# Neoptera

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Neoptera
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Neoptera.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoptera
> Source revision: 1350673168
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{short description|Infraclass of insects}}
{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range= {{Fossil range|Late Carboniferous|Present}}
| image = Agapostemon texanus.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_caption = Neopterans including bees (order [Hymenoptera](/source/Hymenoptera)) can fold their wings over their abdomens.
| taxon = Neoptera
| authority = [Martynov](/source/Andrey_Vasilyevich_Martynov), 1923
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = * [Eumetabola](/source/Eumetabola)
** [Holometabola](/source/Holometabola)
** [Paraneoptera](/source/Paraneoptera)
* [Polyneoptera](/source/Polyneoptera)
}}

'''Neoptera''' ([Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) ''néos'' ("new") + ''pterón'' ("wing")) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged [insect](/source/insect)s, specifically those that can flex their wings over their [abdomen](/source/abdomen)s. This is in contrast with the more [basal](/source/basal_(evolution)) [order](/source/order_(biology))s of winged insects (the "[Palaeoptera](/source/Palaeoptera)" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.

==Classification==

The taxon Neoptera was proposed by [А.М. Martynov](/source/Andrey_Vasilyevich_Martynov) in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martynov |first1=A. V. |title=О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых |journal=Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922 |date=1923 |pages=88–89 |url=http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Martynov1923.htm |trans-title=On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martynov |first1=A. V. |title=О двух типах крыльев насекомых и их эволюции. |journal=Russian Zoological Journal |date=1924 |volume=4 |issue=1, 2 |pages=155–185 |url=http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Martynov1924a.htm |trans-title=On the two types of insect wings and their evolution}}</ref>
  
[Pterygota](/source/Pterygota)
*division [Palaeoptera](/source/Palaeoptera)
**order [Odonata](/source/Odonata)
**order Agnatha (correct name: [Ephemeroptera](/source/Ephemeroptera))
**†order [Dictyoneuridea](/source/Dictyoneuridea)
**†order [Megasecoptera](/source/Megasecoptera)
**†order [Meganisoptera](/source/Meganisoptera)
**†order [Protephemeroidea](/source/Protephemeroidea)
*division Neoptera
**superorder [Endopterygota](/source/Endopterygota)
***order [Coleoptera](/source/Coleoptera)
***order [Strepsiptera](/source/Strepsiptera)
***order [Neuroptera](/source/Neuroptera)
***order [Raphidioptera](/source/Raphidioptera)
***order [Megaloptera](/source/Megaloptera)
***order [Diptera](/source/Diptera)
***order [Mecoptera](/source/Mecoptera)
***order [Trichoptera](/source/Trichoptera)
***order [Lepidoptera](/source/Lepidoptera)
***order [Hymenoptera](/source/Hymenoptera)
**subdivision [Polyneoptera](/source/Polyneoptera)
***superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera)
****order [Orthoptera](/source/Orthoptera)
****order [Plecoptera](/source/Plecoptera)
****order [Dermaptera](/source/Dermaptera)
****order [Embioptera](/source/Embioptera)
****order [Phasmatodea](/source/Phasmatodea)
***superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pan[dictyoptera](/source/dictyoptera))
****order [Blattodea](/source/Blattodea)
****order [Mantodea](/source/Mantodea)
**subdivision [Paraneoptera](/source/Paraneoptera)
***order [Hemiptera](/source/Hemiptera) 
****suborder [Auchenorrhyncha](/source/Auchenorrhyncha)
****suborder [Coleorrhyncha](/source/Coleorrhyncha)
****suborder [Heteroptera](/source/Heteroptera)
****suborder [Sternorrhyncha](/source/Sternorrhyncha)
**subdivision [Oligoneoptera](/source/Oligoneoptera)
  
The order [Thysanoptera](/source/Thysanoptera) originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera.
Other classifications were proposed, subordinating Neoptera  either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:

* [Pterygota](/source/Pterygota) Gegenbaur 1878 
** [Ephemeroptera](/source/Ephemeroptera) Hyatt & Arms 1890 
** [Metapterygota](/source/Metapterygota) Börner 1909 
*** [Odonata](/source/Odonata) Fabricius 1793 
*** Neoptera Martynov 1923

