental disorder](/source/Mental_disorder)

- [Neuroplasticity](/source/Neuroplasticity)

- [Peripheral nervous system](/source/Peripheral_nervous_system)

- [Proctalgia fugax](/source/Proctalgia_fugax)

- [Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation](/source/Hypokalemic_sensory_overstimulation)

## References

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sanders2009_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sanders2009_4-1) Sanders, T.; Liu, Y.; Buchner, V.; Tchounwou, P. B. (2009). ["Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: A review"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2858639). *Reviews on Environmental Health*. **24** (1): 15–45. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1515/reveh.2009.24.1.15](https://doi.org/10.1515%2Freveh.2009.24.1.15). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2858639](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2858639). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19476290](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19476290).

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Wang2017_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Wang2017_8-1) Wang H, Dharmalingam P, Vasquez V, Mitra J, Boldogh I, Rao KS, Kent TA, Mitra S, Hegde ML (January 2017). ["Chronic oxidative damage together with genome repair deficiency in the neurons is a double whammy for neurodegeneration: Is damage response signaling a potential therapeutic target?"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316312). *Mech Ageing Dev*. **161** (Pt A): 163–176. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.005](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mad.2016.09.005). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5316312](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316312). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27663141](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27663141).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Wang H, Kodavati M, Britz GW, Hegde ML (2021). ["DNA Damage and Repair Deficiency in ALS/FTD-Associated Neurodegeneration: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implication"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8716463). *Front Mol Neurosci*. **14** 784361. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3389/fnmol.2021.784361](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnmol.2021.784361). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8716463](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8716463). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34975400](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34975400).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Veterinary Neurological Centre - Neurological Signs and Diseases"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161102033420/http://vetneuro.com/NeurologicalSignsDiseases/tabid/4171/Default.aspx). Archived from [the original](http://www.vetneuro.com/NeurologicalSignsDiseases/tabid/4171/Default.aspx) on 2016-11-02. Retrieved 2010-01-27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Merck Veterinary Manual"](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/?redirectid=18?ruleredirectid=30&cfile=htm/bc/toc_100000.htm). *Merck Veterinary Manual*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Val_Danilov_Origin_Neurostimulation_2024_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Val_Danilov_Origin_Neurostimulation_2024_13-1) Val Danilov, Igor (29 November 2024). ["The Origin of Natural Neurostimulation: A Narrative Review of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques"](https://doi.org/10.21926%2Fobm.neurobiol.2404260). *OBM Neurobiology*. **08** (4): 1–23. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2404260](https://doi.org/10.21926%2Fobm.neurobiol.2404260).

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## External links

Classification D ICD-10: Xxx.x ICD-9-CM: xxx MeSH: D009422

- [Disorder Index](https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders) of the [National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke](/source/National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke)

v t e Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerves Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric

v t e Diseases of the nervous system, primarily CNS Inflammation Brain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Brain and spinal cord Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Meningitis Meningoencephalitis Brain/ encephalopathy Degenerative Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS PSP CBD NBIA PKAN Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus Huntington's disease Olivopontocerebellar atrophy Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff-person Dementia Alzheimer's Early-onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Lewy body dementia Posterior cortical atrophy Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome Demyelinating Autoimmune Inflammatory Multiple sclerosis For more detailed coverage, see Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS Episodic/ paroxysmal Seizures and epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus For more detailed coverage, see Template:Epilepsy Headache Migraine Cluster Tension For more detailed coverage, see Template:Headache Cerebrovascular TIA Stroke For more detailed coverage, see Template:Cerebrovascular diseases Other Sleep disorders For more detailed coverage, see Template:Sleep CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus Normal pressure hydrocephalus Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye syndrome Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto's encephalopathy Static encephalopathy Both/either Degenerative SA Friedreich's ataxia Ataxia–telangiectasia MND UMN only: Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only: Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) SMALED1 SMALED2A SMALED2B SMA-PCH SMA-PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio–Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

v t e Diseases relating to the peripheral nervous system Mononeuropathy Arm median nerve Carpal tunnel syndrome Ape hand deformity ulnar nerve Ulnar nerve entrapment Froment's sign Ulnar tunnel syndrome Ulnar claw radial nerve Radial neuropathy Wrist drop Cheiralgia paresthetica long thoracic nerve Winged scapula Backpack palsy Leg lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh Meralgia paraesthetica tibial nerve Tarsal tunnel syndrome plantar nerve Morton's neuroma superior gluteal nerve Trendelenburg's sign sciatic nerve Piriformis syndrome Cranial nerves See Template:Cranial nerve disease Polyneuropathy and Polyradiculoneuropathy HMSN Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease Dejerine–Sottas disease Refsum's disease Hereditary spastic paraplegia Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy Familial amyloid neuropathy Autoimmune and demyelinating disease Guillain–Barré syndrome Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Radiculopathy and plexopathy Brachial plexus injury Pectoralis minor syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome Phantom limb Other Alcoholic polyneuropathy Other General Complex regional pain syndrome Mononeuritis multiplex Nerve compression syndrome Neuralgia Peripheral neuropathy

