# Nerine

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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{about|the plant genus|the anime character|Nerine (Shuffle!)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Nerine sarniensis 1DS-II 4276.jpg
| image_caption = ''[Nerine sarniensis](/source/Nerine_sarniensis)''
| taxon = Nerine
| authority = [Herb.](/source/William_Herbert_(botanist)), ''nom. cons.''<ref name=WCSPNerine/>{{sfn|Herbert|1820b}}
| type_species = ''[Nerine sarniensis](/source/Nerine_sarniensis)''
| type_species_authority = ([L.](/source/Carl_Linnaeus)) Herb.
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = ''See text''
| synonyms = {{Specieslist
  |Imhofia|[Heist.](/source/Heist.), ''[nom. rej.](/source/nom._rej.)''
  |Galatea|[Herb.](/source/Herb.), ''[nom. nud.](/source/nom._nud.)''
  |Laticoma|[Raf.](/source/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque)
  |Elisena|[M.Roem.](/source/Max_Joseph_Roemer), ''[nom. illeg.](/source/nom._illeg.)''
  |Loxanthes|[Salisb.](/source/Salisb.)
  }}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSPsyn/>
}}

'''''Nerine''''' {{IPAc-en|n|ᵻ|ˈ|r|aɪ|n|iː}}{{sfn|SWGB|1995}} ('''nerines''', '''Guernsey lily''', '''Jersey lily''', '''spider lily''') is a [genus](/source/genus) of [flowering plant](/source/flowering_plant)s belonging to the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Amaryllidaceae](/source/Amaryllidaceae), subfamily [Amaryllidoideae](/source/Amaryllidoideae). They are [bulb](/source/bulb)ous [perennials](/source/perennial_plant), some [evergreen](/source/evergreen), associated with rocky and arid habitats. They bear spherical umbels of lily-like flowers in shades from white through pink to crimson. In the case of [deciduous](/source/deciduous) species, the flowers may appear on naked stems before the leaves develop. [Native](/source/native_plant) to South Africa, there are about 20–30 [species](/source/species) in the genus. Though described as lilies, they are not significantly related to the true lilies ([Liliaceae](/source/Liliaceae)), but more closely resemble their relatives, ''[Amaryllis](/source/Amaryllis)'' and ''[Lycoris](/source/Lycoris_(plant))''. The genus was established by the [Revd.](/source/Revd.) [William Herbert](/source/William_Herbert_(botanist)) in 1820.

Nerines have been widely cultivated and much [hybridized](/source/Hybrid_(biology)) worldwide,  especially ''[Nerine bowdenii](/source/Nerine_bowdenii)'', ''[N. masoniorum](/source/Nerine_masoniorum)'', ''[N. sarniensis](/source/Nerine_sarniensis)'' and ''[N.&nbsp;undulata](/source/Nerine_undulata)'' (previously known as ''N.&nbsp;flexuosa''). The hybrid [cultivar](/source/cultivar) 'Zeal Giant' has gained the [Royal Horticultural Society](/source/Royal_Horticultural_Society)'s [Award of Garden Merit](/source/Award_of_Garden_Merit). Most of the other 20 species are rarely cultivated and very little is known regarding their biology. Many species are threatened with extinction due to the loss or degradation of their habitat.
{{TOC limit|3}}

== Description ==
{{multiple image | header = Figure 1. Morphological features| align = right | direction = vertical | width = 130 | float = none | image1 = Nerine humilis1.jpg| caption1 =  A. ''N. humilis'': Style, 6 stamens, 6 wavy tepals with crisped margins|image2 =Nerine ANgustifolia1.jpg| caption2 =B. ''N. angustifolia'': Umbellate inflorescence with flowers on pedicls| image3 = Nerine bowdenii (Amaryllidaceae) plant.JPG| caption3=C. ''N. bowdenii'': Flowers on leafless stem|image4=Nerine filifolia2.jpg|caption4={{anchor|1D}}D. ''N. filifolia'': Filiform leaves}}
Species of ''Nerine'' are [herbaceous](/source/Herbaceous_plant) [perennial](/source/perennial) bulbous [flowering plant](/source/flowering_plant)s. In the case of [deciduous](/source/deciduous) species, the [inflorescence](/source/inflorescence) may appear on naked stems before the [leaves](/source/leaves) develop ([hysteranthy](/source/hysteranthy)), otherwise they appear together with the [flowers](/source/flowers) (synanthy) or afterwards.{{sfn|RHS|2008}}{{sfn|Dyer|1975}}<ref name=Kubitzki/>

The bulbs may have a short neck, but this is absent in other species. The leaves are [filiform](/source/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology) (threadlike) (as in ''N. filifolia''; Figure 1D) to linear and flat and strap-shaped (as in ''N. humilis''; Figure 2C). Their flowers, which are few, are borne in spherical [umbel](/source/umbel)s on a solid leafless stem ([scape](/source/Scape_(botany)) or peduncle). The stem may be slender or robust, and rarely minutely [puberulous](/source/Glossary_of_botanical_terms) (hairy), with two [lanceolate](/source/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology) (lance shaped) [spathe](/source/spathe)-valves (spathal bracts) surrounding the inflorescence. The [pedicels](/source/pedicels) (flower stalks) may be glabrous (hairy) or smooth, a feature used in differentiating species.

Individual flowers are lily-like, generally with a [perianth](/source/perianth) that is [zygomorphic](/source/Floral_symmetry) (with one plane of symmetry) but may be [actinomorphic](/source/Floral_symmetry) (radially symmetrical or "regular"). Each flower is flared, usually with a short extended or recurved perianth tube, consisting of six narrow white, pink or red [tepal](/source/tepal)s (perianth segments) joined at the base to form the tube. The free parts of the tepals are generally narrowly [oblanceolate](/source/oblanceolate) (wider near tip) and [undulate](/source/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology) (wavy) with [crisped](/source/crisped) (curly) margins.{{sfn|Dyer|1975}}<ref name=Kubitzki/>

The six [stamen](/source/stamen)s may be [declinate](/source/declinate) (curvy) or erect, are unequal and are inserted into the base of the tepals, and are [connate](/source/connation) (fused) at their bases, frequently protruding from the flower. The stamen filaments are thin and filiform, but may be [appendiculate](/source/appendiculate) (bearing appendages) at their base, a feature that is also important in differentiating species. Their [anther](/source/anther)s are versatile (swinging freely) and oblong and attach to the filament at the back (dorsifixed).{{sfn|Dyer|1975}}<ref name=Kubitzki/> The [pollen](/source/pollen) is [bisulcate](/source/bisulcate) (two grooves).<ref name=Dahlgren/>