==Phylogeny==

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the [cladogram](/source/cladogram), using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the [Polyneoptera](/source/Polyneoptera),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wipfler |first1=Benjamin |last2=Letsch |first2=Harald |last3=Frandsen |first3=Paul B. |last4=Kapli |first4=Paschalia |last5=Mayer |first5=Christoph |last6=Bartel |first6=Daniela |last7=Buckley |first7=Thomas R. |last8=Donath |first8=Alexander |last9=Edgerly-Rooks |first9=Janice S. |last10=Fujita |first10=Mari |last11=Liu |first11=Shanlin |display-authors=5 |date=February 2019 |title=Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=8 |pages=3024–3029 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1817794116 |pmid=30642969 |pmc=6386694 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3024W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Johnson et al 2018 for the [Paraneoptera](/source/Paraneoptera) (where [Psocomorpha](/source/Psocomorpha) contains [Phthiraptera](/source/Phthiraptera)),<ref name="Johnson Dietrich Friedrich 2018">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Kevin P. |last2=Dietrich |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Friedrich |first3=Frank |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |last5=Wipfler |first5=Benjamin |last6=Peters |first6=Ralph S. |last7=Allen |first7=Julie M. |last8=Petersen |first8=Malte |last9=Donath |first9=Alexander |last10=Walden |first10=Kimberly K. O. |last11=Kozlov |first11=Alexey M. |last12=Podsiadlowski |first12=Lars |last13=Mayer |first13=Christoph |last14=Meusemann |first14=Karen |last15=Vasilikopoulos |first15=Alexandros |last16=Waterhouse |first16=Robert M. |last17=Cameron |first17=Stephen L. |last18=Weirauch |first18=Christiane |last19=Swanson |first19=Daniel R. |last20=Percy |first20=Diana M. |last21=Hardy |first21=Nate B. |last22=Terry |first22=Irene |last23=Liu |first23=Shanlin |last24=Zhou |first24=Xin |last25=Misof |first25=Bernhard |last26=Robertson |first26=Hugh M. |last27=Yoshizawa |first27=Kazunori |display-authors=5 |title=Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=115 |issue=50 |date=2018-12-11 |pmid=30478043 |pmc=6294958 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1815820115 |pages=12775–12780 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and Kjer et al 2016 for the [Holometabola](/source/Holometabola).<ref name="Kjer Simon Yavorskaya 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Kjer |first1=Karl M. |last2=Simon |first2=Chris|author2-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |last3=Yavorskaya |first3=Margarita |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |date=2016 |title=Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume=13 |issue=121 |page=121 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 |pmid=27558853 |pmc=5014063 }}</ref>

{{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1='''Neoptera''' <!--Martynov 1923-->
|1={{clade
   |label1=[Polyneoptera](/source/Polyneoptera)
   |1={{clade
     |1={{clade
        |1=[Zoraptera](/source/Zoraptera) (angel insects) 60px
        |2=[Dermaptera](/source/Dermaptera) (earwigs) 60px
        }}
     |2={{clade
        |1=[Plecoptera](/source/Plecoptera) (stoneflies) 70px
        |2={{clade
           |1=[Orthoptera](/source/Orthoptera) (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) 50px
           |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
                 |1={{clade
                    |1=[Grylloblattodea](/source/Grylloblattodea) (ice crawlers) 70px
                    |2=[Mantophasmatodea](/source/Mantophasmatodea) (gladiators) 70px
                    }}
                 |2={{clade
                    |1=[Phasmatodea](/source/Phasmatodea) (stick insects) 70px
                    |2=[Embioptera](/source/Embioptera) (webspinners) 80px
                    }}
                 }}
              |label2=[Dictyoptera](/source/Dictyoptera)
              |2={{clade
                 |1=[Mantodea](/source/Mantodea) (mantises) 80px
                 |2=[Blattodea](/source/Blattodea) (cockroaches and termites) 60px
                }}
             }}
          }}
       }}
    }}

   |label2=[Eumetabola](/source/Eumetabola) <!--Hennig 1953-->
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[Paraneoptera](/source/Paraneoptera)<!-- Martynov 1923, s.l.)-->
      |1={{clade
         |label1=[Condylognatha](/source/Condylognatha) <!--Borner 1904-->
         |1={{clade
            |1=[Thysanoptera](/source/Thysanoptera) <!--Haliday 1836-->(thrips) 40px
            |2=[Hemiptera](/source/Hemiptera) (true bugs) 75px
            }}
         |2=[Psocodea](/source/Psocodea) (barklice inc. [lice](/source/Phthiraptera)) 45px 40px
         }}

      |label2=[Holometabola](/source/Holometabola)
      |sublabel2=(Endopterygota)
      |2={{clade
         |label1=[Hymenopterida](/source/Hymenopterida)
         |1=[Hymenoptera](/source/Hymenoptera) (sawflies, wasps) 70px
         |label2=[Aparaglossata](/source/Aparaglossata)
         |2={{clade
            |label1=[Neuropteroidea](/source/Neuropteroidea)      
            |1={{clade
               |label1=[Neuropterida](/source/Neuropterida)
               |1={{clade
                  |1=[Raphidioptera](/source/Raphidioptera) (snakeflies) 70px
                  |label2=
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[Megaloptera](/source/Megaloptera) (alderflies and allies) 70px
                     |2=[Neuroptera](/source/Neuroptera) (lacewings and allies) 70px
                     }}
                  }}
               |label2=[Coleopterida](/source/Coleopterida)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[Coleoptera](/source/Coleoptera) (beetles) 50px
                  |2=[Strepsiptera](/source/Strepsiptera) (twisted-wing parasites) 70px
                  }}
               }}
            |label2=[Panorpida](/source/Panorpida)
            |2={{clade
               |label1=[Amphiesmenoptera](/source/Amphiesmenoptera)
               |1={{clade
                  |1=[Trichoptera](/source/Trichoptera) (caddisflies) 70px 
                  |2=[Lepidoptera](/source/Lepidoptera) (butterflies, moths) 70px
                  }}
               |label2=Antliophora
               |2={{clade 
                 |1=[Diptera](/source/Diptera) (true flies) 70px 
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[Mecoptera](/source/Mecoptera) (scorpionflies)  70px
                     |2=[Siphonaptera](/source/Siphonaptera) (fleas) 40px
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Neoptera}}

{{Orders of Insects}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q23005}}

Category:Insect taxonomy
Category:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances
Category:Neoptera

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Neoptera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoptera) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoptera?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.