v t e Diseases of the autonomic nervous system General Dysautonomia Autonomic dysreflexia Autonomic neuropathy Pure autonomic failure Hereditary Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy Familial dysautonomia Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis Orthostatic intolerance Orthostatic hypotension Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome Other Horner's syndrome Multiple system atrophy

v t e Neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia pharmacotherapies Monoaminergics SNRIsTooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., duloxetine, milnacipran) TCAsTooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline, dosulepin) Opioid MRIsTooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., tapentadol, tramadol) Ion channel blockers Anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin, mirogabalin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lacosamide, lamotrigine) Local anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine) Mexiletine TCAsTooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine) Ziconotide Others Alpha lipoic acid Benfotiamine Botulinum toxin A Bupropion Cannabinoids (e.g., cannabis, dronabinol, nabilone) NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., ketamine, dextromethorphan, methadone) Opioids (e.g., hydrocodone, morphine, oxycodone, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, tapentadol) Sodium oxybate (GHB)

v t e Mental disorders (Classification) Adult personality and behavior Sexual Ego-dystonic sexual orientation Paraphilia Fetishism Voyeurism Sexual anhedonia Sexual anorexia Sexual maturation disorder Sexual relationship disorder Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder Other Factitious disorder Munchausen syndrome Fear of intimacy Gender dysphoria Intermittent explosive disorder Dermatillomania Kleptomania Pyromania Trichotillomania Personality disorder Childhood and learning Emotional and behavioral ADHD Conduct disorder ODD Emotional and behavioral disorders Separation anxiety disorder Movement disorders Stereotypic Social functioning DAD RAD Selective mutism Speech Cluttering Stuttering Tic disorder Tourette syndrome Intellectual disability X-linked intellectual disability Lujan–Fryns syndrome Psychological development (developmental disabilities) Pervasive Specific Mood (affective) Bipolar Bipolar I Bipolar II Bipolar NOS Cyclothymia Depression Atypical depression Dysthymia Major depressive disorder Melancholic depression Seasonal affective disorder Mania Neurological and symptomatic Autism spectrum Autism Asperger syndrome High-functioning autism PDD-NOS Savant syndrome Dementia AIDS dementia complex Alzheimer's disease Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Frontotemporal dementia Huntington's disease Mild cognitive impairment Parkinson's disease Pick's disease Sundowning Vascular dementia Wandering Other Delirium Organic brain syndrome Post-concussion syndrome Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform Adjustment Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Anxiety Phobia Agoraphobia Childhood phobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder OCD Panic attack Panic disorder Paranoia Stress Acute stress reaction PTSD Dissociative Depersonalization-derealization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified Other specified dissociative disorder Somatic symptom Body dysmorphic disorder Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngeus Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures False pregnancy Hypochondriasis Mass psychogenic illness Nosophobia Psychogenic pain Physiological and physical behavior Eating Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge eating disorder Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder Pica Rumination syndrome Other specified feeding or eating disorder Nonorganic sleep Hypersomnia Insomnia Parasomnia Night terror Nightmare REM sleep behavior disorder Postnatal Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis Sexual desire Hypersexuality Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related Drug overdose Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder Intoxication Physical dependence Rebound effect Stimulant psychosis Substance dependence Substance-induced psychosis Withdrawal Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional Delusional Delusional disorder Folie à deux Psychosis and schizophrenia-like Brief reactive psychosis Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder Schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Simple-type schizophrenia Other Catatonia Symptoms and uncategorized Impulse-control disorder Klüver–Bucy syndrome Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy Caregiver burden Category

v t e Major disease groups Infection Parasitic disease Benign tumor Cancer Endocrine disease Malnutrition Metabolic disorder Immune disorder Hematologic disease Mental disorder Neurological disorder Eye disease Ear disease Cardiovascular disease Lymphatic disease Respiratory disease Maxillofacial disorder Gastrointestinal disease Urologic disease Female genital disease Breast disease Male genital disease Complications of pregnancy Obstetric labor complication Postpartum disorder Skin disease Musculoskeletal disorder Soft tissue disorder Connective tissue disease Bone disease Chondropathy Congenital disorder Fetal disease

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Neurological disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_disorder) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_disorder?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.