The [inferior ovary](/source/Ovary_(botany)) is [subglobose](/source/subglobose) (slightly flattened sphere) and trilocular (three-lobed or three [locule](/source/locule)s), with one to four [ovule](/source/ovule)s in each loculus. The [style](/source/Style_(botany)) is filiform, straight or declinate and has an obscurely [tricuspidate](/source/tricuspidate) (three tipped) [stigmatose](/source/Stigma_(botany)) apex.{{sfn|Dyer|1975}}<ref name=Kubitzki/> The [fruit](/source/fruit) is a subglobose dry loculicidal [dehiscent](/source/dehiscent) [capsule](/source/capsule_(botany)), that produces between one and a few [seeds](/source/seeds) per loculus that are [globose](/source/globose) to ovoid, red-green and often [viviparous](/source/viviparous) (begin to develop before separating).{{sfn|Dyer|1975}}<ref name=Kubitzki/><ref name=Byng/>

[Chromosome number](/source/Chromosome_number): 11 (2n=22),{{sfn|Dimitri|1987}}{{sfn|Saunders|2013}}{{sfn|Duncan|2002b}}<ref name=Kubitzki/> but rarely 2n=24 or [triploids](/source/triploids).{{sfn|Traub|1967}}{{sfn|Zonneveld|Duncan|2006}}

==Taxonomy==

===History===
thumb|Herbert's 1820 illustration of ''N. rosea'' (''N. sarniensis'')
The first description was published in 1635 by French botanist [Jacques-Philippe Cornut](/source/Jacques-Philippe_Cornut), who examined 'Narcissus Iaponicus rutilo flore' (''N. sarniensis''), a plant he found in the garden of the Paris nurseryman Jean Morin in October 1634, assuming it was originally from Japan.<ref>{{Cite book| author=Cornut, J.Ph.| date=1635| title=Canadensium plantarum historia| pages=157–159| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50954043}}</ref> In 1680 Scottish botanist [Robert Morison](/source/Robert_Morison) gave an account of 'Lilio-Narcissus Japonicus rutilo flore' that was said to have been washed ashore when a Dutch or English vessel coming from Japan was wrecked off Guernsey. In 1725 [James Douglas](/source/James_Douglas_(physician)) published an account in his ''A Description of the Guernsay Lilly'',{{sfn|Douglas|2012}} as it was known then. Douglas gave it the name ''Lilio-Narcissus Sarniensis Autumno florens''.{{sfn|David|2012}}{{efn|''Narcisso-Lirion Sarniense'' in the first edition, but adopting the continental usage ''Lilio-Narcissus Sarniensis Autumno florens'' in the second. He also used the term ''Lilium Sarniense vulgo'' as a common name.{{sfn|David|2012}}}} Linnaeus called this ''Amaryllis sarniensis'' in 1753, after Douglas' usage, one of nine species he assigned to this genus.{{sfn|Zonneveld|Duncan|2006}}<ref name=Linnaeus/>

The earliest published name for the genus was ''Imhofia'', given by [Lorenz Heister](/source/Lorenz_Heister) in 1755.<ref name=Imhofia/> The later name ''Nerine'', published by [William Herbert](/source/William_Herbert_(botanist)) in 1820, was widely used, resulting in a decision to [conserve](/source/Conserved_name) the name ''Nerine'' and reject the name ''Imhofia'' (''[nom. rej.](/source/nom._rej.)''). Herbert was unaware of Heister's work initially in 1820, but noting that Heister had not defined it and it had not been adopted, transferred the name to ''[Amaryllis marginata](/source/Amaryllis_marginata)'', retaining ''Nerine'' for ''N. sarniensis'' and renaming ''A. marginata'' ''[Imhofia marginata](/source/Imhofia_marginata)'' (now ''Brunsvigia marginata'').<ref name=Herbert1821-3/>

Herbert's main role was in untangling a number of distinct genera that Linnaeus had included under ''Amaryllis''.{{sfn|Herbert|1820a}}{{sfn|Herbert|1820b}} Although in Herbert's description of ''Nerine rosea'' there, he attempted to distinguish it from ''N. sarniensis'', the former is now accepted as a synonym of the latter, the accepted name.<ref name=WCSProsea/> When Herbert chose the name of these nymphs for the first species of the genus, ''Nerine sarniensis'', he alluded to the story of how this South African species arrived on the island of [Guernsey](/source/Guernsey) in the [English Channel](/source/English_Channel). It is said that a ship carrying boxes of the bulbs of this species destined for the [Netherlands](/source/Netherlands) was shipwrecked on Guernsey. The boxes of bulbs were washed up on the island and the bulbs became established and multiplied around the coast.<ref name=PZAsarniensis/> Herbert eventually recognised nine species. At that time ''Amaryllis'' (and hence ''Nerine'') were placed in the family Amaryllideae, following the classification of [de Candolle](/source/de_Candolle) (1813).<ref name=Candolle/> Herbert's main interests were in the taxonomy of amaryllids, publishing a monograph on this in 1837,{{sfn|Herbert|1837}} considering Amaryllideae as one of seven suborders of Amaryllidaceae. He then further subdivided this suborder into groups, placing Nerine and Amaryllis together with twelve other genera into the Amaryllidiformes.<ref name=Herbert61/> In his extensive treatment of Nerine he divided the nine species he recognised into two sections, ''Regulares'' and ''Distortae'', of which only ''N. humilis'' and ''N. undulata'' are still in use. He had also begun a breeding program and described seven [hybrids](/source/hybrid_(biology)) he had raised.<ref name=Herbert283/> His enthusiasm for the genus is evident in that he chose to illustrate the front of the book with one of his hybrids, ''N. mitchamiae'' (see illustration).<ref name=Herbertfront/>

New species continued to be described so that by the time [Traub](/source/Hamilton_Traub) published his monograph in 1967, he identified 30 species.{{sfn|Traub|1967}} Other authors, including Norris (1974){{sfn|Norris|1974}} and Duncan (2002),{{sfn|Duncan|2002a}}{{sfn|Duncan|2002b}} have identified 31 and 25 species respectively. At one stage 53 species were described.{{sfn|Brown|1999}} Snijman and Linder (1996), who used a [cladistic](/source/cladistic) analysis of 33 characteristics and chromosome number, reduced this to 23, assigning many of these species to [varietal](/source/Variety_(botany)) status. They considered ''Nerine'' to be characterised by [zygomorphic](/source/Floral_symmetry) flowers with attenuated tepals and crisped margins.{{sfn|Snijman|Linder|1996}}

=== Phylogeny ===
In the [APG IV system](/source/APG_IV_system) (2016),{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} the genus ''Nerine'' is placed in the [subfamily](/source/subfamily) [Amaryllidoideae](/source/Amaryllidoideae) of a broadly defined [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Amaryllidaceae](/source/Amaryllidaceae). Within the subfamily, ''Nerine'' is placed in the Southern African [tribe](/source/tribe_(biology)) [Amaryllideae](/source/Amaryllideae).<ref name=APW/> The [phylogenetic relationships](/source/Phylogenetics) of the Amaryllideae have been investigated through [molecular analysis of DNA](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) combined with [morphological](/source/Morphology_(biology)) data. This [cladistic analysis](/source/Cladistics) has demonstrated that ''Nerine'' belongs to  a [monophyletic](/source/Monophyly) group  forming [subtribe](/source/subtribe) [Strumariinae](/source/Strumariinae). The members of this [clade](/source/clade) all originate from South Africa and often have prostrate leaves, fused stamens forming a tube towards the base of the flower, dehiscent fruit, and seeds with a well developed [seed coat](/source/Integumentary_system) and [chlorophyll](/source/chlorophyll). Within the Strumariinae, ''Nerine'' is most closely related to ''Brunsvigia'' Heist.,  Namaquanula D. & U. Müll.-Doblies and ''Hessea'' Herb.{{sfn|Zonneveld|Duncan|2006}}{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|2001}}

The genera of Strumariinae are related as in this [cladogram](/source/cladogram), with number of species in each genus in (parentheses):{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|2001}}

{{clade
| label1 = '''Strumariinae'''
| 1= {{clade

| 1= {{clade
|     1={{clade
|       1=''Nerine'' (~23)
|       2={{clade
|         1={{clade
|           1={{clade
|             1= ''[Brunsvigia](/source/Brunsvigia)'' (~23)
|             2= ''[Namaquanula](/source/Namaquanula)'' (2)
              }}
|           2=''[Hessea](/source/Hessea)'' (13)
            }}
          }}
       }}
|     2=''[Strumaria](/source/Strumaria)'' (24)
    }}
| 2= ''[Crossyne](/source/Crossyne)'' (2)
   }}
}}

=== Subdivision ===

Attempts to generate an infrageneric classification (such as those of Traub's four sections and Norris' twelve groups) based on [morphological](/source/plant_morphology) characteristics alone relied on the presence of appendages to the bases of the [stamen](/source/stamen) filaments, the presence of hairs on the [ovary](/source/ovary_(botany)), [scape](/source/scape_(botany)) and [pedicels](/source/pedicels), together with the shape and arrangement of [perianth](/source/perianth) segments.{{sfn|Zonneveld|Duncan|2006}} Traub divided the genus into four subgeneric [sections](/source/section_(botany)), ''Nerine'', ''Laticomae'', ''Bowdeniae'' and ''Appendiculatae''. For instance the six taxa of ''Laticomae'' were grouped on the basis of filaments that were not distinctly appendiculate or otherwise modified at the base and scapes that were relatively short and stout.

Much of the modern understanding of the genus comes from the work of [Graham Duncan](/source/Graham_Duncan_(botanist)) and colleagues at [SANBI, Kirstenbosch](/source/SANBI%2C_Kirstenbosch). In 2002 Duncan grouped the species of ''Nerine'' by growth cycle, with three distinct patterns.{{sfn|Duncan|2002a}} {{sfn|Duncan|2002a}} ''Nerine'' species can be either [evergreen](/source/evergreen) or [deciduous](/source/deciduous), the deciduous species either growing during the winter or the summer. Zonnefeld and Duncan (2006){{sfn|Zonneveld|Duncan|2006}} examined the total amount of [nuclear](/source/cell_nucleus) [DNA](/source/DNA) by [flow cytometry](/source/flow_cytometry) in 81 [accessions](/source/accessions) from 23 species. When the species were arranged by DNA content, five groupings (A–E) were apparent, that correlated with growth cycle and leaf width, but only two of the other characteristics (filament appendages and hairy pedicels). Traub's sections were not confirmed, although a slightly better agreement was found with Norris' groups. Leaf width fell into two main groups, narrow (1–4&nbsp;mm) or broad (6–37&nbsp;mm). When taken together these characteristics confirm Duncan's original three groups based on growth cycle alone.

The first of these is the largest of these groups, corresponding to DNA groups A, B and C, with 13 species, and contains narrow-leafed evergreen nerines that retain their leaves throughout the summer and winter. They contain the lowest amount of DNA per nucleus. The second group corresponds to DNA group D with four broad-leafed deciduous winter growing species. They contain an intermediate amount of DNA. A third group (DNA group E) has six broad-leafed summer growing deciduous species that have no leaves in the winter. They contain the highest amount of DNA.{{sfn|Zonneveld|Duncan|2006}} The two broad-leaved groups are also distinguished by the absence of filamentous appendages and glabrous pedicels, although two of the species have hairs on the pedicels, but these are minute or sparse.

The first group (the evergreens) can then be considered to have three subgroups corresponding to DNA groups A, B and C but also by other characteristics. ''N.&nbsp;marincowitzii'' is an outlier being summer growing but narrow-leafed. The other outlier is ''N.&nbsp;pusilla'' which is narrow-leafed despite being summer growing. ''N.&nbsp;duparquetiana'' has at times been considered to be a synonym of ''N.&nbsp;laticoma'' but was restored to species status here. ''N.&nbsp;huttoniae'' is another species whose status is disputed, but here is treated (as Traub did) as a subspecies of ''N.&nbsp;laticoma'', a status subsequently confirmed.{{sfn|Duncan|2016}} Two species of doubtful status were not accessed, ''N.&nbsp;transvaalensis'' and ''N.&nbsp;hesseoides''.{{sfn|Zonneveld|Duncan|2006}}

Based on morphology, geography and DNA content they concluded that there were in fact 23 species, in contrast to the large number of [subspecies](/source/subspecies) considered by Traub.{{sfn|Goldblatt|1972}}{{sfn|Zonneveld|Duncan|2006}}

====  {{anchor|species}}Species list ====

{{As of|2016}}, the [World Checklist of Selected Plant Families](/source/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families) (WCLSPF) recognises 24 species{{sfn|WCLSPF|2016}} and [The Plant List](/source/The_Plant_List) (TPL), 25<ref name=TPL/> (for explanation of the discrepancy, see Notes). Species accepted by the WCLSPF and arranged ''sensu'' Zonnefeld & Duncan ''Table 2''{{sfn|Zonneveld|Duncan|2006}} are:{{efn|Both include the hybrid ''Nerine x versicolor'', which Zonnefeld & Duncan did not}}

* Groups A, B and C. Narrow-leafed and evergreen, 18.0–24.6&nbsp;[pg](/source/picogram) DNA per nucleus
** Group A Absent filamentous appendages, glabrous pedicels, 18&nbsp;pg DNA
*** ''[Nerine gaberonensis](/source/Nerine_gaberonensis)'' <small>[Bremek.](/source/Cornelis_Eliza_Bertus_Bremekamp) & [Oberm.](/source/Anna_Amelia_Obermeyer)</small> – [Botswana](/source/Botswana) to [Northern Cape](/source/Northern_Cape) Province
*** ''[Nerine rehmannii](/source/Nerine_rehmannii)'' <small>(Baker) L.Bolus</small> – Northern Cape Province to [Eswatini](/source/Eswatini)
*** ''[Nerine marincowitzii](/source/Nerine_marincowitzii)'' <small>[Snijman](/source/Dierdre_Snijman)</small> – South west of Cape Province (summer growing)
** Group B Absent filamentous appendages, hairy pedicels, 20–22&nbsp;pg DNA 
*** ''[Nerine filamentosa](/source/Nerine_filamentosa)'' <small>[W.F.Barker](/source/Winsome_Fanny_Barker)</small> – Eastern Cape Province
*** ''[Nerine filifolia](/source/Nerine_filifolia)'' <small>Baker</small> – Eastern Cape Province
*** ''[Nerine pancratioides](/source/Nerine_pancratioides)'' <small>Baker</small> – KwaZulu-Natal
*** ''[Nerine platypetala](/source/Nerine_platypetala)'' <small>McNeil</small> – [Mpumalanga](/source/Mpumalanga)
** Group C Filamentous appendages, hairy pedicels, 22–25&nbsp;pg DNA
*** ''[Nerine angustifolia](/source/Nerine_angustifolia)'' <small>([Baker](/source/John_Gilbert_Baker)) [W.Watson](/source/W.Watson)</small> – South Africa
*** ''[Nerine appendiculata](/source/Nerine_appendiculata)'' <small>Baker</small> – South east of [Cape Province](/source/Cape_Province) to [KwaZulu-Natal](/source/KwaZulu-Natal)
*** ''[Nerine frithii](/source/Nerine_frithii)'' <small>[L.Bolus](/source/Harriet_Margaret_Louisa_Bolus)</small> – South Africa
*** ''[Nerine gibsonii](/source/Nerine_gibsonii)'' <small>[K.H.Douglas](/source/K.H._Douglas)</small> – Eastern Cape Province
*** ''[Nerine gracilis](/source/Nerine_gracilis)'' <small>[R.A.Dyer](/source/Robert_Allen_Dyer)</small> – Northern Cape Province
*** ''[Nerine masoniorum](/source/Nerine_masoniorum)'' <small>L.Bolus</small> – Eastern Cape Province
* Group D. Broad-leafed deciduous winter growing, 25.3–26.2&nbsp;pg DNA. Absent filamentous appendages, glabrous pedicels
** ''[Nerine humilis](/source/Nerine_humilis)'' <small>([Jacq.](/source/Nikolaus_Joseph_von_Jacquin)) Herb.</small> – Cape Province
** ''[Nerine pudica](/source/Nerine_pudica)'' <small>[Hook.f.](/source/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker)</small> – South west Cape Province
** ''[Nerine ridleyi](/source/Nerine_ridleyi)'' <small>[E.Phillips](/source/E.Phillips)</small> – South west of Cape Province
** ''[Nerine sarniensis](/source/Nerine_sarniensis)'' <small>([L.](/source/Carl_Linnaeus)) Herb.</small> – South west of Cape Province ''[Type species](/source/Type_species)''
* Group E. Broad-leafed deciduous summer growing, 26.8–35.3&nbsp;pg DNA. Absent filamentous appendages, glabrous pedicels
** ''[Nerine bowdenii](/source/Nerine_bowdenii)'' <small>W.Watson</small> – [Eastern Cape](/source/Eastern_Cape) Province to [KwaZulu-Natal](/source/KwaZulu-Natal)
** ''[Nerine duparquetiana](/source/Nerine_duparquetiana)'' <small>(Baill.) Baker</small> (sparse pedicel hair){{efn|Treated as ''N. laticoma'' subsp. ''laticoma'' by WCLSPF, but as species by Zonneveld & Duncan}}
** ''[Nerine krigei](/source/Nerine_krigei)'' <small>W.F.Barker</small> – [Zimbabwe](/source/Zimbabwe) to Northern Cape Province
** ''[Nerine laticoma](/source/Nerine_laticoma)'' <small>([Ker Gawl.](/source/John_Bellenden_Ker_Gawler)) [T.Durand](/source/T.Durand) & [Schinz](/source/Hans_Schinz)</small> – Southern Zimbabwe to Northern Cape Province
*** ''[Nerine huttoniae](/source/Nerine_huttoniae)'' <small>[Schönland](/source/Selmar_Sch%C3%B6nland)</small> – Eastern Cape Province{{efn|Treated as species by TPL but as  ''N. laticoma'' subsp. ''huttoniae'' by Zonneveld & Duncan and WCLSPF}}
** ''[Nerine pusilla](/source/Nerine_pusilla)'' <small>[Dinter](/source/Moritz_Kurt_Dinter)</small> – East and central [Namibia](/source/Namibia) (narrow-leafed, sparse pedicel hair))
** ''[Nerine undulata](/source/Nerine_undulata)'' <small>(L.) Herb.</small> –  Eastern Cape Province (winter and summer growing)
* Other (not accessed){{efn|Both accepted by WC:SPF and TPL}}
** ''[Nerine hesseoides](/source/Nerine_hesseoides)'' <small>L.Bolus</small> – Northern Cape Province to [Free State](/source/Free_State_(province)){{efn|Probably subspecies or variety of ''N. frithii''}} 
** ''[Nerine transvaalensis](/source/Nerine_transvaalensis)'' <small>L.Bolus</small> – Northern Cape Province{{efn|Described in 1928 and not seen since, possible subspecies of ''N. frithii''}}

=== Species assigned to other genera ===

* ''Nerine aurea'' ([syn.](/source/syn.) ''[Lycoris aurea](/source/Lycoris_aurea)'')<ref name=WCSPaurea/>

=== Hybrids ===
Some known hybrids, along with the parent species, are the following:
* [''Nerine'' × ''excellens''](/source/Nerine_%C3%97_excellens) <small>[T.Moore](/source/T.Moore)</small> = ''N. humilis'' × ''N. undulata'', an artificial cross<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:66301-1 ''Nerine'' ×''excellens''] in Plants Of the World Online</ref>
* [''Nerine'' × ''mansellii''](/source/Nerine_%C3%97_mansellii) <small>O'Brien ex Baker</small> = ''N. undulata'' × ''N. sarniensis'', an artificial cross<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:66321-1 ''Nerine'' ×''mansellii''] in Plants Of the World Online</ref>
* [''Nerine'' × ''stricklandii''](/source/Nerine_%C3%97_stricklandii) <small>auct.</small> = ''N. pudica'' × ''N. sarniensis'', an artificial cross<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77243314-1 ''Nerine'' ×''stricklandii''] in Plants Of the World Online</ref>
* [''Nerine'' × ''traubianthe''](/source/Nerine_%C3%97_traubianthe) <small>[Moldenke](/source/Harold_Norman_Moldenke)</small> = ''N. filifolia'' × ''N.'' 'Rosalba', an artificial cross<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:66346-1 ''Nerine'' × ''traubianthe''] in Plants Of the World Online</ref>
* [''Nerine'' × ''versicolor''](/source/Nerine_%C3%97_versicolor) <small>Herb.</small> = ''N. sarniensis'' × ''N. undulata'' – Cape Province<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:66351-1 ''Nerine'' ×''versicolor''] in Plants Of the World Online</ref>

Some ''Nerine'' species have been used to produce a hybrid with members of the genus ''[Amaryllis](/source/Amaryllis)'', which are included in the hybrid genus (nothogenus) ×&nbsp;''Amarine''. One of these hybrids is ×&nbsp;''Amarine tubergenii'' <small>Sealy</small>, which comes from a cross between ''[Amaryllis belladonna](/source/Amaryllis_belladonna)'' and ''Nerine bowdenii''.{{sfn|WCLSPF|2016}}

=== Etymology ===

The genus name given to it by Herbert in 1820 derives from the [Nereid](/source/Nereid)s (sea-nymphs) of [Greek mythology](/source/Greek_mythology) that protected sailors and their ships. Herbert combined [Morison](/source/Robert_Morison)'s account of the plant being washed ashore from a shipwreck with Renaissance poetry, alluding to the rescue of [Vasco da Gama](/source/Vasco_da_Gama)’s ship by a Nereid in the epic poem of [Camões](/source/Cam%C3%B5es), ''Os Lusiadas''.{{sfn|Coombes|2012}} Although bearing the name "lily" in the [vernacular](/source/vernacular), ''Nerine''  is only distantly related to the true lilies (''[Lilium](/source/Lilium)'') of the lily family, [Liliaceae](/source/Liliaceae), ''[sensu stricto](/source/sensu_stricto)''. Instead they are one of many genera placed in the amaryllid lily family, Amaryllidaceae, such as the closely related ''[Amaryllis](/source/Amaryllis)'', and ''[Lycoris](/source/Lycoris_(plant))''. These were once part of the much larger construction of Liliaceae ''sensu lato''. The name "[spider lily](/source/spider_lily)" is shared by a number of different genera within Amaryllidaceae. For instance, ''[Lycoris aurea](/source/Lycoris_aurea)'' may be sold under its earlier synonym, ''Nerine aurea''.<ref name=WCSPaurea/>

== Distribution and habitat==

''Nerine'' are native to [Southern Africa](/source/Southern_Africa), their [distribution range](/source/distribution_range) being from the [Cape Peninsula](/source/Cape_Peninsula) in the south to [Botswana](/source/Botswana), [Eswatini](/source/Eswatini), [Lesotho](/source/Lesotho), [Namibia](/source/Namibia) to the northwest and northeast of [South Africa](/source/South_Africa), occupying all nine provinces of South Africa. (see distribution maps in Zonneveld & Duncan, 2006).{{sfn|Zonneveld|Duncan|2006}}<ref name=PZAsarniensis/> They prefer rocky, arid and [mesic habitats](/source/mesic_habitats), and most species are found in the [summer rainfall region](/source/Climate_of_South_Africa).{{sfn|Snijman|Linder|1996}}

== Ecology ==

''Nerine'' species form three distinct growth patterns, namely winter-growing, summer-growing and evergreen species.<ref name=PZAsarniensis/> While the flowers are generally pink, a red colour is an adaptation to a [pollinator](/source/pollinator), the butterfly ''[Aeropetes tulbaghia](/source/Aeropetes_tulbaghia)''.<ref name=Kubitzki/>

== Conservation  ==
thumb|''N. masoniorum''
Some ''Nerine'' species from Eastern Cape Province are naturally rare, but they are not considered to be in immediate danger of extinction. These include the winter-growing species ''N.&nbsp;pudica'' that inhabits inaccessible locations in the [Du Toitskloof](/source/Du_Toits_Peak) and Sonderend mountains, and the summer-growing ''N.&nbsp;marincowitzii'' that originates from the semi-arid [Karoo](/source/Karoo) region.

A number of evergreen nerine species from areas of South Africa that have summer rain are in danger due to the loss or degradation of their habitat and at least two or three of them are on the verge of extinction. ''Nerine masoniorum'' is probably the most critically threatened and it may even have become extinct as the area occupied by the only surviving colony has been used for the construction of housing.{{sfn|Dold|Cloete|Weeks|2000}} Another species that is seriously threatened is ''N.&nbsp;gibsonii'' from Eastern Cape Province as the grasslands that it grows in have been seriously damaged by overgrazing and [erosion](/source/erosion) resulting from the construction of paths and roads. In addition, this species rarely produces seeds as grazing cattle eat the flowers as soon as they appear.{{sfn|Dold|McMaster|2004}}

Various measures have been taken to relieve the threat of extinction from these species. One of these measures, thanks to their ease of cultivation, is the ''ex situ'' conservation of a number of populations of ''N.&nbsp;filamentosa'', ''N.&nbsp;gibsonii'', ''N.&nbsp;gracilis'', ''N.&nbsp;huttoniae'' and ''N.&nbsp;masoniorum'' in the [Kirstenbosch](/source/Kirstenbosch) botanical garden.{{sfn|Duncan|2008}} Another measure, this time relating to ''in situ'' cultivation is the official protection of some species in nature reserves, such as has happened for ''N.&nbsp;platypetala'' in the south of [Mpumalanga](/source/Mpumalanga).{{sfn|Craib|1996}}

In Guernsey, the national flower is ''Nerine sarniensis'', and the island collection of nerines is seeking recognition by [National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens](/source/National_Council_for_the_Conservation_of_Plants_and_Gardens) as a national collection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://guernseypress.com/news/2017/04/04/its-time-nerines-got-more-recognition/ |title=It's time nerines got more recognition |publisher=Guernsey Press |date=4 April 2017}}</ref>

== Cultivation ==
{{anchor|Hfront}}[[File:Herbertfrontispiece1837.jpg|thumb|[William Herbert](/source/William_Herbert_(botanist))'s hybrid, ''N. mitchamiae'' (left) from Frontispiece to his ''Amaryllidaceae'' 1837]]
Breeding and hybridisation of Nerine began as early as the beginning of the nineteenth century with the work of [William Herbert](/source/William_Herbert_(botanist)). A number of the species of this genus are cultivated as [ornamentals](/source/ornamentals), such as ''[N. sarniensis](/source/Nerine_sarniensis)'', ''N. undulata'' (''N. flexuosa'') and ''[Nerine bowdenii](/source/Nerine_bowdenii)''.{{sfn|Duncan|2002b}} ''N.&nbsp;sarniensis'' is, probably, the best known species of the genus and it has been cultivated in Europe since the beginning of the 17th century. ''N.&nbsp;bowdenii''  was introduced to England at the end of the 19th century and used as an ornamental since the first decade of the 20th century.{{sfn|David|2008}} Along with ''Nerine bowdenii'' they have been extensively used in plant breeding programmes that have produced the majority of the commercially available hybrids.{{sfn|Saunders|2013}} The hybrid [cultivar](/source/cultivar) 'Zeal Giant' has gained the [Royal Horticultural Society](/source/Royal_Horticultural_Society)'s [Award of Garden Merit](/source/Award_of_Garden_Merit).<ref name=zeal/>

The bulbs of ''Nerine'' species need a minimum of two years growth and development in order to produce their first flowers. The largest bulbs can give rise to two stems or more if they have been grown under suitable conditions. They are used as [cut flowers](/source/cut_flowers) as they can survive up to 14 days in a vase with water without showing any staining.{{sfn|Duncan|2002b}}

== Uses ==

''Nerine'' species and hybrids with their colourful long-lasting blooms are grown commercially for the cut-flower industry and sale of ornamental bulbs.{{sfn|Zonneveld|Duncan|2006}}{{sfn|Brown|1999}}

== Gallery ==

{{Gallery |title=Figure 2. Other species |width=150 | height=170 |align=center |footer=
|File:Nerine angulata25-04-07.jpg|A. ''N. angulata'' 
|File:Nerine bowdenii1.jpg| B. ''N. bowdwnii''
|File:Nerine humilis2.jpg|{{anchor|2C}}C. ''N. humilis'' 
|File:Botanischer Garten der Universität Zürich - Nerine mansellii 2011-10-24 14-43-28.JPG|D. ''N. mansellii''
|File:Nerine undulata 02.jpg|E. ''N. undulata''}}

== See also ==

* [Glossary of botanical terms](/source/Glossary_of_botanical_terms)
* [Glossary of plant morphology](/source/Glossary_of_plant_morphology)

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<!-- curated references -->
{{Reflist|20em|refs=

<ref name=APW>{{harvnb|Stevens|2016|loc=[http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Amaryllideae Amaryllideae]}}</ref>

<ref name=Byng>{{harvnb|Byng|2014|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yoLaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 ''Nerine'' p.86]}}</ref>

<ref name=Candolle>{{harvnb|Candolle|1813|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88297#page/231/mode/1up Esquisse. D'une Série linéaire et par conséquent artificielle, pour la disposition des familles naturelles du règne végetal p.&nbsp;219]}}</ref>

<ref name=Dahlgren>{{harvnb |Dahlgren|Clifford |Yeo|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8YLuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 Amaryllideae p.&nbsp;202]}}</ref>

<ref name=Imhofia>{{harvnb|Heister|1755|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/210299#page/33/mode/1up XLVIII ''Imhofia'' p.&nbsp;29]}}</ref>

<!-- Herbert 1821, 1837-->
<ref name=Herbert1821-3>{{harvnb|Herbert|1821|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=llNNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3 Preliminary p.&nbsp;3]}}</ref>
<ref name=Herbertfront>{{harvnb|Herbert|1837|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/202524#page/75/mode/1up Frontispiece]}}</ref>
<ref name=Herbert61>{{harvnb|Herbert|1837|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/202524#page/8/mode/1up p.&nbsp;61]}}</ref>
<ref name=Herbert283>{{harvnb|Herbert|1837|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/202524#page/385/mode/1up ''Nerine'' pp.&nbsp;283–287]}}</ref>

<ref name=Kubitzki>{{harvnb|Kubitzki| 1998|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA96 ''Nerine'' p.&nbsp;96]}}</ref>

<ref name=Linnaeus>{{harvnb|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/305/mode/1up ''Amaryllis sarniensis'' pp.&nbsp;293]}}</ref>

<ref name=PZAsarniensis>{{harvnb|PlantZAfrica|2016|loc=[http://pza.sanbi.org/nerine-sarniensis Duncan: ''N. sarniensis'']}}</ref>

<!-- RBG -->
<ref name=WCSPNerine>{{harvnb|WCLSPF|2016|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=282558 ''Nerine'']}}</ref>
<ref name=WCSPsyn>{{harvnb|WCLSPF|2016|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=282558 Synonyms]}}</ref>
<ref name=WCSPaurea>{{harvnb|WCLSPF|2016|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=282090 ''N aurea'']}}</ref>
<ref name=WCSProsea>{{harvnb|WCLSPF|2016|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=282194 ''N rosea'']}}</ref>

<ref name=TPL>{{harvnb|TPL|2013|loc=[http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Amaryllidaceae/Nerine/ ''Nerine'']}}</ref>

<ref name=zeal>{{harvnb|RHS|2015|loc=[https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=3629 ''Nerine'' 'Zeal Giant']}}</ref>

}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
=== Historical sources===
 <!-- (chronological) --> 
* {{cite book|last1=Douglas|first1=James|author-link=James Douglas (physician)|title=A Description of the Guernsey Lilly|date=2012|orig-year=1725, 2nd ed. 1727|publisher=Extraordinary Editions|url=http://extraordinaryeditions.com/the-guernsey-lilly-3/douglass-guernsey-lilly/}}
* {{cite book|last=Linnaeus|first=Carl|title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary|year=1753|publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|access-date=13 October 2016|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see also [Species Plantarum](/source/Species_Plantarum)
* {{cite book|last1=Heister|first1=Lorenz|author-link=Lorenz Heister|title=Beschreibung eines neuen Geschlechts von einer sehr raren und überaus schönen afrikanischen Pflanze aus der Familie der Zwiebelgewächse, welche er zu Ehren ... des ... Fürsten ... Karls ... zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg ... den Namen Brunsvigia beygelegt, wobey zugleich viele Irrthümer einiger Kräuterkenner angezeiget und verbessert werden, nebst drey ... Kupferplatten worauf obige Pflanze mit lebendigen Farben nach dem Leben dargestellet wird|date=1755|publisher=Waysenhause|location=Braunschweig|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/120234#/summary}}
* {{cite book|last1=Candolle|first1=A. P. de|year=1813|author-link=A. P. de Candolle|title=Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39705#/summary|access-date=5 February 2014|language=fr}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Herbert|first1=William|author-link=William Herbert (botanist)|title=''Nerine rosea''. Rose-coloured nerine|journal=[Curtis's Botanical Magazine](/source/Curtis's_Botanical_Magazine)|date=1820|volume=47|page=t 2124|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14331#page/63/mode/1up|ref={{harvid|Herbert|1820b}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Herbert|first=W.|author-link=William Herbert (botanist)|title=On the culture of the Guernsey Lily, and other bulbs of the genera ''Nerine'', ''Coburgia'' and ''Brunsvigia'', heretofore united under ''Amaryllis''|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/152443#page/201/mode/1up|date=4 April 1820|journal=[Trans. Hortic. Soc. Lond.](/source/Trans._Hortic._Soc._Lond.)|volume=4|pages=176–184|ref={{harvid|Herbert|1820a}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Herbert |first=William |author-link=William Herbert (botanist) |year=1821 |title=An Appendix: ''Preliminary Treatise'' (pp.&nbsp;1–14) and ''A Treatise &c.'' (pp.&nbsp;15–52) |journal=[The Botanical Register](/source/The_Botanical_Register) |volume=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llNNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Herbert|first1=William|author-link=William Herbert (botanist)|title=Amaryllidaceae: Preceded by an Attempt to Arrange the Monocotyledonous Orders, and Followed by a Treatise on Cross-bred Vegetables, and Supplement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUcaAAAAYAAJ|access-date=26 January 2015|date=1837|publisher=Ridgway|location=London}}
*  {{cite book|last=Baker|first=John Gilbert|author-link=John Gilbert Baker|title=Handbook of the Amaryllideæ including the Alstrœmerieæ and Agaveæ|year=1888|publisher=Bell|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/15516#/summary}}

=== Books ===

* {{cite book|last1=Byng|first1=James W.|author-link=James W. Byng|title=The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world|date=2014|publisher=Plant Gateway Ltd.|isbn=9780992999315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoLaBAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Coombes|first=Allen J.|title=The A to Z of plant names|year=2012|publisher=Timber Press|location=USA|isbn=9781604691962|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781604691962/page/312 312]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781604691962/page/312}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=R.M. |last2=Clifford |first2=H.T. |last3=Yeo |first3=P.F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren |title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC |isbn=978-3-642-64903-5 |access-date=10 February 2014 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dimitri |first=M. |year=1987 |title=Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. Tomo I. Descripción de plantas cultivadas |publisher=Editorial ACME S.A.C.I. |location=Buenos Aires |language=es }}
* {{cite book|last1=Duncan|first1=Graham D|author-link=Graham Duncan (botanist)|title=Grow Nerines: a guide to the species, cultivation and propagation of the genus Nerine|date=2002|publisher=[National Botanical Institute, Kirstenbosch](/source/National_Botanical_Institute%2C_Kirstenbosch)|location=Claremont, South Africa|isbn=978-1919684338|ref={{harvid|Duncan|2002a}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dyer|first1=R. Allen|author-link=Robert Allen Dyer|title=The genera of Southern African flowering plants: Flora of southern Africa|date=1975|publisher=Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services|location=Pretoria|isbn=9780621028546|edition=3d|url=http://www.chapter1.co.za/?page=shop/flypage&product_id=4121717}}
* {{cite book|last1=Glen|first1=H.F.|title=Cultivated plants of southern Africa : botanical names, common names, origins, literature|date=2002|publisher=Jacana|location=Johannesburg|isbn=9781919931173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsvjvuLbRVYC}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}
* {{cite book|last=RHS|author-link=Royal Horticultural Society|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=[Dorling Kindersley](/source/Dorling_Kindersley)|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|page=1136}}
* {{cite book|title=Sunset Western Garden Book|date=1995|publisher=Sunset Pub. Corp.|location=Menlo Park, Calif.|isbn=978-0376038517|pages=606–607|edition=6th|ref={{harvid|SWGB|1995}}}}

=== Articles, symposia and theses ===

* {{cite journal |last = APG IV |author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |year=2016 |journal=[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society](/source/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society) |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite thesis|last1=Brown|first1=Natalie Ruth|title=The Reproductive Biology of Nerine (Amaryllidaceae)|date=October 1999|publisher=[University of Tasmania](/source/University_of_Tasmania)|url=http://eprints.utas.edu.au/19080|format=PhD}}
** [http://eprints.utas.edu.au/19080/1/whole_BrownNatalieRuth1999_thesis.pdf Volume 1/2]
** [http://eprints.utas.edu.au/19080/2/whole_BrownNatalieRuth1999Vol2_thesis.pdf Volume 2/2]
* {{cite web|last=David|first=John|title=The ''Nerine bowdenii'' story|url=http://www.nerineandamaryllidsociety.co.uk/media/f7daef5e79c7bb98ffff8013ffffffd3.pdf|pages=31–41|ref={{harvid|David|2008}}}}, in {{harvtxt|RHS|2008a}}
* {{cite web|last=David|first=John|title=James Douglas's A Description of the Guernsey Lilly with a modern Commentary and bibliography by Dr Helen Brock|url=http://www.nerineandamaryllidsociety.co.uk/66789.html|date=2012|format=Book review}}, in {{harvtxt|NAAS|2016}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Duncan|first1=Graham D.|title=The genus ''Nerine''|journal=Bulbs|date=2002|volume=4|issue=1|pages=9–15|ref={{harvid|Duncan|2002b}}}}
* {{cite web|last=Duncan|first=Graham D.|title=The distribution, habitat and conservation status of the species of ''Nerine''|url=http://www.nerineandamaryllidsociety.co.uk/media/f7daef5e79c7bb98ffff8013ffffffd3.pdf|pages=22–31|ref={{harvid|Duncan|2008}}}}, in {{harvtxt|RHS|2008a}}
* {{cite journal|editor1-last=Germishuizen|editor1-first=G|title=Flowering Plants of Africa|date=June 2009|volume=61|url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/FPA61_2009.pdf|publisher=[SANBI](/source/Kirstenbosch)|location=Pretoria, RSA|archive-date=2017-05-10|access-date=2016-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080756/http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/FPA61_2009.pdf|url-status=dead}} (see also [Flowering Plants of Africa](/source/Flowering_Plants_of_Africa))
* {{cite journal|last1=Goldblatt|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter Goldblatt|title=Chromosome cytology in relation to classification in ''Nerine'' and ''Brunsvigia'' (Amaryllidaceae)|journal=[J. S. Afr. Bot.](/source/J._S._Afr._Bot.)|date=1972|volume=38|pages=261–275}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Snijman|first2=Deirdre A.|author-link1=Alan Meerow|title=Phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae Tribe Amaryllideae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences and Morphology|journal=[American Journal of Botany](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)|date=December 2001|volume=88|issue=12|pages=2321–2330|doi=10.2307/3558392|jstor=3558392|pmid=21669663 |bibcode=2001AmJB...88.2321M }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Norris|first1=C.A.|title=The genus Nerine|journal=Bull. of the Nerine Soc. Part II|date=1974|volume=6|pages=7–31}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Snijman|first1=D. A.|last2=Linder|first2=H. P.|title=Phylogenetic Relationships, Seed Characters, and Dispersal System Evolution in Amaryllideae (Amaryllidaceae)|journal=[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden](/source/Annals_of_the_Missouri_Botanical_Garden)|date=1996|volume=83|issue=3|pages=362–386|doi=10.2307/2399866|jstor=2399866|bibcode=1996AnMBG..83..362S |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/7767}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Traub|first1=H. P.|author-link=Hamilton Traub|title=Review of the genus ''Nerine'' Herb.|journal=[Plant Life](/source/Plant_Life_(journal))|date=1967|volume=23|pages= Sup. 3–32}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Zonneveld|first1=B. J. M.|last2=Duncan|first2=G. D.|author-link1=Ben Zonneveld|title=Genome size for the species of ''Nerine'' Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) and its evident correlation with growth cycle, leaf width and other morphological characters|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224094695|journal=[Plant Systematics and Evolution](/source/Plant_Systematics_and_Evolution)|date=March 2006|volume=257|issue=3–4|pages=251–260|doi=10.1007/s00606-005-0381-x|bibcode=2006PSyEv.257..251Z|s2cid=31666264}}
* {{cite web|last = RHS|title = Report of the Proceedings of a Hardy Nerine Study Day|url = http://www.nerineandamaryllidsociety.co.uk/media/f7daef5e79c7bb98ffff8013ffffffd3.pdf|access-date = 14 November 2016|year = 2008a|publisher = [RHS](/source/Royal_Horticultural_Society) Herbaceous Plant Committee and the Nerine & Amaryllid Society}}

=== Species ===

* {{cite journal|last1=Duncan|first1=Graham D.|author-link=Graham Duncan (botanist)|title=792. ''Nerine bowdenii'' subsp. ''wellsii''|journal=[Curtis's Botanical Magazine](/source/Curtis's_Botanical_Magazine)|date=September 2014|volume=31|issue=3|pages=223–237|doi=10.1111/curt.12076}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dold|first1=Tony|last2=McMaster|first2=Cameron|title=''Nerine gibsonii''|journal=Veld & Flora|date=2004|volume=90|issue=3|pages=102–105|url=http://pza.sanbi.org/sites/default/files/info_library/nerine_gibsonii_pdf.pdf|access-date=15 November 2016}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Duncan|first1=Graham D.|title=648. ''Nerine humilis''|journal=[Curtis's Botanical Magazine](/source/Curtis's_Botanical_Magazine)|date=November 2009|volume=26|issue=3|pages=200–209|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2009.01650.x}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Duncan|first1=Graham|author-link=Graham Duncan (botanist)|title=830. ''Nerine laticoma'' subsp. ''huttoniae''|journal=[Curtis's Botanical Magazine](/source/Curtis's_Botanical_Magazine)|date=June 2016|volume=33|issue=2|pages=114–124|doi=10.1111/curt.12139}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dold|first1=Tony|last2=Cloete|first2=Elize|last3=Weeks|first3=Dez|title=The nerine from Misty Mount: The conservation status of ''Nerine masoniorum'' in the Eastern Cape|journal=Veld & Flora|date=2000|volume=86|issue=4|pages=168–169|hdl=10520/AJA00423203_2903}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Duncan|first1=Graham D.|last2=Craib|first2=C.L.|last3=Condy|first3=G.|title=2245. ''Nerine pancratioides''|journal=[Flowering Plants of Africa](/source/Flowering_Plants_of_Africa)|date=June 2009|volume=61|pages=34–41|url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/FPA61_2009.pdf|archive-date=2017-05-10|access-date=2016-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080756/http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/FPA61_2009.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Craib|first1=C.L.|title=''Nerine platypetala'': habitat studies and cultivation|journal=Herbertia|date=1996|volume=51|pages=68–73}}
* {{cite journal |last=Duncan |first=Graham D. |date=September 2005 |title=533. ''Nerine pusilla'' |journal=[Curtis's Botanical Magazine](/source/Curtis's_Botanical_Magazine)  |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=169–175 |doi=10.1111/j.1355-4905.2005.00485.x}}

=== Websites ===
* {{cite news|last1=Titchmarsh|first1=Alan|author-link=Alan Titchmarsh|title=October stunner: Alan Titchmarsh's tips for growing nerines in your garden|url=http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/garden/520607/How-to-grow-nerines|access-date=13 November 2016|work=[Daily Express](/source/Daily_Express)|date=11 October 2014}}
* {{cite web|title=PlantZAfrica|url=http://pza.sanbi.org/|publisher=[SANBI](/source/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute)|access-date=14 November 2016|ref={{harvid|PlantZAfrica|2016}}}}
* {{cite web|last=TPL|author-link=The Plant List|title=The Plant List: a working list of all known plant species. Version: 1.1|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/|publisher=[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew) and [Missouri Botanical Garden](/source/Missouri_Botanical_Garden)|date=September 2013}}
* {{AfricanPlants|Nerine}}

==== Organizations ====

* {{cite web|last1=IBS|title=International Bulb Society|url=http://bulbsociety.org/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813114559/http://bulbsociety.org/index.php|archive-date=13 August 2013|date=2013}}
** {{cite web|last1=Saunders|first1=Rachel|last2=Saunders|first2=Rod|title=Nerines In South Africa: A Primer|url=http://www.bulbsociety.org/GALLERY_OF_THE_WORLDS_BULBS/GRAPHICS/Nerine/Nerineprimer.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053306/http://www.bulbsociety.org/GALLERY_OF_THE_WORLDS_BULBS/GRAPHICS/Nerine/Nerineprimer.html|archive-date=21 September 2013|ref={{harvid|Saunders|2013}}}}, in {{harvtxt|IBS|2013}}
* {{cite web|last1=MBG|author-link=Missouri Botanical Garden|title=Missouri Botanical Garden|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/|access-date=7 October 2016|ref={{harvid|MBG|2016}}}}
** {{citation|last=Stevens|first=P.F.|author-link=Peter F. Stevens|date=2016|orig-year=2001|title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/|access-date=10 October 2016}}
* {{cite web|last=NAAS|title=The Nerine and Amaryllid Society|url=http://www.nerineandamaryllidsociety.co.uk/5001.html|access-date=13 November 2016|others=Founded 1997, previously Nerine Society, founded 1966|ref={{harvid|NAAS|2016}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Pacific Bulb Society Wiki|url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/HomePage|date=2016|publisher=[Pacific Bulb Society](/source/Pacific_Bulb_Society)|ref={{harvid|PBS|2016}}}}
**{{cite web|title=Nerine|url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Nerine}}, in {{harvtxt|PBS|2016}}
* {{cite web|last1=RBG|author-link=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew|title=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew|url=http://www.kew.org/|publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|access-date=11 October 2016|ref={{harvid|RBG|2016}}}}
** {{cite web |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew) |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do |access-date=6 October 2016 |ref={{harvid|WCLSPF|2016}} }}
* {{cite web|last1=RHS|title=Royal Horticultural Society|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/|access-date=19 June 2015|date=2015}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=364 Flora of Zimbabwe]

{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies|Nerine (Amaryllidaceae)|position=left}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q83175}}

Category:Amaryllidaceae genera
Category:Amaryllidoideae
Category:Taxa named by William Herbert (botanist)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Nerine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerine) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerine?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.